2003 Vol. 20, No. 2
Display Method:
2003, 20(2): 165-172.
doi: 10.1007/s00376-003-0001-z
Abstract:
Surface runoff is mainly generated by two mechanisms, infiltration excess (Horton) runoff and saturation excess (Dunne) runoff; and the spatial variability of soil properties, antecedent soil moisture, topography, and rainfall will result in different surface runoff generation mechanisms. For a large area (e.g., a model grid size of a regional climate model or a general circulation model), these runoff generation mechanisms are commonly present at different portions of a grid cell simultaneously. Missing one of the two major runoff generation mechanisms and failing to consider spatial soil variability can result in significant under/over estimation of surface runoff which can directly introduce large errors in soil moisture states over each model grid cell. Therefore, proper modeling of surface runoff is essential to a reasonable representation of feedbacks in a land-atmosphere system. This paper presents a new surface runoff parameterization with the Philip infiltration formulation that dynamically represents both the Horton and Dunne runoff generation mechanisms within a model grid cell. The parameterization takes into account the effects of soil heterogeneity on Horton and Dunne runoff. The new parameterization is implemented into the current version of the hydrologically based Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) land surface model and tested over one watershed in Pennsylvania, USA and over the Shiguanhe Basin in the Huaihe Watershed in China. Results show that the new parameterization plays a very important role in partitioning the water budget between surface runoff and soil moisture in the atmosphere-land coupling system, and has potential applications on large hydrological simulations and land-atmospheric interactions. It is further found that the Horton runoff mechanism should be considered within the context of subgrid-scale spatial variability of soil properties and precipitation.
Surface runoff is mainly generated by two mechanisms, infiltration excess (Horton) runoff and saturation excess (Dunne) runoff; and the spatial variability of soil properties, antecedent soil moisture, topography, and rainfall will result in different surface runoff generation mechanisms. For a large area (e.g., a model grid size of a regional climate model or a general circulation model), these runoff generation mechanisms are commonly present at different portions of a grid cell simultaneously. Missing one of the two major runoff generation mechanisms and failing to consider spatial soil variability can result in significant under/over estimation of surface runoff which can directly introduce large errors in soil moisture states over each model grid cell. Therefore, proper modeling of surface runoff is essential to a reasonable representation of feedbacks in a land-atmosphere system. This paper presents a new surface runoff parameterization with the Philip infiltration formulation that dynamically represents both the Horton and Dunne runoff generation mechanisms within a model grid cell. The parameterization takes into account the effects of soil heterogeneity on Horton and Dunne runoff. The new parameterization is implemented into the current version of the hydrologically based Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) land surface model and tested over one watershed in Pennsylvania, USA and over the Shiguanhe Basin in the Huaihe Watershed in China. Results show that the new parameterization plays a very important role in partitioning the water budget between surface runoff and soil moisture in the atmosphere-land coupling system, and has potential applications on large hydrological simulations and land-atmospheric interactions. It is further found that the Horton runoff mechanism should be considered within the context of subgrid-scale spatial variability of soil properties and precipitation.
2003, 20(2): 173-184.
doi: 10.1007/s00376-003-0002-y
Abstract:
The Pacific decadal and interdecadal oscillation (PDO) has been extensively explored in recent decades because of its profound impact on global climate systems. It is a long-lived ENSO-like pattern of Pacific climate variability with a period of 10-30 years. The general picture is that the anomalously warm (cool) SSTs in the central North Pacific are always accompanied by the anomalously cool (warm) SSTs along the west coast of America and in the central east tropical Pacific with comparable amplitude. In general, there are two classes of opinions on the origin of this low-frequency climate variability, one thinking that it results from deterministically coupled modes of the Pacific ocean-atmosphere system, and the other, from stochastic atmospheric forcing. The deterministic origin emphasizes that the internal physical processes in an air-sea system can provide a positive feedback mechanism to amplify an initial perturbation, and a negative feedback mechanism to reverse the phase of oscillation. The dynamic evolution of ocean circulation determines the timescale of the oscillation. The stochastic origin, however, emphasizes that because the atmospheric activities can be thought as having no preferred timescale and are associated with an essentially white noise spectrum, the ocean response can manifest a red peak in a certain low frequency range with a decadal to interdecadal timescale. In this paper, the authors try to systematically understand the state of the art of observational, theoretical and numerical studies on the PDO and hope to provide a useful background reference for current research.
