1986 Vol. 3, No. 3
Display Method:
1986, 3(3): 263-276.
doi: 10.1007/BF02678648
Abstract:
In this paper, we review the progress made in the studies on general circulation and large-scale dynamics. We divide the advances in the studies on the atmospheric circulation and large-scale dynamics into 4 stages, i.e., the studies on atmospheric wave dynamics; the studies on the observational facts of general circulation; the numerical studies on general circulation; and the studies on planetary wave dynamics, wave-mean flow interaction and nonlinear dynamics. Moreover, the prospects of the studies on the atmospheric circulation and large-scale dynamics for the future are also made in this paper.
In this paper, we review the progress made in the studies on general circulation and large-scale dynamics. We divide the advances in the studies on the atmospheric circulation and large-scale dynamics into 4 stages, i.e., the studies on atmospheric wave dynamics; the studies on the observational facts of general circulation; the numerical studies on general circulation; and the studies on planetary wave dynamics, wave-mean flow interaction and nonlinear dynamics. Moreover, the prospects of the studies on the atmospheric circulation and large-scale dynamics for the future are also made in this paper.
1986, 3(3): 277-288.
doi: 10.1007/BF02678649
Abstract:
A two-layer quasi-geostrophic baroclinic model in a narrow, longitudinally periodic channel on a β-plane is used, which involves near-resonant thermal forcing, frictional dissipation and a uniformly sheared basic current. By means of the multi-scale technique, a system of simplified differential equations or disturbances due to the steady thermal-forcing waves projected on the X-T plane is derived, which contains the nonlinear interactions between forced waves and free waves. The asymptotic solutions of the equilibrium states of these equations are analytically obtained by a singular perturbation method. The results show that these mul-tiple equilibrium state (MES) solutions can exist in a wide range of the parameters used.
A two-layer quasi-geostrophic baroclinic model in a narrow, longitudinally periodic channel on a β-plane is used, which involves near-resonant thermal forcing, frictional dissipation and a uniformly sheared basic current. By means of the multi-scale technique, a system of simplified differential equations or disturbances due to the steady thermal-forcing waves projected on the X-T plane is derived, which contains the nonlinear interactions between forced waves and free waves. The asymptotic solutions of the equilibrium states of these equations are analytically obtained by a singular perturbation method. The results show that these mul-tiple equilibrium state (MES) solutions can exist in a wide range of the parameters used.
1986, 3(3): 289-301.
doi: 10.1007/BF02678650
Abstract:
A multi-dimensional Lorenz system, which includes thirty-three amplitude equations describing time evolu-tion of convection, is derived from two-dimensional Boussinesq equations by using the Galerkin method. Its transition is studied by numerical solution. It is found that, with Rayleigh number increasing from zero to one hundred, five different types of motion appear one after another as follows: stationary motion, periodic motion, quasiperiodic motion with two-fundamental frequencies, quasi-periodic motion with three fundamental frequencies, and chaotic motion. By comparing with the Lorenz model and Curry's fourteen-dimensional model, it is shown that as retained modes increase, the critical values of transition become larger and the types of bi-furcation change. The results of dynamic behavior happen to be in agreement with the IIIa route of the Gollub and Benson experiments.
A multi-dimensional Lorenz system, which includes thirty-three amplitude equations describing time evolu-tion of convection, is derived from two-dimensional Boussinesq equations by using the Galerkin method. Its transition is studied by numerical solution. It is found that, with Rayleigh number increasing from zero to one hundred, five different types of motion appear one after another as follows: stationary motion, periodic motion, quasiperiodic motion with two-fundamental frequencies, quasi-periodic motion with three fundamental frequencies, and chaotic motion. By comparing with the Lorenz model and Curry's fourteen-dimensional model, it is shown that as retained modes increase, the critical values of transition become larger and the types of bi-furcation change. The results of dynamic behavior happen to be in agreement with the IIIa route of the Gollub and Benson experiments.
1986, 3(3): 302-313.
doi: 10.1007/BF02678651
Abstract:
A global nine-layer primitive equation model is developed to investigate the dynamic and thermodynamic influences of plateaus and high mountains on the atmospheric circulation. Besides topography, the effects of solar radiation, longwave radiation, large-scale condensation, cumulus convection and surface fluxes of heat momentum are also included in the model, In order that the finite-difference approximations represent fairly accurately the circulation in both higher and lower latitudes, we use Mercator projection in lower latitudes and Stereographic projection in higher latitudes.The simulated sea level pressure, wind field, precipitation distribution and vertical circulation in summer and winter are given, respectively, and they are compared with the observations.
