| Adams, H. D., M. Guardiola-Claramonte, G. A. Barron-Gafford, J. C. Villegas, D. D. Breshears, C. B. Zou, P. A. Troch, and T. E. Huxman, 2009: Temperature sensitivity of drought-induced tree mortality portends increased regional die-off under global-change-type drought. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106, 7063−7066, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0901438106. |
| Allen, C. D., and Coauthors, 2010: A global overview of drought and heat-induced tree mortality reveals emerging climate change risks for forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 259, 660−684, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forecos.2009.09.001. |
| Anderegg, W. R. L., A. Flint, C. Y. Huang, L. Flint, J. A. Berry, F. W. Davis, J. S. Sperry, and C. B. Field, 2015: Tree mortality predicted from drought-induced vascular damage. Nature Geoscience, 8, 367−371, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2400. |
| Anderson, M. C., C. Hain, B. Wardlow, A. Pimstein, J. R. Mecikalski, and W. P. Kustas, 2011: Evaluation of drought indices based on thermal remote sensing of evapotranspiration over the continental United States. J. Climate, 24, 2025−2044, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JCLI3812.1. |
| Braswell, B. H., D. S. Schimel, E. Linder, and B. Moore III, 1997: The response of global terrestrial ecosystems to interannual temperature variability. Science, 278, 870−873, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.278.5339.870. |
| Budyko, M. I., 1948: Evaporation under Natural Conditions. Gidrometeoizdat, 136 pp. |
| Chattopadhyay, N., and M. Hulme, 1997: Evaporation and potential evapotranspiration in India under conditions of recent and future climate change. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 87, 55−73, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(97)00006-3. |
| Chaves, M. M., J. P. Maroco, and J. S. Pereira, 2003: Understanding plant responses to drought-from genes to the whole plant. Functional Plant Biology, 30, 239−264, https://doi.org/10.1071/FP02076. |
| Ciais, P., and Coauthors, 2005: Europe-wide reduction in primary productivity caused by the heat and drought in 2003. Nature, 437, 529−533, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03972. |
| Dai, A. G., 2011: Characteristics and trends in various forms of the Palmer Drought Severity Index during 1900−2008. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 116, D12115, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD015541. |
| Decharme, B., and H. Douville, 2006: Uncertainties in the GSWP-2 precipitation forcing and their impacts on regional and global hydrological simulations. Climate Dyn., 27, 695−713, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-006-0160-6. |
| Friedl, M. A., D. Sulla-Menashe, B. Tan, A. Schneider, N. Ramankutty, A. Sibley, and X. M. Huang, 2010: MODIS collection 5 global land cover: Algorithm refinements and characterization of new datasets. Remote Sensing of Environment, 114, 168−182, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2009.08.016. |
| Han, S. J., F. Q. Tian, and H. P. Hu, 2014: Positive or negative correlation between actual and potential evaporation? Evaluating using a nonlinear complementary relationship model Water Resour. Res., 50, 1322−1336, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013WR014151. |
| Heim, R. R. Jr., 2002: A review of twentieth-century drought indices used in the United States. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 83, 1149−1166, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477-83.8.1149. |
| Hobbins, M. T., J. A. Ramírez, T. C. Brown, and L. H. J. M. Claessens, 2001: The complementary relationship in estimation of regional evapotranspiration: The complementary relationship areal evapotranspiration and advection-aridity models. Water Resour. Res., 37, 1367−1387, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000WR900358. |
| Hobbins, M. T., A. Wood, D. J. McEvoy, J. L. Huntington, C. Morton, M. Anderson, and C. Hain, 2016: The evaporative demand drought index. Part I: linking drought evolution to variations in evaporative demand. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 17, 1745−1761, https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-15-0121.1. |
| Huang, J., and Coauthors, 2017: Dryland climate change: Recent progress and challenges. Rev. Geophys., 55, 719−778, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016RG000550. |
| Huang, R. H., Y. Liu, L. Wang, and L. Wang, 2012: Analyses of the causes of severe drought occurring in southwest China from the fall of 2009 to the spring of 2010. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 36(3), 443−457, https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2011.11101. (in Chinese with English abstract) |
| Huntington, T. G., 2006: Evidence for intensification of the global water cycle: Review and synthesis. J. Hydrol., 319, 83−95, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.07.003. |