The Pacific decadal and interdecadal oscillation (PDO) has been extensively explored in recent decades because of its profound impact on global climate systems. It is a long-lived ENSO-like pattern of Pacific climate variability with a period of 10-30 years. The general picture is that the anomalously warm (cool) SSTs in the central North Pacific are always accompanied by the anomalously cool (warm) SSTs along the west coast of America and in the central east tropical Pacific with comparable amplitude. In general, there are two classes of opinions on the origin of this low-frequency climate variability, one thinking that it results from deterministically coupled modes of the Pacific ocean-atmosphere system, and the other, from stochastic atmospheric forcing. The deterministic origin emphasizes that the internal physical processes in an air-sea system can provide a positive feedback mechanism to amplify an initial perturbation, and a negative feedback mechanism to reverse the phase of oscillation. The dynamic evolution of ocean circulation determines the timescale of the oscillation. The stochastic origin, however, emphasizes that because the atmospheric activities can be thought as having no preferred timescale and are associated with an essentially white noise spectrum, the ocean response can manifest a red peak in a certain low frequency range with a decadal to interdecadal timescale. In this paper, the authors try to systematically understand the state of the art of observational, theoretical and numerical studies on the PDO and hope to provide a useful background reference for current research.
2003, 20(2): 185-193.
doi: 10.1007/s00376-003-0003-x
Abstract:
Numerical simulations of two heavy rainfall cases in the Changjiang-Huaihe River basin are performed with TRMM/PR (precipitation radar) data incorporated into the PSU/NCAR meso scale model MM5.The mixing ratio of rainwater qr is obtained from the R-qr relation (R is the rainfall rate), and the mixing ratio of water vapor qv in the model is replaced by q'v=qv+qr. Then, TRMM/PR data are used to modify humidity analysis obtained from conventional radiosonde data, and sensitivity experiments (STE) are performed and compared to control experiments (CTL). Results show that both the heavy rainfall distribution and its maximum amounts from STE are improved compared with those from CTL.
Numerical simulations of two heavy rainfall cases in the Changjiang-Huaihe River basin are performed with TRMM/PR (precipitation radar) data incorporated into the PSU/NCAR meso scale model MM5.The mixing ratio of rainwater qr is obtained from the R-qr relation (R is the rainfall rate), and the mixing ratio of water vapor qv in the model is replaced by q'v=qv+qr. Then, TRMM/PR data are used to modify humidity analysis obtained from conventional radiosonde data, and sensitivity experiments (STE) are performed and compared to control experiments (CTL). Results show that both the heavy rainfall distribution and its maximum amounts from STE are improved compared with those from CTL.
2003, 20(2): 195-204.
doi: 10.1007/s00376-003-0004-9
Abstract:
The methods employed in recent years to retrieve vector wind information from single-Doppler radar observation are reviewed briefly. These methods are based on a linearity hypothesis for the wind field, so the retrieved wind field is sometimes negatively affected by the non-linearity of wind. This paper proposes a new method based on a non-linear approximation technique. This method, which relies on the piecewise smooth property of the wind field and makes full use of the radar velocity data, is applied to two cases of the Huaihe River Basin Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (HUBEX) in 1998. Checked against the wind field observed by dual-Doppler radar, the retrieved wind field by the method presented in this paper yields a relatively accurate horizontal vector wind field with high resolution, as well as a reasonable estimate of the magnitude of vertical velocity.
The methods employed in recent years to retrieve vector wind information from single-Doppler radar observation are reviewed briefly. These methods are based on a linearity hypothesis for the wind field, so the retrieved wind field is sometimes negatively affected by the non-linearity of wind. This paper proposes a new method based on a non-linear approximation technique. This method, which relies on the piecewise smooth property of the wind field and makes full use of the radar velocity data, is applied to two cases of the Huaihe River Basin Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (HUBEX) in 1998. Checked against the wind field observed by dual-Doppler radar, the retrieved wind field by the method presented in this paper yields a relatively accurate horizontal vector wind field with high resolution, as well as a reasonable estimate of the magnitude of vertical velocity.
