Advanced Search
HOU Meiting, ZHAO Haiyan, WANG Zheng, YAN Xiaodong. Vegetation Responses to Climate Change by Using the Satellite-Derived Normalized Difference Vegetation Index:A Review[J]. Climatic and Environmental Research, 2013, 18(3): 353-364. doi: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9585.2012.11137
Citation: HOU Meiting, ZHAO Haiyan, WANG Zheng, YAN Xiaodong. Vegetation Responses to Climate Change by Using the Satellite-Derived Normalized Difference Vegetation Index:A Review[J]. Climatic and Environmental Research, 2013, 18(3): 353-364. doi: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9585.2012.11137

Vegetation Responses to Climate Change by Using the Satellite-Derived Normalized Difference Vegetation Index:A Review

doi: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9585.2012.11137
  • Received Date: 2011-08-22
  • Rev Recd Date: 2013-02-01
  • Climate is one of the most important environmental factors affecting spatial and temporal vegetation dynamics. The different responses of vegetation to global warming tend to change over different time and space scales. The rapid development of remote sensing has made it possible to examine vegetation changes at the regional and global scales. Two basic approaches to characterizing vegetation responses to changing climates are to use statistics and modeling. New statistical methods and improved vegetation models have recently been successfully applied to assessing the effects of climate change on vegetation dynamics. The data and analytical methods used and the discoveries made in previous studies of vegetation responses to climate are summarized in this paper, with a focus on vegetation responses to different climate parameters, including precipitation, temperature, and radiation. It is generally accepted that precipitation significantly affects the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) in arid and semiarid regions and in regions with distinct dry and wet seasons. The time lag in the response of vegetation to precipitation, and the way the time lag depends on local conditions. Temperature is the dominant climate parameter that affects the NDVI in temperate and boreal regions. The time lag in the vegetation response to temperature is somewhat less pronounced than the time lag in response to precipitation. Solar radiation is the predominant factor limiting vegetation growth in some low latitude areas and areas that have lots of cloud cover, and at certain times in high latitude regions. Future research should focus on 1) quantifying the human role in the response of vegetation to climate change, 2) remeasuring the vegetation responses to different climate parameter changes associated with global warming, and 3) considering the multi-scale assessment of climate change impacts on vegetation.
  • loading
  • [1]
    Alessandri A, Navarra A. 2008. On the coupling between vegetation and rainfall inter-annual anomalies: Possible contributions to seasonal rainfall predictability over land areas[J]. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L02718, doi: 10.1029/2007GL032415.
    [2]
    Anyamba A, Tucker C J, Mahoney R. 2002. From El Niño to La Niña: Vegetation response patterns over east and southern Africa during the 1997-2000 period[J]. J. Climate, 15: 3096-3103.
    [3]
    Archer E R M. 2004. Beyond the "climate versus grazing" impasse: Using remote sensing to investigate the effects of grazing system choice on vegetation cover in the eastern Karoo[J]. Journal of Arid Environments, 57: 381-408.
    [4]
    Bachelet D, Neilson R P, Lenihan J M, et al. 2001. Climate change effects on vegetation distribution and carbon budget in the United States[J]. Ecosystems, 4: 164-185.
    [5]
    Barbosa H A, Huete A R, Baethgen W E. 2006. A 20-year study of NDVI variability over the Northeast region of Brazil[J]. Journal of Arid Environments, 67: 288-307.
    [6]
    Bonan G B. 2002. Ecological Climatology: Concepts and Applications[M]. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 678pp.
    [7]
    Bonan G B, Levis S. 2006. Evaluating aspects of the community land and atmosphere models (CLM3 and CAM3) using a dynamic global vegetation model[J]. J. Climate, 19: 2290-2301.
    [8]
    Camberlin P, Martiny N, Philippon N, et al. 2007. Determinants of the interannual relationships between remote sensed photosynthetic activity and rainfall in tropical Africa[J]. Remote Sens. Environ., 106: 199-216.
