冬奥崇礼赛区一次冷湖过程形成及消散的数值模拟研究

王雨斐; 李国平; 王宗敏; 平凡

doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2109.21070

冬奥崇礼赛区一次冷湖过程形成及消散的数值模拟研究

doi: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2109.21070

王雨斐^1,,
李国平¹,
王宗敏³,
平凡^{1, 2, 3, ,}

1.
成都信息工程大学大气科学学院，成都 610225
2.
中国科学院大气物理研究所云降水物理与强风暴重点实验室（LACS），北京 100029
3.
河北省气象台，石家庄 050021

基金项目: 国家重点研究开发项目2018YFC1506801、2018YFF0300102、2018YFF0300101

详细信息

作者简介:
王雨斐，女，1996年出生，硕士研究生，主要从事数值模式及资料同化研究。E-mail: 836686089@qq.com

通讯作者:
平凡，E-mail: pingf@mail.iap.ac.cn

中图分类号: P458
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-04-22
- 录用日期: 2021-10-08
- 网络出版日期: 2021-10-08
- 刊出日期: 2022-01-18

Numerical Simulation of the Formation and Dissipation of a Cold Air Pool in the Chongli Winter Olympic Games Area

Yufei WANG^1
,,
Guoping LI¹,
Zongmin WANG³,
Fan PING^{1, 2, 3
, ,}

1.
School of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225
2.
Key Laboratory of Cloud–Precipitation Physics and Severe Storms, Institute of Atmospheric Physics (LACS), Beijing 100029
3.
Hebei Meteorological Observatory, Shijiazhuang 050021

Funds: National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grants 2018YFC1506801, 2018YFF0300102, 2018YFF0300101)

摘要

摘要: 本文利用中尺度数值预报模式（WRF）并采用谱逼近方法，对2021年冬奥测试赛期间的一次冷湖过程进行模拟研究，探究了冷湖发展前后风温场的垂直变化规律，揭示了冷湖形成及消亡的具体原因。研究结果表明，静稳的天气形势是冷湖过程维持及发展的大背景条件。冷湖发展期间，逆温层由上至下迅速建立，谷底出现偏东—东南向的冷径流。受重力下坡风的影响，冷空气不断向谷底堆积，冷湖深度增加。日出后，越山的系统风重新建立，逆温层从底部消蚀，冷湖结构破坏。夜间的强辐射冷却作用是冷湖形成的主要原因之一。辐射冷却强度的差异会引起冷湖降温幅度的差异，后半夜辐射冷却作用的突然加强为冷湖中后期的维持及发展创造有利条件。通过分析冷湖发生前后位温廓线、摩擦速度及边界层高度随时间的演变，均可印证湍流活动的发展是逆温消散、冷湖结构破坏的重要影响因素。
- 冷湖 /
- 冬奥赛区 /
- 逆温 /
- 辐射冷却 /
- 湍流
Abstract: Based on the mesoscale regional numerical model (WRF) and a spectral nudging method, this study simulates a cold air pool (CAP) process during the 2021 Winter Olympics test competition. The vertical change in the wind and temperature fields during this process has been analyzed, and the specific reasons for the formation and dissipation of the CAP have been demonstrated. The results show that the stationary synoptic situation formed the general background for the maintenance and development of the CAP. During the development of the CAP, a temperature inversion layer was rapidly established from top to bottom, and a southeast cold air flow appeared at the bottom of the valley. Affected by the downward gravitational wind, the cold air accumulated at the bottom of the valley, and the CAP deepened. After sunrise, the mesoscale winds over the mountain were reestablished. The temperature inversion layer was eroded from the bottom, and the structure of the CAP was destroyed. Strong nocturnal radiation cooling was the main reason for the formation of the CAP. Differences in the intensity of radiation cooling cause differences in the cooling range of the CAP. Sudden enhancement of radiational cooling after midnight created favorable conditions for the maintenance and development of the CAP in the middle and later periods. Through analysis of the evolution of the potential temperature profile, friction velocity, and boundary layer height during the process, it can be confirmed that the development of turbulent activity is an important factor in influencing the dissipation of the temperature inversion and the destruction of the CAP structure.
- Cold air pool /
- Winter Olympic Games area /
- Temperature inversion /
- Radiation cooling /
- Turbulence