2003, 20(2): 205-211.
doi: 10.1007/s00376-003-0005-8
Abstract:
On the basis of Digital Elevation Model data, the raster flow vectors, watershed delineation, and spatial topological relationship are generated by the Martz and Garbrecht method for the upper area of Huangnizhuang station in the Shihe Catchment with 805 km2 of area, an intensified observation field for the HUBEX/GAME Project. Then, the Xin'anjiang Model is applied for runoff production in each grid element where rain data measured by radar at Fuyang station is utilized as the input of the hydrological model. The elements are connected by flow vectors to the outlet of the drainage catchment where runoff is routed by the Muskingum method from each grid element to the outlet according to the length between each grid and the outlet. The Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient is 92.41% from 31 May to 3 August 1998, and 85.64%, 86.62%, 92.57%, and 83.91%, respectively for the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th flood events during the whole computational period. As compared with the case where rain-gauge data are used in simulating the hourly hydrograph at Huangnizhuang station in the Shihe Catchment, the index of model efficiency improvement is positive, ranging from 27.56 % to 69.39 %. This justifies the claim that radar-measured data are superior to rain-gauge data as inputs to hydrological modeling. As a result, the grid-based hydrological model provides a good platform for runoff computation when radar-measured rain data with highly spatiotemporal resolution are taken as the input of the hydrological model.
On the basis of Digital Elevation Model data, the raster flow vectors, watershed delineation, and spatial topological relationship are generated by the Martz and Garbrecht method for the upper area of Huangnizhuang station in the Shihe Catchment with 805 km2 of area, an intensified observation field for the HUBEX/GAME Project. Then, the Xin'anjiang Model is applied for runoff production in each grid element where rain data measured by radar at Fuyang station is utilized as the input of the hydrological model. The elements are connected by flow vectors to the outlet of the drainage catchment where runoff is routed by the Muskingum method from each grid element to the outlet according to the length between each grid and the outlet. The Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient is 92.41% from 31 May to 3 August 1998, and 85.64%, 86.62%, 92.57%, and 83.91%, respectively for the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th flood events during the whole computational period. As compared with the case where rain-gauge data are used in simulating the hourly hydrograph at Huangnizhuang station in the Shihe Catchment, the index of model efficiency improvement is positive, ranging from 27.56 % to 69.39 %. This justifies the claim that radar-measured data are superior to rain-gauge data as inputs to hydrological modeling. As a result, the grid-based hydrological model provides a good platform for runoff computation when radar-measured rain data with highly spatiotemporal resolution are taken as the input of the hydrological model.
2003, 20(2): 213-218.
doi: 10.1007/s00376-003-0006-7
Abstract:
The conceptual rainfall-runoff model TOPMODEL is used to simulate runoffs of the Meishan and Nianyushan catchments during the summers of 1998 and 1999 in the GAME/HUBEX (GEWEX Asia Monsoon Experiment/HUAIHE River Basin Experiment) project. The rainfall distributions are estimated by weather radar and rain gauge networks according to different methods. Observed and simulated runoffs are compared and analyzed for both catchments. Results show that(1) the runoff of the catchment is best simulated by radar data combined with rain gauge network data from inside the catchment, and (2) the rainfall estimated by radar adjusted by a few rain gauges outside the catchment can be used to simulate runoff equally as well as using the dense rain gauge network alone.
The conceptual rainfall-runoff model TOPMODEL is used to simulate runoffs of the Meishan and Nianyushan catchments during the summers of 1998 and 1999 in the GAME/HUBEX (GEWEX Asia Monsoon Experiment/HUAIHE River Basin Experiment) project. The rainfall distributions are estimated by weather radar and rain gauge networks according to different methods. Observed and simulated runoffs are compared and analyzed for both catchments. Results show that(1) the runoff of the catchment is best simulated by radar data combined with rain gauge network data from inside the catchment, and (2) the rainfall estimated by radar adjusted by a few rain gauges outside the catchment can be used to simulate runoff equally as well as using the dense rain gauge network alone.