    [9]
    曹鸿兴, 郑艳, 虞海燕, 等. 2008. 气候检测与归因的格兰杰检验法[J]. 气候变化研究进展, 4 (1): 37-41. Cao Hongxing, Zheng Yan, Yu Haiyan, et al. 2008. Granger causality test for detection and attribution of climate change[J]. Advances in Climate Change Research (in Chinese), 4 (1): 37-41.
    [10]
    Capecchi V, Crisci A, Genesio L, et al. 2008. Analysis of NDVI trends and their climatic origin in the Sahel 1986-2000[J]. Geocarto International, 23 (4): 297-310.
    [11]
    Davenport M, Nicholson S E. 1993. On the relation between rainfall and the normalized difference vegetation index for diverse vegetation types in East Africa[J]. Int. J. Remote Sens., 14 (12): 2369-2389.
    [12]
    de Beurs K M, Henebry G M. 2005. A statistical framework for the analysis of long image time series[J]. Int. J. Remote Sens., 26 (8): 1551-1573.
    [13]
    Dekker S C, Rietkerk M, Bierkens M F P. 2007. Coupling microscale vegetation-soil water and macroscale vegetation-precipitation feedbacks in semiarid ecosystems[J]. Global Change Biology, 13: 671-678.
    [14]
    Del Grosso S J, Parton W J, Stohlgren T S, et al. 2008. Global potential net primary production predicted from vegetation class, precipitation and temperature[J]. Ecology, 89: 2117-2126.
    [15]
    Durante P, Oyonarte C, Valladares F. 2009. Influence of land-use types and climatic variables on seasonal patterns of NDVI in Mediterranean Iberian ecosystems[J]. Applied Vegetation Science, 12: 177-185.
    [16]
    Evans J, Geerken R. 2004. Discrimination between climate and human-induced dryland degradation[J]. Journal of Arid Environments, 57: 535-554.
    [17]
    Fensholt R, Rasmussen K, Nielsen T T, et al. 2009. Evaluation of earth observation based long term vegetation trends—Intercomparing NDVI time series trend analysis consistency of Sahel from AVHRR GIMMS, Terra MODIS and SPOT VGT data[J]. Remote Sens. Environ., 113: 1886-1898.
    [18]
    Foley J A, Levis S, Costa M H, et al. 2000. Incorporating dynamic vegetation cover within global climate models[J]. Ecological Applications, 10 (6): 1620-1632.
    [19]
    Fu C B. 2003. Potential impacts of human-induced land cover change on East Asia monsoon[J]. Global and Planetary Change, 37: 219-229.
    [20]
    Fu C B, Wen G. 1999. Variation of ecosystems over East Asia in association with seasonal, interannual and decadal monsoon climate variability[J]. Climatic Change, 43: 477-494.
    [21]
    Fuller D O, Prince S D. 1996. Rainfall and foliar dynamics in tropical southern Africa: Potential impacts of global climatic change on Savanna vegetation[J]. Climatic Change, 33: 69-96.
    [22]
    Glenn E P, Huete A R, Nagler P L, et al. 2008. Relationship between remotely-sensed vegetation indices, canopy attributes and plant physiological processes: What vegetation indices can and cannot tell us about the landscape[J]. Sensors, 8: 2136-2160.
    [23]
    Goward S A. 1989. Satellite bioclimatology[J]. J. Climate, 2: 710-720.
    [24]
    Grabherr G, Gottfried M, Pauli H. 1994. Climate effects on mountain plants[J]. Nature, 369: 448.
    [25]
    Graham E A, Mulkey S S, Kitajima K, et al. 2003. Cloud cover limits net CO2 uptake and growth of a rainforest tree during tropical rainy seasons[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 100: 572-576.
    [26]
    Hansen J, Ruedy R, Glascoe J, et al. 1999. GISS analysis of surface temperature change[J]. J. Geophys. Res., 104 (D24): 30997-31022.