A global nine-layer primitive equation model is developed to investigate the dynamic and thermodynamic influences of plateaus and high mountains on the atmospheric circulation. Besides topography, the effects of solar radiation, longwave radiation, large-scale condensation, cumulus convection and surface fluxes of heat momentum are also included in the model, In order that the finite-difference approximations represent fairly accurately the circulation in both higher and lower latitudes, we use Mercator projection in lower latitudes and Stereographic projection in higher latitudes.The simulated sea level pressure, wind field, precipitation distribution and vertical circulation in summer and winter are given, respectively, and they are compared with the observations.
1986, 3(3): 314-329.
doi: 10.1007/BF02678652
Abstract:
In consideration of the radiation transfer, latent and sensible heat exchange between oceans and at-mosphere, a three-dimensional autonomous nonlinear ordinary differential equation is established by statis-tical parameterization method. The variables of the model are the mean ocean surface temperature Ts, mean atmospheric temperature Ta and atmospheric relative humidity f, and the feedbacks of clouds, water vapor and CO2 are involved. The steady state corresponding to the present-day climate can be obtained from this model. The analysis of parameter sensibility in the steady state indicates that clouds have consid-erable negative feedback effects and water vapor may affect the sign of CO2 feedback. The stability analysis of the steady state to small disturbance indicates that with increase of the positive feedback effect of clouds, the steady state goes through such a structural variance series as a stable node→a stable focal point→an unstable focal point→an unstable node, and when the steady state becomes unstable it undergoes a subcritical Hopf bifurcation. When the steady state is at a focal point, the periodic oscillation solutions of damping or amplifying can be obtained with the period being about two years.
In consideration of the radiation transfer, latent and sensible heat exchange between oceans and at-mosphere, a three-dimensional autonomous nonlinear ordinary differential equation is established by statis-tical parameterization method. The variables of the model are the mean ocean surface temperature Ts, mean atmospheric temperature Ta and atmospheric relative humidity f, and the feedbacks of clouds, water vapor and CO2 are involved. The steady state corresponding to the present-day climate can be obtained from this model. The analysis of parameter sensibility in the steady state indicates that clouds have consid-erable negative feedback effects and water vapor may affect the sign of CO2 feedback. The stability analysis of the steady state to small disturbance indicates that with increase of the positive feedback effect of clouds, the steady state goes through such a structural variance series as a stable node→a stable focal point→an unstable focal point→an unstable node, and when the steady state becomes unstable it undergoes a subcritical Hopf bifurcation. When the steady state is at a focal point, the periodic oscillation solutions of damping or amplifying can be obtained with the period being about two years.
1986, 3(3): 330-340.
doi: 10.1007/BF02678653
Abstract:
A family of nonlinear wave solutions, with Haurwitz waves as their zero-order approximations, to the baroclinic primitive equations is derived and the corresponding calculating system is presented. Numerical experiments with a two-level global model developed by ourselves confirm the validity of the theoretical results to a great extent.
A family of nonlinear wave solutions, with Haurwitz waves as their zero-order approximations, to the baroclinic primitive equations is derived and the corresponding calculating system is presented. Numerical experiments with a two-level global model developed by ourselves confirm the validity of the theoretical results to a great extent.
1986, 3(3): 341-348.
doi: 10.1007/BF02678654
Abstract:
This paper presents and analyzes experimental results in simultaneous determination of atmospheric colum-nar aerosol size distribution, refractive index and surface albedo by use of the radiance data in almucantar measured by a radiometer. 32 groups of data measured in Beijing during winter show that the imaginary part of refractive index for 0.6943 μm wavelength ranges from 0.022 to 0.079 with a mean of 0.0527. The mean real part and surface albedo are 1.537 and 0.287, respectively. The imaginary part was found to be less in autumn than that in winter, especially after raining. For 0.399 μm and 0.6943 μm wavelengths, the mean sur-face albedos are 0.101 and 0.222, and the mean imaginary parts are 0.0241 and 0.0129, respectively.
This paper presents and analyzes experimental results in simultaneous determination of atmospheric colum-nar aerosol size distribution, refractive index and surface albedo by use of the radiance data in almucantar measured by a radiometer. 32 groups of data measured in Beijing during winter show that the imaginary part of refractive index for 0.6943 μm wavelength ranges from 0.022 to 0.079 with a mean of 0.0527. The mean real part and surface albedo are 1.537 and 0.287, respectively. The imaginary part was found to be less in autumn than that in winter, especially after raining. For 0.399 μm and 0.6943 μm wavelengths, the mean sur-face albedos are 0.101 and 0.222, and the mean imaginary parts are 0.0241 and 0.0129, respectively.
1986, 3(3): 349-359.
doi: 10.1007/BF02678655
Abstract:
500 hPa ridge positions over the Indian and the West Pacific regions during April are related with the summer monsoon rainfall over India. The ridge position over the Indian region shows better relation with monsoon rainfall than that shown by the ridge over the Pacific region. The multiple correlation of these ridge positions with monsoon rainfall exceeds 0.7. These predictive relationships are better than those shown by other parameters, viz. (1) Northern Hemispheric surface temperature; (2) East-Pacific sea surface tempera-ture; (3) El-Nino events and (4) Tahiti-Darwin pressure difference, and index of southern oscillation, over the 30-year samples analysed.