2003, 20(2): 219-226.
doi: 10.1007/s00376-003-0007-6
Abstract:
GMS-5 satellite data at channels of infrared split windows and water vapor are analyzed to retrieve the precipitable water (PW) distributions under cloud-free conditions. Radiosonde data and surface station data are applied to estimate the PW distributions under cloudy conditions. These two methods are then merged to obtain the PW distributions under ali-weather conditions during the Huaihe River Basin Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (HUBEX). The results of the all-weather PW distributions from these methods demonstrate that this new merging technique may be applied to derive large-scale or global maps of PW. It is revealed that the atmospheric water vapor over the Yangtze-Huaihe River Basins came mainly from the southwest during the 1998 prevailing period of Meiyu. Sufficient atmospheric PW is a necessary condition for ground rainfall. Under certain dynamic conditions, it can be partially transformed into surface precipitation. Several types of rain are displayed and their PW conditions and characteristics,as well as atmospheric dynamic conditions, are analyzed. It is demonstrated that surface precipitation centers usually appear not at the high PW centers but on their downwind sides.
GMS-5 satellite data at channels of infrared split windows and water vapor are analyzed to retrieve the precipitable water (PW) distributions under cloud-free conditions. Radiosonde data and surface station data are applied to estimate the PW distributions under cloudy conditions. These two methods are then merged to obtain the PW distributions under ali-weather conditions during the Huaihe River Basin Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (HUBEX). The results of the all-weather PW distributions from these methods demonstrate that this new merging technique may be applied to derive large-scale or global maps of PW. It is revealed that the atmospheric water vapor over the Yangtze-Huaihe River Basins came mainly from the southwest during the 1998 prevailing period of Meiyu. Sufficient atmospheric PW is a necessary condition for ground rainfall. Under certain dynamic conditions, it can be partially transformed into surface precipitation. Several types of rain are displayed and their PW conditions and characteristics,as well as atmospheric dynamic conditions, are analyzed. It is demonstrated that surface precipitation centers usually appear not at the high PW centers but on their downwind sides.
2003, 20(2): 227-236.
doi: 10.1007/s00376-003-0008-5
Abstract:
Considering a detailed hydrologic model in the land surface scheme helps to improve the simulation of regional hydro-climatology. A hydrologic model, which includes spatial heterogeneities in precipitation and infiltration, is constructed and incorporated into the land surface scheme BATS. Via the coupled-model (i.e., a regional climate model) simulations, the following major conclusions are obtained: the simulation of surface hydrology is sensitive to the inclusion of heterogeneities in precipitation and infiltration; the runoff ratio is increased after considering the infiltration heterogeneity, a result which is more consistent with the observations of surface moisture balance over humid areas; the introduction of the parameterization of infiltration heterogeneity can have a greater influence on the regional hydro-climatology than the precipitation heterogeneity; and the consideration of the impermeable fraction for the region reveals some features that are closer to the trend of aridification over northern China.
Considering a detailed hydrologic model in the land surface scheme helps to improve the simulation of regional hydro-climatology. A hydrologic model, which includes spatial heterogeneities in precipitation and infiltration, is constructed and incorporated into the land surface scheme BATS. Via the coupled-model (i.e., a regional climate model) simulations, the following major conclusions are obtained: the simulation of surface hydrology is sensitive to the inclusion of heterogeneities in precipitation and infiltration; the runoff ratio is increased after considering the infiltration heterogeneity, a result which is more consistent with the observations of surface moisture balance over humid areas; the introduction of the parameterization of infiltration heterogeneity can have a greater influence on the regional hydro-climatology than the precipitation heterogeneity; and the consideration of the impermeable fraction for the region reveals some features that are closer to the trend of aridification over northern China.
2003, 20(2): 237-244.
doi: 10.1007/s00376-003-0009-4
Abstract:
This study examines the relationship between the subtropical high in the West Pacific and the Okhotsk high in summer, and explains why the subtropical high cannot progress northward when the Okhotsk high is active. The findings are as follows. (1) A teleconnection pattern, namely, the significant correlation dipole between the index of the Okhotsk high and 500 hPa geopotential height (Z500), over East Asia, tends to occur in summer. (2) The teleconnection is closely related to the wave train propagation from the Okhotsk Sea via Japan to the subtropical regions when the Okhotsk high is developing. (3) The wave train propagation associated with the development of the Okhotsk high can generate a large cyclonic anomaly over the sea east of Japan, even in late summer. The cyclonic anomaly plays an important role in weakening the northern part of the subtropical high. The anomalous southern position of the main body of the subtropical high in the summer of 1998 is partly due to this effect.