    [27]
    何勇, 董文杰, 郭晓寅, 等. 2007. 基于MODIS的中国陆地植被生长及其与气候的关系[J]. 生态学报, 27 (12): 5086-5092. He Yong, Dong Wenjie, Guo Xiaoyin, et al. 2007. The terrestrial growth and its relationship with climate in China based on the MODIS data[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica (in Chinese), 27 (12): 5086-5092.
    [28]
    Herrmann S M, Anyamba A, Tucker C J. 2005. Recent trends in vegetation dynamics in the African Sahel and their relationship to climate[J]. Global Environ. Change, 15: 394-404.
    [29]
    侯美亭, 延晓冬. 2012. 中国东部植被物候变化及其对气候的响应[J]. 气象科技进展, 2 (4): 39-47. Hou Meiting, Yan Xiaodong. 2012. Detecting vegetation phenological changes in response to climate in eastern China[J]. Advances in Meteorological Science and Technology (in Chinese), 2 (4): 39-47.
    [30]
    侯美亭, 赵海燕, 王筝, 等. 2013. 基于GIMMS、VGT、MODIS 的中国东部植被指数对比分析[J]. 遥感技术与应用, 28 (2): 290-299. Hou Meiting, Zhao Haiyan, Wang Zheng, et al. 2013. Comparison of GIMMS, VGT and MODIS vegetation index datasets in eastern China[J]. Remote Sensing Technology and Application (in Chinese), 28 (2): 290-299.
    [31]
    Hu Y H, Jia G S, Guo H D. 2009. Linking primary production, climate and land use along an urban-wildland transect: A satellite view[J]. Environ. Res. Lett., 4 (4): 044009.
    [32]
    Huete A, Didan K, Miura T, et al. 2002. Overview of the radiometric and biophysical performance of the MODIS vegetation indices[J]. Remote Sens. Environ., 83: 195-213.
    [33]
    Huete A R, Didan K, Shimabukuro Y E, et al. 2006. Amazon rainforests green-up with sunlight in dry season[J]. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L06405, doi: 10.1029/2005GL025583.
    [34]
    Ichii L, Kawabata A, Yamaguchi Y. 2002. Global correlation analysis for NDVI and climatic variables and NDVI trends: 1982-1990[J]. Int. J. Remote Sens., 23: 3873-3878.
    [35]
    IPCC. 2007. Climate change 2007: The physical science basis. contribution of working group I to the fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change[R]. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 996pp.
    [36]
    Jarlan L, Tourre Y M, Mougin E, et al. 2005. Dominant patterns of AVHRR NDVI interannual variability over the Sahel and linkages with key climate signals (1982-2003)[J]. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L04701, doi: 10.1029/2004GL021841.
    [37]
    Jia G J, Epstein H E, Walker D A. 2002. Spatial characteristics of AVHRR-NDVI along latitudinal transects in northern Alaska[J]. Journal of Vegetation Science, 13: 315-326.
    [38]
    江志红, 屠其璞, 施能. 2001. 多窗谱分析方法及其在全球变暖研究中的应用[J]. 气象学报, 59 (4): 480-490. Jiang Zhihong, Tu Qipu, Shi Neng. 2001. Multi-taper method of spectral analysis and applications in global warming study[J]. Acta Meteorologica Sinica (in Chinese), 59 (4): 480-490.
    [39]
    Julien Y, Sobrino J A. 2009. The yearly land cover dynamics (YLCD) method: An analysis of global vegetation from NDVI and LST parameters[J]. Remote Sens. Environ., 113: 329-334.
    [40]
    Julien Y, Sobrino J A, Verhoef W. 2006. Changes in land surface temperatures and NDVI values over Europe between 1982 and 1999[J]. Remote Sens. Environ., 103: 43-55.
    [41]
    Karnieli A, Agam N, Pinker R T, et al. 2010. Use of NDVI and land surface temperature for drought assessment: Merits and limitations[J]. J. Climate, 23: 618-633.