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图 1 张家口市崇礼赛区站点分布

Figure 1. Geographical distribution and automated stations in the competition area (Chongli, Zhangjiakou)

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图 2 2021年2月23日20:00（北京时，下同）（a）700 hPa、（b）850 hPa位势高度场（蓝色等值线，单位：dagpm）、风场（风羽，单位：m s⁻¹）、温度场（红色等值线，单位：°C）及急流区（绿色阴影，单位：m s⁻¹）分布。红色五角星为崇礼赛区，下同

Figure 2. Distribution of geopotential height (blue contours, units: dagpm), wind (vectors, units: m s⁻¹), temperature (red contours, units: °C), and jet speed (green shaded area, units: m s⁻¹) at (a) 700 hPa and (b) 850 hPa at 2000 BJT (Beijing time) February 23, 2021. Competition area in Chongli is marked by the red star, the same below

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图 3 2021年2月23日20:00（a）500 hPa位势高度场（蓝色等值线，单位：dagpm）、风场（风羽，单位：m s⁻¹）、FY-2F卫星TBB（填色，单位：K）分布以及（b）海平面气压场（蓝色等值线，单位：hPa）、地面风场（风羽，单位：m s⁻¹）分布

Figure 3. Distribution of (a) geopotential height (blue contours, units: dagpm), wind (vectors, units: m s⁻¹), and FY-2E TBB (Black Body Temperature; color shadow, units: K) at 500 hPa, and distribution of (b) sea level pressure field (blue contours, units: hPa), wind (vectors, units: m s⁻¹) at 2000 BJT February 23, 2021

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图 4 模拟区域设置

Figure 4. Model domain for numerical simulation

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图 5 2021年2月23日08:00至24日18:00崇礼赛区8个测站的2 m温度观测值（红色实线）与模拟值（黑色带圈实线）的比较

Figure 5. Comparison of 2-m temperature observations (red solid lines) and simulated values (black solid lines with circles) at 8 stations in the Chongli competition area from 0800 BJT (Beijing time) 23 to 1800 BJT 24 February 2021

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图 6 2021年2月（a）23日18:00、（b）24日01:00、（c）24日08:00及（d）24日15:00沿冬两1号测站东西剖面上的风温场。图中棕色区域为地形；黑色箭头为矢量风，单位：m s⁻¹；填色及等值线为位温，单位：K；红色三角为站点所在位置（下同）

Figure 6. Wind temperature field on the east–west section of Dongliang No.1 station at (a) 1800 BJT 23, (b) 0100 BJT 24, (c) 0800 BJT 24, and (d) 1500 BJT February 2021. The brown area is the terrain; the black arrows are the vector wind, units: m s⁻¹; the color and the contour are the potential temperature, units: K. The red triangle is the location of the station (the same below)

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图 8 2021年2月23、24日冬两1号站点（a、b）各不同时刻温度随高度的变化

Figure 8. Changes in temperature with altitude at (a, b) different times at Dongliang No. 1 station on February 23 and 24, 2021

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图 7 同图6，但为南北剖面

Figure 7. Same as Fig. 6, but for north–south section

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图 9 2021年2月24日01:00（a）冬两1号站及（b）越野2号站沿各测站东西剖面上的风温场。棕色区域为地形；黑色箭头为矢量风，单位：m s⁻¹；填色及等值线为位温，单位：K。红色三角代表各站所在位置，下同

Figure 9. Wind temperature field along the east–west section of Dongliang No.1 station and Yueye No.2 Station at 0100 BJT on February 24, 2021. The brown area is the terrain; the black arrow is the vector wind, units: m s⁻¹; the color and the contour are the potential temperature, units: K. The red triangle is the location of the station, the same as below

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图 10 同图9，但为南北剖面

Figure 10. Same as Fig 9, but for north-south section

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图 11 2021年2月24日01:00冬两赛区内10 m风场平面图。黑色箭头为矢量风，填色代表风速大小，单位：m s⁻¹；红色圆点代表冬两1号站，黄色圆点代表越野2号站