This study examines the relationship between the subtropical high in the West Pacific and the Okhotsk high in summer, and explains why the subtropical high cannot progress northward when the Okhotsk high is active. The findings are as follows. (1) A teleconnection pattern, namely, the significant correlation dipole between the index of the Okhotsk high and 500 hPa geopotential height (Z500), over East Asia, tends to occur in summer. (2) The teleconnection is closely related to the wave train propagation from the Okhotsk Sea via Japan to the subtropical regions when the Okhotsk high is developing. (3) The wave train propagation associated with the development of the Okhotsk high can generate a large cyclonic anomaly over the sea east of Japan, even in late summer. The cyclonic anomaly plays an important role in weakening the northern part of the subtropical high. The anomalous southern position of the main body of the subtropical high in the summer of 1998 is partly due to this effect.
2003, 20(2): 245-251.
doi: 10.1007/s00376-003-0010-y
Abstract:
By using the high-resolution GAME reanalysis data, the heat and moisture budgets during the period of HUBEX/GAME in the summer of 1998 are calculated for exploring the thermodynamic features of Meiyu over the Changjiang-Huaihe (CH) valley. During the CH Meiyu period, an intensive vertically-integrated heat source and moisture sink are predominant over the heavy rainfall area of the CH valley, accompanied by strong upward motion at 500 hPa. The heat and moisture budgets show that the main diabatic heating component is condensation latent heat released by rainfall. As residual terms, the evaporation and sensible heating are relatively small. Based on the vertical distribution of the heat source and moisture sink, the nature of the rainfall is mixed, in which the convective rainfall is dominant with a considerable percentage of continuous stratiform rainfall. There are similar time evolutions of the main physical parameters(〈Q1〉,〈Q2〉,and vertical motion ω at 500 hPa).The time variations of〈Q1〉and〈Q2〉are in phase with those of -ω500, and have their main peaks within the CH Meiyu period. This shows the influence of the heat source on the dynamic structure of the atmosphere. The wavelet analyses of those time series display similar multiple timescale characteristics. During the CH Meiyu period, both the synoptic scale(～6 days) and mesoscale (～2 days and ～12 hours) increase obviously and cause heavy rainfall as well as the appearances of the maxima of the main physical parameters. Among them, the mesoscale systems are the main factors.
By using the high-resolution GAME reanalysis data, the heat and moisture budgets during the period of HUBEX/GAME in the summer of 1998 are calculated for exploring the thermodynamic features of Meiyu over the Changjiang-Huaihe (CH) valley. During the CH Meiyu period, an intensive vertically-integrated heat source and moisture sink are predominant over the heavy rainfall area of the CH valley, accompanied by strong upward motion at 500 hPa. The heat and moisture budgets show that the main diabatic heating component is condensation latent heat released by rainfall. As residual terms, the evaporation and sensible heating are relatively small. Based on the vertical distribution of the heat source and moisture sink, the nature of the rainfall is mixed, in which the convective rainfall is dominant with a considerable percentage of continuous stratiform rainfall. There are similar time evolutions of the main physical parameters(〈Q1〉,〈Q2〉,and vertical motion ω at 500 hPa).The time variations of〈Q1〉and〈Q2〉are in phase with those of -ω500, and have their main peaks within the CH Meiyu period. This shows the influence of the heat source on the dynamic structure of the atmosphere. The wavelet analyses of those time series display similar multiple timescale characteristics. During the CH Meiyu period, both the synoptic scale(～6 days) and mesoscale (～2 days and ～12 hours) increase obviously and cause heavy rainfall as well as the appearances of the maxima of the main physical parameters. Among them, the mesoscale systems are the main factors.