    [42]
    Kaufmann R K, Stern D I. 1997. Evidence for human influence on climate from hemispheric temperature relations[J]. Nature, 388: 39-44.
    [43]
    Kaufmann R K, Zhou L, Myneri R B, et al. 2003. The effect of vegetation on surface temperature: A statistical analysis of NDVI and climate data[J]. Geophys. Res. Lett., 30 (22): 2147, doi: 10.1029/2003GL018251.
    [44]
    Kaufmann R K, Seto K C, Schneider A, et al. 2007. Climate response to rapid urban growth: Evidence of a human-induced precipitation deficit[J]. J. Climate, 20: 2299-2306.
    [45]
    Kimball J S, McDonald K C, Zhao M. 2006. Spring thaw and its effect on northern terrestrial vegetation productivity observed from satellite microwave and optical remote sensing[J]. Earth Interactions, 10: 1-22.
    [46]
    Kobayashi H, Dye D G. 2005. Atmospheric conditions for monitoring the long-term vegetation dynamics in the Amazon using normalized difference vegetation index[J]. Remote Sens. Environ., 97: 519-525.
    [47]
    Li B, Tao S, Dawson R W. 2002. Relations between AVHRR NDVI and eco-climatic parameters in China[J]. Int. J. Remote Sens., 23: 989-999.
    [48]
    Liang S L. 2004. Quantitative Remote Sensing of Land Surfaces[M]. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc, 534pp.
    [49]
    Lo Seen D, Mougin E, Rambal S, et al. 1995. A regional Sahelian grassland model to be coupled with multispectral satellite data. II: Toward the control of its simulations by remotely sensed indices[J]. Remote Sens. Environ., 52: 194-206.
    [50]
    Lotsch A, Friedl M A, Anderson B T, et al. 2003. Coupled vegetation-precipitation variability observed from satellite and climate records[J]. Geophys. Res. Lett., 30 (14), 1774, doi:10.1029/ 2003GL017506.
    [51]
    卢玲, 李新, 程国栋. 2002. 利用NOAA AVHRR植被指数数据集分析黑河流域季候特征[J]. 中国沙漠, 22 (2): 187-191. Lu Ling, Li Xin, Cheng Guodong. 2002. Analysis on the seasonal phenological characteristics of the Heihe River basin with AVHRR NDVI data set[J]. Journal of Desert Research (in Chinese), 22 (2): 187-191.
    [52]
    马明国, 王建, 王雪梅. 2006. 基于遥感的植被年际变化及其与气候关系研究进展[J]. 遥感学报, 10 (3): 421-431. Ma Mingguo, Wang Jian, Wang Xuemei. 2006. Advance in the inter-annual variability of vegetation and its relation to climate based on remote sensing[J]. Journal of Remote Sensing (in Chinese), 10 (3): 421-431.
    [53]
    毛嘉富, 王斌, 戴永久. 2006. 陆地生态系统模型及其与气候模式耦合的回顾[J]. 气候与环境研究, 11 (6): 763-771. Mao Jiafu, Wang Bin, Dai Yongjiu. 2006. Perspective on terrestrial ecosystem models and their coupling with climate system models[J]. Climatic and Environmental Research (in Chinese), 11 (6): 763-771.
    [54]
    Martínez B, Gilabert M A. 2009. Vegetation dynamics from NDVI time series analysis using the wavelet transform[J]. Remote Sens. Environ., 113 (9): 1823-1842.
    [55]
    Martiny N, Richard Y, Camberlin P. 2005. Interannual persistence effects in vegetation dynamics of semi-arid Africa[J]. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L24403, doi: 10.1029/2005GL024634.
    [56]
    Martiny N, Camberlin P, Richard Y, et al. 2006. Compared regimes of NDVI and rainfall in semi-arid regions of Africa[J]. Int. J. Remote Sens., 27 (23): 5201-5223.
    [57]
    Menzel A, Fabian P. 1999. Growing season extended in Europe[J]. Nature, 397: 659.