500 hPa ridge positions over the Indian and the West Pacific regions during April are related with the summer monsoon rainfall over India. The ridge position over the Indian region shows better relation with monsoon rainfall than that shown by the ridge over the Pacific region. The multiple correlation of these ridge positions with monsoon rainfall exceeds 0.7. These predictive relationships are better than those shown by other parameters, viz. (1) Northern Hemispheric surface temperature; (2) East-Pacific sea surface tempera-ture; (3) El-Nino events and (4) Tahiti-Darwin pressure difference, and index of southern oscillation, over the 30-year samples analysed.
1986, 3(3): 360-370.
doi: 10.1007/BF02678656
Abstract:
The generation of mesoscale convective systems is simulated by a 7-level primitive equation model. The large-scale parts of observed, data at 1200 Z June 11, 1983, which are obtained by low-pass filter, are used as the initial data. The results show that the generation of mesoscale convective systems can be simulated from fields of meteorological variables on the large-scale background. When the low-level south-west jet stream is very moist, mesoscale convective systems can develop ahead of the wind speed maximum in the warm sector of Jiang-Huai (Changjiang-Huaihe Rivers) cyclone, where the potential stability tends to remain negative. Furthermore, they are similar to the mesoscale convective complex (MCC), which appears frequently in the central part of the United States during the warm season (March to September), in dynamical and thermal structure, distribution of precipitation and the process of generation and development.
The generation of mesoscale convective systems is simulated by a 7-level primitive equation model. The large-scale parts of observed, data at 1200 Z June 11, 1983, which are obtained by low-pass filter, are used as the initial data. The results show that the generation of mesoscale convective systems can be simulated from fields of meteorological variables on the large-scale background. When the low-level south-west jet stream is very moist, mesoscale convective systems can develop ahead of the wind speed maximum in the warm sector of Jiang-Huai (Changjiang-Huaihe Rivers) cyclone, where the potential stability tends to remain negative. Furthermore, they are similar to the mesoscale convective complex (MCC), which appears frequently in the central part of the United States during the warm season (March to September), in dynamical and thermal structure, distribution of precipitation and the process of generation and development.
1986, 3(3): 371-378.
doi: 10.1007/BF02678657
Abstract:
The probability of received-power fluctuation in the turbulent atmosphere is discussed with a simple and yet reasonable model for a direct-detection optical system. Good agreement was found between the theore-tical results and the field experiment. Thus the analysis in this paper may be taken as a guide for the design of atmospheric optical system.
The probability of received-power fluctuation in the turbulent atmosphere is discussed with a simple and yet reasonable model for a direct-detection optical system. Good agreement was found between the theore-tical results and the field experiment. Thus the analysis in this paper may be taken as a guide for the design of atmospheric optical system.
1986, 3(3): 379-384.
doi: 10.1007/BF02678658
Abstract:
With the aim to establish an “optimum” regression, as attempt is made through stepwise regression analysis to construct medium- and long-range models for forecasting the amount of migrants of the first-generation adults of armyworm into the outbreaking area of the second-generation armyworm in Northeast China and Inner Mongolia by applying precedent data of meteorological elements, general circulation features and insect pest situation. The formulas established are found to be rather satisfactory, which add a new approach to the simulation prediction of the armyworm.
With the aim to establish an “optimum” regression, as attempt is made through stepwise regression analysis to construct medium- and long-range models for forecasting the amount of migrants of the first-generation adults of armyworm into the outbreaking area of the second-generation armyworm in Northeast China and Inner Mongolia by applying precedent data of meteorological elements, general circulation features and insect pest situation. The formulas established are found to be rather satisfactory, which add a new approach to the simulation prediction of the armyworm.
1986, 3(3): 385-395.
doi: 10.1007/BF02678659
Abstract:
Based on the meteorological data of 105 aerological stations during the period of 1960－1969, the monthly average water vapor content (WVC) in air column over the mainland of China is calculated. Charts showing the distribution of mean WVC for January and July and its seasonal variation associated with the atmos-pheric circulation in the lower troposphere over East Asia are also presented. Results obtained from this anal-ysis will contribute to the assessment of water resources, as well as the studies of the formation of rainfall and climate.
Based on the meteorological data of 105 aerological stations during the period of 1960－1969, the monthly average water vapor content (WVC) in air column over the mainland of China is calculated. Charts showing the distribution of mean WVC for January and July and its seasonal variation associated with the atmos-pheric circulation in the lower troposphere over East Asia are also presented. Results obtained from this anal-ysis will contribute to the assessment of water resources, as well as the studies of the formation of rainfall and climate.
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