2003, 20(2): 253-259.
doi: 10.1007/s00376-003-0011-x
Abstract:
Using a microwave radiative transfer model, atmospheric sounding profiles, satellite brightness temperatures, and some surface observed measurements under cloud-free conditions, surface emissivities at the frequencies of TRMM/TMI (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Microwave Imager) at Shouxian in HUBEX (Huaihe River Basin Energy and Water Cycle Experiment) are retrieved. Compared to the microwave surface emissivities with changing conditions of the surface, it is found that the microwave emissivities have some sensitive variability with the conditions of the surface, and the variability is reasonable. In the calculation, the surface air temperatures are assumed to equal the surface skin temperatures, and only the emissivity at Shouxian is calculated; the calculation of the emissivities over the region of HUBEX needs more measurements.
Using a microwave radiative transfer model, atmospheric sounding profiles, satellite brightness temperatures, and some surface observed measurements under cloud-free conditions, surface emissivities at the frequencies of TRMM/TMI (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Microwave Imager) at Shouxian in HUBEX (Huaihe River Basin Energy and Water Cycle Experiment) are retrieved. Compared to the microwave surface emissivities with changing conditions of the surface, it is found that the microwave emissivities have some sensitive variability with the conditions of the surface, and the variability is reasonable. In the calculation, the surface air temperatures are assumed to equal the surface skin temperatures, and only the emissivity at Shouxian is calculated; the calculation of the emissivities over the region of HUBEX needs more measurements.
2003, 20(2): 261-268.
doi: 10.1007/s00376-003-0012-9
Abstract:
The introduced mathematical model takes into account the role of the kinetic fractionation effect in a supersaturation environment at the ice surface as liquid and solid phases coexist in mixed cloud. Using the model, the temperature effect of stable isotopes in precipitation is simulated under different cooling conditions. The rate of change of δ18O against temperature in the process of wet adiabatic cooling is smaller than in the process of isobaric cooling under the same humidity. The increasing supersaturation ratio at the ice surface, Si, leads to the strengthening of the kinetic fractionation effect. The kinetic fractionation function makes the synthesis fractionation factor decreased and the change of δ18O with temperature flatted, compared with that in the equilibrium state. The simulated results show that the slope parameter b and the intercept d of the meteoric water line (MWL), δD = bδ18O+d, in wet adiabatic cooling are both greater than those in isobaric cooling. The global MWL lies between the two MWLs simulated under wet adiabatic and isobaric cooling processes, respectively. The magnitudes of b and d are directly proportional to Si. The greater the Si, the stronger the kinetic fractionation effect, and thus the greater the b and d, and vice versa. However, b and d have low sensitivity to the liquid-water contents in the cloud. Using the kinetic fractionation model, the variation of stable isotopes in precipitation at Urumqi is simulated. The simulated stable isotopic ratio vs temperature and the δD vs δ18O curves are very consistent with the actual regressions and MWL at Uruimqi, respectively.
The introduced mathematical model takes into account the role of the kinetic fractionation effect in a supersaturation environment at the ice surface as liquid and solid phases coexist in mixed cloud. Using the model, the temperature effect of stable isotopes in precipitation is simulated under different cooling conditions. The rate of change of δ18O against temperature in the process of wet adiabatic cooling is smaller than in the process of isobaric cooling under the same humidity. The increasing supersaturation ratio at the ice surface, Si, leads to the strengthening of the kinetic fractionation effect. The kinetic fractionation function makes the synthesis fractionation factor decreased and the change of δ18O with temperature flatted, compared with that in the equilibrium state. The simulated results show that the slope parameter b and the intercept d of the meteoric water line (MWL), δD = bδ18O+d, in wet adiabatic cooling are both greater than those in isobaric cooling. The global MWL lies between the two MWLs simulated under wet adiabatic and isobaric cooling processes, respectively. The magnitudes of b and d are directly proportional to Si. The greater the Si, the stronger the kinetic fractionation effect, and thus the greater the b and d, and vice versa. However, b and d have low sensitivity to the liquid-water contents in the cloud. Using the kinetic fractionation model, the variation of stable isotopes in precipitation at Urumqi is simulated. The simulated stable isotopic ratio vs temperature and the δD vs δ18O curves are very consistent with the actual regressions and MWL at Uruimqi, respectively.