    [58]
    Myneni R B, Keeling C D, Tucker C J, et al. 1997. Increased plant growth in the northern high latitudes from 1981 to 1991[J]. Nature, 386: 698-702.
    [59]
    Navarra A, Tribbia J. 2005. The coupled manifold[J]. J. Atmos. Sci., 62: 310-330.
    [60]
    Nicholson S N. 2001. Climate and environmental change in Africa during the last two centuries[J]. Climate Research, 14: 123-144.
    [61]
    Nicholson S E, Farrar T J. 1994. The influence of soil type on the relationships between NDVI, rainfall, and soil moisture in semiarid Botswana. I. NDVI response to rainfall[J]. Remote Sens. Environ., 50: 107-120.
    [62]
    Peng C H. 2000. From static biogeographical model to dynamic global vegetation model: A global perspective on modelling vegetation dynamics[J]. Ecological Modelling, 135: 33-54.
    [63]
    Pettorelli N, Vik J O, Mysterud A, et al. .
    [64]
    Zhang X Y, Friedl M A, Schaaf C B, et al. 2004. Climate controls on vegetation phenological patterns in northern mid-and high latitudes inferred from MODIS data[J]. Global Change Biology, 10: 1133-1145.
    [65]
    Zhou L M, Tucker C J, Kaufman R K, et al. 2001. Variations in northern vegetation activity inferred from satellite data of vegetation index during 1981 to 1999[J]. J. Geophys. Res., 106 (D17): 20069-20083.s S L, Baker T R, et al. 2008. The changing Amazon forest[J]. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 363: 1819-1827.
    [66]
    Piao S L, Fang J Y, Zhou L M, et al. 2003. Interannual variations of monthly and seasonal normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) in China from 1982 to 1999[J]. J. Geophys. Res., 108 (D14): 4401, doi:10.1029/ 2002JD002848.
    [67]
    Pinty B, Verstraete M M. 1992. GEMI: A non-linear index to monitor global vegetation from satellites[J]. Vegetatio, 101: 15-20.
    [68]
    Pouliot D, Latifovic R, Olthof I. 2009. Trends in vegetation NDVI from 1 km AVHRR data over Canada for the period 1985-2006[J]. Int. J. Remote Sens., 30: 149-168.
    [69]
    Prasad V K, Badarinath K V S, Eaturu A. 2008. Effects of precipitation, temperature and topographic parameters on evergreen vegetation greenery in the Western Ghats, India[J]. Int. J. Climatol., 28: 1807-1819.
    [70]
    Richard Y, Martiny N, Fauchereau N, et al. 2008. Interannual memory effects for spring NDVI in semi-arid South Africa[J]. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L13704, doi: 10.1029/2008GL034119.
    [71]
    Salzmann U, Hoelzmann P. 2005. The Dahomey Gap: An abrupt climatically induced rain forest fragmentation in West Africa during the Late Holocene[J]. The Holocene, 15: 190-199.
    [72]
    Schwinning S, Sala O E. 2004. Hierarchy of responses to resource pulses in arid and semi-arid ecosystems[J]. Oecologia, 141: 211-220.
    [73]
    Sivakumar M V K. 1988. Predicting rainy season potential from the onset of rains in Southern Sahelian and Sudanian climatic zones of West Africa[J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 42: 295-305.
    [74]
    Spano D, Cesaraccio C, Duce P, et al. 1999. Phenological stages of natural species and their use as climate indicators[J]. International Journal of Biometeorology, 42: 124-133.
    [75]
    Stenseth N C, Mysterud A, Ottersen G, et al. 2002. Ecological effects of climate fluctuations[J]. Science, 297: 1292-1296.
    [76]
    Steven M D, Malthus T J, Baret F, et al. 2003. Intercalibration of vegetation indices from different sensor systems[J]. Remote Sens. Environ., 88: 412-422.
