Progress of Research on Global Tropospheric Ozone Variation Characteristics during COVID-19 Pandemic
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摘要: 自2020年新冠疫情（COVID-19）爆发以来，各地进行了不同程度的人员流动限制或封控，致使全球范围内氮氧化物（NOx）、二氧化硫（SO2）、一氧化氮（CO）、细颗粒物（PM2.5）等大气污染物浓度均大幅度降低，而作为二次污染物的臭氧（O3）在各地区却表现出复杂的变化特征，成为研究热点。本研究总结了近两年该方向的研究成果，阐明了COVID-19期间对流层O3及其前体物的变化特征、变化机制及其可能存在的潜在环境效应。COVID-19严控期，全球人为NOx排放下量降了至少15%，特别是高人为活动影响区，下降了18%～25%，部分高污染地区（挥发性有机物敏感区）近地层NOx的减少量达50%以上。NOx的减少导致NO对O3的滴定作用减弱，使得该类高污染地区O3增加（10%～50%）。而偏远地区及自由对流层O3主要受NOx控制，NOx的减少以及区域传输作用使得偏远地区及自由对流层O3呈现减少状态。其中，2020年4月和5月，由于NOx排放量的减少导致自由对流层O3体积混合比减少量高达10×10−9；2020年5月和6月，全球对流层O3总量下降了约6 Tg（O3）（～2%），亚洲和美洲NOx排放量的减少对全球对流层O3减少具有重要贡献。疫情严控期，NOx浓度大幅度下降的情况下，我国大部分城市近地面O3仍处于增加状态，这表明控制我国城市地区近地面O3浓度的有效手段是根据O3化学生成敏感区来控制前体物，但O3前体物的剧烈变化也可改变O3化学生成敏感区，导致O3生成效率（OPE）的变化，但由于相对欠缺VOCs排放量及其大气浓度的观测，各地区O3的变化趋势和主控因素还存在很大的不确定性。此外，未来COVID-19疫情和全球变暖叠加背景下，不同地区O3的变化特征和对应的O3调控策略亦值得进一步深入探究。Abstract: Restriction measures against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused atmospheric trace species to change, especially in relation to air pollution. This severe pollutant emission reduction phenomenon during the pandemic led to intensive studies on its behavior. Most studies evidence a decrease in all pollutants except for O3. However, is this highlighted O3 trend a global trend? This study summarized the research results in the past two years and explored the characteristics, mechanisms, and potential environmental effects of tropospheric O3 and its precursors during the COVID-19 pandemic. During lockdown periods, global anthropogenic NOx emissions decreased by at least 15%; especially, those in high-anthropogenic areas decreased by 18%–25%. In some highly polluted areas [volatile organic compound (VOC)-sensitive areas], NOx emissions on the ground decreased by more than 50%. NOx reduction led to the weakened titration effect of NO on O3, leading to an increase in O3 in such highly polluted areas (10%–50%). However, O3 in remote areas and free troposphere (NOx-sensitive areas) decreased, attributed to NOx reduction and regional transmission effect. During the strict control period of the pandemic, surface O3 was still increasing in most cities in China with significantly decreased NOx concentration, indicating that the effective way to control surface O3 concentration in urban areas in China is controlling O3 precursors based on the sensitive area of O3 chemical generation. However, the drastic change in NOx in each region could change the sensitive area of O3 chemical generation, leading to a change in O3 production efficiency. However, due to the lack of VOC emission measurement and their atmospheric concentration, there are still great uncertainties in the trend and main controlling factors of O3 in each region. In the future, the characteristics of O3 in different regions and corresponding O3 regulation strategies influenced by COVID-19 and global warming are also worthy of further study.
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Key words:
- COVID-19 pandemic /
- NOx /
- Tropospheric O3 /
- Chemical sensitive area /
- Future change
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图 1 6个时期全球政府应对COVID-19战略指数的严格程度（Tavella and Júnior, 2021）
Figure 1. Stringency index of the government response strategy around the globe on six different dates (Tavella and Júnior, 2021)
图 2 相对于2017～2019年同期，2020年1～5月疫情期间近地面观测的（a）NO2和（b）O3浓度的变化（Venter et al., 2020）
Figure 2. Variations of ground-level (a) NO2 and (b) O3 concentrations during the pandemic in the period of Jan to May 2020 compared with the same period from 2017 to 2019 (Venter et al., 2020)
图 3 不同地区NOx浓度对臭氧形成过程的影响（Tavella and Júnior, 2021）
Figure 3. O3 formation in relation to NOx concentration in different regions (Tavella and Júnior, 2021)
表 1 亚洲各地区新冠期间对流层O3及NO2变化率
Table 1. Change rates of tropospheric O3 and NO2 in Asia during COVID-19 pandemic
地区 时段 对比时段 高度层 数据 NO2变化率 O3变化率 中国1 2020年 2019年 对流层 TROPOMI −40% − 中国东部2 2020年1月23日 疫前20天 对流层 TROPOMI −63% +10% 中国东部3 2020年冬季 2019年冬季 近地面 观测模拟 −22.3～−50.5% +12～+50% 中国北部4 2020年1月24日至2月29日 2015～2019年/2019年同期 近地面 观测 −53±10% +35%～95% 长三角5 2020年1月24日至2月29日 疫前50天 近地面 观测模拟 −47% +54% 韩国6 2020年3月 疫情前 近地面 观测 −20.41% 有下降趋势 泰国合艾市7 2020年3月 疫情前 近地面 观测 −33.7% −12.5% 印度四市8 2020年4～5月 2019年同期 近地面 观测 −34%～−58% 有上升趋势 注：1—Bauwens et al.（2020）；2—Zhao et al.（2021）；3—Zhang et al.（2021）、Wang et al.（2020, 2021）；4—Shi and Brasseur（2020）、Yin et al.（2021）、Zhu et al.（2021a）；5—Wang et al.（2022）；6—Ju et al.（2021）；7—Stratoulias and Nuthammachot（2020）；8—Lokhandwala and Gautam（2020）、Bera et al.（2022）、Marwah and Agrawala（2022）。 
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表 2 欧美各地区新冠期间对流层O3及NO2变化率
Table 2. Change rates of tropospheric O3 and NO2 in Europe and America during COVID-19 pandemic
地区 时段 对比时段 高度层 数据 NO2变化率 O3变化率 欧洲各城市1 2020年封控时期 多年平均 近地面 观测 −42% +2.4～30% 德国2 2020年3月21日至6月30日 2019年同期 柱浓度 TROPOMI −16% +4%/−3% 中欧/西欧3 2020年春季 2019年同期 近地面 观测 −30%～−50% +3%～20% 美国纽约4 2020年1～5月 2015～2019年 近地面 观测 −51% − 注：1—Sicard et al.（2020）、Grange et al.（2021）、Lee et al.（2020）；2—Balamurugan et al.（2021）；3—Menut et al. （2020）、Cuesta et al.（2022）；4—Zangari et al.（2020）。
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