2003, 20(2): 269-283.
doi: 10.1007/s00376-003-0013-8
Abstract:
This paper explores the impact of the convective action over the low-latitude region, the water vapor transport around the West Pacific subtropical high (WPSH), and its convective action on the seasonal northward jump and southward withdrawal of the WPSH in summer by using the daily data set of NCEP and TBB for 1998. The research shows that in summer, the WPSH moves northward when the convection over the low-latitude tropical region intensifies and the subsidence region of the meridional vertically vertical circulation in meridional direction circulation over the region of 110°-150°E moves northward. Furthermore, as revealed by diagnostic analysis, the subtropical high moves northward after the obvious weakening of the longitudinal water vapor transport over the region around the subtropical high, but withdraws southward a pentad after the reduction of the latitudinal water vapor transport over the tropical West Pacific region. The research results show that the northward jump and southward withdrawal of the WPSH are closely related to the release of the convective latent heat at low latitudes and the water vapor transport at boundaries around WPSH and its convective action. The numerical simulation further validates the above-mentioned correlation between the variation of the action of the subtropical high and the preceding water vapor transport along with the convection characteristics.
This paper explores the impact of the convective action over the low-latitude region, the water vapor transport around the West Pacific subtropical high (WPSH), and its convective action on the seasonal northward jump and southward withdrawal of the WPSH in summer by using the daily data set of NCEP and TBB for 1998. The research shows that in summer, the WPSH moves northward when the convection over the low-latitude tropical region intensifies and the subsidence region of the meridional vertically vertical circulation in meridional direction circulation over the region of 110°-150°E moves northward. Furthermore, as revealed by diagnostic analysis, the subtropical high moves northward after the obvious weakening of the longitudinal water vapor transport over the region around the subtropical high, but withdraws southward a pentad after the reduction of the latitudinal water vapor transport over the tropical West Pacific region. The research results show that the northward jump and southward withdrawal of the WPSH are closely related to the release of the convective latent heat at low latitudes and the water vapor transport at boundaries around WPSH and its convective action. The numerical simulation further validates the above-mentioned correlation between the variation of the action of the subtropical high and the preceding water vapor transport along with the convection characteristics.
2003, 20(2): 285-291.
doi: 10.1007/s00376-003-0014-7
Abstract:
In order to study energy and water cycles in the Huaihe River Basin, micrometeorological measurements were carried out in Shouxian County, Anhui Province, during HUBEX/IOP (May to August 1998 and June to July 1999). The employed techniques included Bowen Ratio-Energy Balance (BREB) and Eddy Covariance (EC) methods. In this paper, the basic characteristics of the energy balance components in the district are analyzed. Furthermore, the results are compared with those from other regions of China.The main results are as follows: (1) There was a consistency between the available energy (Rn-G) and the sum of sensible (H) and latent (E) heat fluxes measured by the EC method (H+E)ec, but Ebr was slightly larger (about 10%) than Eec; (2) Most of the net radiation (Rn) was used to evaporate water from the surface. During HUBEX/IOP in 1998 and 1999, the mean daily amounts of Rn were 13.89 MJ m-2 d-1 and 11.83 MJ m-2 d-1, and the mean Bowen Ratios (β) were 0.14 (over ruderal) and 0.06 (over paddy) respectively; (3) The diurnal variation characteristic of β was larger and unsteady at sunrise and sunset, and smaller and steady during the rest of the daytime. Local advection appeared in the afternoon over paddy areas in 1999; (4) In comparison with the results from other regions of China, the nean β was the lowest (0.06) over paddy areas in the Huaihe River Basin and the highest (0.57) during June-August 1998 in Inner Mongolia grassland. The Bowen Ratio β is mainly related to the soil humidity.