    [77]
    孙艳玲, 延晓冬, 谢德体, 等. 2007. 应用动态植被模型LPJ 模拟中国植被变化研究[J]. 西南大学学报 (自然科学版), 29 (11): 86-92. Sun Yanling, Yan Xiaodong, Xie Detie, et al. 2007. Application of LPJ model in simulating vegetation distribution of China[J]. Journal of Southwest University (Natural Science Edition) (in Chinese), 29 (11): 86-92.
    [78]
    索玉霞, 王正兴, 刘闯, 等. 2009. 中亚地区1982 年至2002 年植被指数与气温和降水的相关性分析[J]. 资源科学, 31 (8): 1422-1429. Suo Yuxia, Wang Zhengxing, Liu Chuang, et al. 2009. Relationship between NDVI and precipitation and temperature in Middle Asia during 1982-2002[J]. Resources Science (in Chinese), 31 (8): 1422-1429.
    [79]
    Suzuki R. 2007. Interannual response of global NDVI for precipitation, temperature, and radiation[C]//32nd International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment Sustainable Development Through Global Earth Observations. San Jose, Costa Rica, 2007.
    [80]
    Suzuki R, Tanaka S, Yasunari T. 2000. Relationships between meridional profiles of satellite-derived vegetation index (NDVI) and climate over Siberia[J]. International Journal of Climatology, 20: 955-967.
    [81]
    Tan P N, Steinbach M, Kumar V, et al. 2001. Finding spatio-temporal patterns in earth science data[C] // KDD 2001 Workshop on Temporal Data Mining, San Francisco, CA.
    [82]
    Tan S Y. 2007. The influence of temperature and precipitation climate regimes on vegetation dynamics in the US Great Plains: A satellite bioclimatology case study[J]. Int. J. Remote Sens., 28: 4947-4966.
    [83]
    陶杰, 张雪芹, 陶建强, 等. 2008. 气候变化趋势分析中自相关的检验与去除[J]. 应用气象学报, 19 (1): 47-52. Tao Jie, Zhang Xueqin, Tao Jianqiang, et al. 2008. The checking and removing of the autocorrelation in climatic time series[J]. Journal of Applied Meteorological Science (in Chinese), 19 (1): 47-52.
    [84]
    Tourre Y M, Jarlan L, Lacaux J P, et al. 2008. Spatio-temporal variability of NDVI-precipitation over southernmost South America: Possible linkages between climate signals and epidemics[J]. Environ. Res. Lett., 3 (4): 44008.
    [85]
    Tucker C J. 1979. Red and photographic infrared linear combinations for monitoring vegetation[J]. Remote Sens. Environ., 8: 127-150.
    [86]
    Tucker C J, Sellers P J. 1986. Satellite remote sensing of primary production[J]. Int. J. Remote Sens., 7: 1395-1416.
    [87]
    Tucker C J, Fung I Y, Keeling C D, et al. 1986. Relationship between atmospheric CO2 variations and a satellite-derived vegetation index[J]. Nature, 319: 195-199.
    [88]
    王丹, 姜小光. 2006. 利用NOAA数据分析中国地区植被覆盖变化周期[J]. 中国图像图形学报, 11 (4): 516-520. Wang Dan, Jiang Xiaoguang. 2006. Analyze the vegetation cover variation cycle of China from NOAA data[J]. Journal of Image and Graphics (in Chinese), 11 (4): 516-520.
    [89]
    Wang J, Price K P, Rich P M. 2001. Spatial patterns of NDVI in response to precipitation and temperature in the central Great Plains[J]. Int. J. Remote Sens., 22: 3827-3844.
    [90]
    Wang J, Rich P M, Price K P. 2003. Temporal responses of NDVI to precipitation and temperature in the central Great Plains, USA[J]. Int. J. Remote Sens., 24 (11): 2345-2364.
    [91]
    王旭峰, 马明国, 姚辉. 2009. 动态全球植被模型的研究进展[J]. 遥感技术与应用, 24 (2): 246-251. Wang Xufeng, Ma Mingguo, Yao Hui. 2009. Advance in dynamic global vegetation models[J]. Remote Sensing Technology and Application (in Chinese), 24 (2): 246-251.