Figure 11. 10-m wind vectors in Dongliang area at 0100 UTC on February 24, 2021. The black arrow is the vector wind, the color is the wind speed, units: m s⁻¹（The red point represents the location of Dongliang No.1 station, and the yellow point represents the location of Yueye No.2 Station）

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图 12 冬两赛区及越野赛区近地面三维流场示意图

Figure 12. Three-dimensional flow field diagram of Dongliang area and Yueye area

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图 13 2021年2月（a）23日18:00、24日（b）01:00和（c）04:00崇礼赛区瞬时地表净辐射通量（单位：W m⁻²）分布。图中红色圆点代表云顶站区、蓝色圆点代表冬两1号站、紫色圆点为越野站区、绿色圆点为跳台站区（下同）

Figure 13. Distribution of instantaneous net radiation flux (units: W m⁻²) in Chongli competition area at (a) 1800 BJT 23, (b) 0100 BJT 24, and (c) 0400 BJT 24 February 2021. The red dots in the picture represent the Yunding station area, the blue dot represents the Dongliang No. 1 station, the purple dots are the Yueye station area, and the green dots are the Tiaotai station area, the same as below

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图 14 2021年2月24日（a）08:00、（b）15:00崇礼赛区瞬时地表净辐射通量（单位：W m⁻²）分布

Figure 14. Distribution of instantaneous net radiation flux (units: W m⁻²) in Chongli competition area at (a) 0800 BJT and (b) 1500 BJT on February 24, 2021

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图 15 （a）地面接收的短波辐射（DSR）、（b）地面反射的短波辐射（USR）、（c）大气逆辐射（DLR）、（d）地面长波辐射（ULR）及（e）净辐射（Rn）通量在越野2号站（B1649）、冬两1号站（B1638）及其非冷湖时段（2021年2月24日08:00至25日09:00）的日变化情况

Figure 15. Diurnal variation in (a) DSR (downward shortwave radiation), (b) USR (upward shortwave radiation), (c) DLR (downward longwave radiation), (d) ULR (upward longwave radiation), and (e) Rn (net radiation) at Yueye No.2 Station (B1649), Dongliang No. 1 Station (B1638) and other non-CAP (cold air pool) periods (from 0800 BJT 24 to 0900 BJT 25 February 2021)

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图 16 2021年2月24日01:00、04:00、08:00、11:00、14:00（a）冬两1号站（B1638）及（b）越野2号站（B1649）位温的垂直廓线

Figure 16. Potential temperature profiles at different times over (a) Dongliang No. 1 Station (B1638) and (b) Yueye No.2 Station (B1649) on February 24, 2021

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图 17 冬两1号站（B1638）及越野2号站（B1649）边界层距地面高度（单位：m）的变化特征

Figure 17. The change characteristics in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) height (units: m) of Dongliang No. 1 Station (B1638) and Yueye No. 2 Station (B1649)

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图 18 冬两1号站（B1638）及越野2号站（B1649）摩擦速度（单位：m s⁻¹）随时间演变的曲线

Figure 18. The change characteristics in friction speed (units: m s⁻¹) evolving with time at Dongliang No. 1 Station (B1638) and Yueye No. 2 Station (B1649)

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图 19 冷湖（a）形成及（b）消散的概念模型图

Figure 19. Conceptual model of CAP (a) formation and (b) dissipation

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表 1 WRF模式参数化方案配置

Table 1. Mode parameterization scheme setting

WRF模式参数配置
微物理过程	Morrison 2-moment方案
长波辐射	RRTMG 长波方案
短波辐射	RRTMG 短波方案
陆面过程	热交换方案
近地面层	MM5 相似理论近地面层方案
边界层参数化方案	YSU方案

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表 2 8个测站2 m温度的模拟效果分析

Table 2. Analysis of Simulation Effect of 2-m Temperature at 8 automatic stations

站号	B1620	B1627	B1628	B1629	B1630	B1637	B1638	B1649
相关系数	0.96	0.97	0.93	0.93	0.90	0.97	0.89	0.94
均方根误差/°C	1.58	1.38	1.19	1.04	2.31	1.12	3.83	2.23

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