In order to study energy and water cycles in the Huaihe River Basin, micrometeorological measurements were carried out in Shouxian County, Anhui Province, during HUBEX/IOP (May to August 1998 and June to July 1999). The employed techniques included Bowen Ratio-Energy Balance (BREB) and Eddy Covariance (EC) methods. In this paper, the basic characteristics of the energy balance components in the district are analyzed. Furthermore, the results are compared with those from other regions of China.The main results are as follows: (1) There was a consistency between the available energy (Rn-G) and the sum of sensible (H) and latent (E) heat fluxes measured by the EC method (H+E)ec, but Ebr was slightly larger (about 10%) than Eec; (2) Most of the net radiation (Rn) was used to evaporate water from the surface. During HUBEX/IOP in 1998 and 1999, the mean daily amounts of Rn were 13.89 MJ m-2 d-1 and 11.83 MJ m-2 d-1, and the mean Bowen Ratios (β) were 0.14 (over ruderal) and 0.06 (over paddy) respectively; (3) The diurnal variation characteristic of β was larger and unsteady at sunrise and sunset, and smaller and steady during the rest of the daytime. Local advection appeared in the afternoon over paddy areas in 1999; (4) In comparison with the results from other regions of China, the nean β was the lowest (0.06) over paddy areas in the Huaihe River Basin and the highest (0.57) during June-August 1998 in Inner Mongolia grassland. The Bowen Ratio β is mainly related to the soil humidity.
2003, 20(2): 293-298.
doi: 10.1007/s00376-003-0015-6
Abstract:
A method is investigated to analyze the structure and the synoptic characteristics of a frontal rain belt according to the combination of TRMM/PR images and conventional weather data during the 1998 GAME/HUBEX. The space-borne precipitation radar (PR) provides some detailed characteristics and inner structures of the frontal rain belt over a large area, and the synoptic analysis for this frontal case is also presented. It is demonstrated that the traditional theories of radar meteorology are still applicable, while PR has great advantages for showing the spatial distribution of rainfall and has potential value for analyzing the characteristics of the Meiyu front.
A method is investigated to analyze the structure and the synoptic characteristics of a frontal rain belt according to the combination of TRMM/PR images and conventional weather data during the 1998 GAME/HUBEX. The space-borne precipitation radar (PR) provides some detailed characteristics and inner structures of the frontal rain belt over a large area, and the synoptic analysis for this frontal case is also presented. It is demonstrated that the traditional theories of radar meteorology are still applicable, while PR has great advantages for showing the spatial distribution of rainfall and has potential value for analyzing the characteristics of the Meiyu front.
2003, 20(2): 299-302.
doi: 10.1007/s00376-003-0016-5
Abstract:
A new monsoon index, the dynamical normalized seasonality (DNS), is introduced to study the issue of monsoons. This DNS index can describe both seasonal variation and interannual variability of different monsoon regions. It can also be used to delimit the geographical distribution of the global monsoon systems. Furthermore, it is pointed out that the index is very useful for understanding deeply the monsoons to study the difference, relationship, and interactions among the classical monsoon, ordinary monsoon and monsoon-like system.
A new monsoon index, the dynamical normalized seasonality (DNS), is introduced to study the issue of monsoons. This DNS index can describe both seasonal variation and interannual variability of different monsoon regions. It can also be used to delimit the geographical distribution of the global monsoon systems. Furthermore, it is pointed out that the index is very useful for understanding deeply the monsoons to study the difference, relationship, and interactions among the classical monsoon, ordinary monsoon and monsoon-like system.
2003, 20(2): 303-309.
doi: 10.1007/s00376-003-0017-4
Abstract:
The QBO (quasi-biennial oscillation) in the climate system, with a mean cycle-length slightly above or below 2 years, is studied in a simple forced dynamical system. The fundamental cause of the quasi-biennial periodicity of the QBO is nonlinear resonance of the system to the seasonal forcing that is modulated by the 11-yr solar cycle. For a given nonlinearity, the cycle-length and the amplitude of the QBO depend on the intensity of both the unmodulated seasonal cycle and the 11-yr solar cycle, which may be one of the reasons why the QBO properties in climate vary with time and space.
The QBO (quasi-biennial oscillation) in the climate system, with a mean cycle-length slightly above or below 2 years, is studied in a simple forced dynamical system. The fundamental cause of the quasi-biennial periodicity of the QBO is nonlinear resonance of the system to the seasonal forcing that is modulated by the 11-yr solar cycle. For a given nonlinearity, the cycle-length and the amplitude of the QBO depend on the intensity of both the unmodulated seasonal cycle and the 11-yr solar cycle, which may be one of the reasons why the QBO properties in climate vary with time and space.
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