    [92]
    王永立, 范广洲, 周定文, 等. 2009. 我国东部地区NDVI与气温、降水的关系研究[J]. 热带气象学报, 25 (6): 725-732. Wang Yongli, Fan Guangzhou, Zhou Dingwen, et al. 2009. The study of the relationship between normalized difference vegetation index and both temperature and precipitation in east China[J]. Journal of Tropical Meteorology (in Chinese), 25 (6): 725-732.
    [93]
    王正兴, 刘闯, Huete A R. 2003. 植被指数研究进展: 从AVHRR-NDVI到MODIS-EVI[J]. 生态学报, 23 (5): 979-987. Wang Zhengxing, Liu Chuang, Huete A R. 2003. From AVHRR-NDVI to MODIS-EVI: Advances in vegetation index research[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica (in Chinese), 23 (5): 979-987.
    [94]
    魏凤英. 2007. 现代气候统计诊断与预测技术[M]. 北京: 气象出版社, 296pp. Wei Fengying. 2007. Modern Statistic Diagnosing and Predicting Techniques of Climate[M] (in Chinese). Beijing: China Meteorological Press, 296pp.
    [95]
    温刚, 符淙斌. 2000. 中国东部季风区植被物候季节变化对气候响应的大尺度特征: 多年平均结果[J]. 大气科学, 24 (5): 676-682. Wen Gang, Fu Congbin. 2000. Large scale features of the seasonal phenological responses to the monsoon climate in East China: Multi-year average results[J]. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences (in Chinese), 24 (5): 676-682.
    [96]
    Wessels K J, Prince S D, Malherbe J, et al. 2007. Can human-induced land degradation be distinguished from the effects of rainfall variability? A case study in South Africa[J]. Journal of Arid Environments, 68: 271-297.
    [97]
    信忠保, 许炯心, 郑伟. 2007. 气候变化和人类活动对黄土高原植被覆盖变化的影响[J]. 中国科学 (D辑), 37 (11): 1504-1514. Xin Zhongbao, Xu Jiongxin, Zheng Wei. 2008. Spatiotemporal variations of vegetation cover on the Chinese Loess Plateau (1981―2006): Impacts of climate changes and human activities[J]. Science in China (Ser. D), 51 (1): 67-78.
    [98]
    徐兴奎, 林朝晖, 薛峰, 等. 2003. 气象因子与地表植被生长相关性分析[J]. 生态学报, 23 (2): 221-230. Xu Xingkui, Lin Zhaohui, Xue Feng, et al. 2003. Correlation analysis between meteorological factors and the ratio of vegetation cover[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica (in Chinese), 23 (2): 221-230.
    [99]
    余振, 孙鹏森, 刘世荣. 2010. 中国东部南北样带主要植被类型物候期的变化[J]. 植物生态学报, 34 (3): 316-329. Yu Zhen, Sun Pengsen, Liu Shirong. 2010. Phenological change of main vegetation types along a North-South Transect of Eastern China[J]. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology (in Chinese), 34 (3): 316-329.
    [100]
    Zeng N, Yoon J. 2009. Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming[J]. Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L17401, doi: 10.1029/2009GL039699.
    [101]
    张井勇, 董文杰, 叶笃正, 等. 2003. 中国植被覆盖对夏季气候影响的新证据[J]. 科学通报, 48 (1): 91-95. Zhang Jingyong, Dong Wenjie, Ye Duzheng, et al. 2003. New proof for reflection of vegetation cover to summer climate in China[J]. Science Bulletin of China (in Chinese), 48 (1): 91-95
  • 加载中

Catalog

    通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com
    • 1. 

      沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院 沈阳 110142

    1. 本站搜索
    2. 百度学术搜索
    3. 万方数据库搜索
    4. CNKI搜索

    Article Metrics

    Article views (4676) PDF downloads(6300) Cited by()
    Proportional views
    Related

    /

    DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
    Return
    Return