| Jacobson, M. Z., 2005: Fundamentals of Atmospheric Modeling. 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, 53−62, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139165389. |
| Janowiak, J. E., and P. P. Xie, 1999: CAMS-OPI: A global satellite-rain gauge merged product for real-time precipitation monitoring applications. J. Climate, 12, 3335−3342, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012<3335:COAGSR>2.0.CO;2. |
| Jung, M., M. Reichstein, and A. Bondeau, 2009: Towards global empirical upscaling of FLUXNET eddy covariance observations: Validation of a model tree ensemble approach using a biosphere model. Biogeosciences, 6, 2001−2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-2001-2009. |
| Jung, M., and Coauthors, 2010: Recent decline in the global land evapotranspiration trend due to limited moisture supply. Nature, 467, 951−954, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09396. |
| Kim, D., and J. Rhee, 2016: A drought index based on actual evapotranspiration from the Bouchet hypothesis. Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 10 277−10 285, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL070302. |
| Lee, M.-H., E.-S. Im, and D.-H. Bae, 2019: A comparative assessment of climate change impacts on drought over Korea based on multiple climate projections and multiple drought indices. Climate Dyn., 53, 389−404, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4588-2. |
| Leuning, R., 1995: A critical appraisal of a combined stomatal-photosynthesis model for C3 plants. Plant, Cell & Environment, 18, 339−355, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1995.tb00370.x. |
| Li, Y. H., H. M. Xu, and D. Liu, 2009: Features of the extremely severe drought in the east of Southwest China and anomalies of atmospheric circulation in summer 2006. Acta Meteorologica Sinica, 67(1), 122−132, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13351-011-0025-8. (in Chinese with English abstract) |
| Liu, L., R. H. Zhang, and Z. Y. Zuo, 2017: Effect of spring precipitation on summer precipitation in eastern China: Role of soil moisture. J. Climate, 30, 9183−9194, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0028.1. |
| Lorenz, C., and H. Kunstmann, 2012: The hydrological cycle in three state-of-the-art reanalyses: Intercomparison and performance analysis. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 13, 1397−1420, https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-11-088.1. |
| Los, S. O., 2015: Testing gridded land precipitation data and precipitation and runoff reanalyses (1982−2010) between 45°S and 45°N with normalised difference vegetation index data. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 19, 1713−1725, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-1713-2015. |
| Lowman, L. E. L., and A. P. Barros, 2018: Predicting canopy biophysical properties and sensitivity of plant carbon uptake to water limitations with a coupled eco-hydrological framework. Ecological Modelling, 372, 33−52, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2018.01.011. |
| Lucht, W., and Coauthors, 2002: Climatic control of the high-latitude vegetation greening trend and Pinatubo effect. Science, 296, 1687−1689, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1071828. |
| Ma, Z. G., and L. J. Shao, 2006: Relationship between dry/wet variation and the Pacific decade oscillation (PDO) in Northern China during the last 100 years. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 30(3), 464−474, https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2006.03.10. (in Chinese with English abstract) |
| Ma, Z. G., and C. B. Fu, 2007: Global aridification in the second half of the 20th century and its relationship to large-scale climate background. Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences, 50(5), 776−788, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-007-0036-6. |
| Mao, F., H. Sun, and H. L. Yang, 2011: Research progress in dry/wet climate zoning. Progress in Geography, 30(1), 17−26, https://doi.org/10.11820/dlkxjz.2011.01.002. (in Chinese with English abstract) |
| McEvoy, D. J., J. L. Huntington, M. T. Hobbins, A. Wood, C. Morton, M. Anderson, and C. Hain, 2016: The evaporative demand drought index. Part II: CONUS-wide assessment against common drought indicators. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 17, 1763−1779, https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-15-0122.1. |
| McKee, T. B., N. J. Doesken, and J. Kleist, 1993: The relationship of drought frequency and duration to time scales. Preprints, 8th Conf. on Applied Climatology, Anaheim, California, American Meteorological Society, 179−183. |
| Pasho, E., J. J. Camarero, M. de Luis, and S. M. Vicente-Serrano, 2011: Impacts of drought at different time scales on forest growth across a wide climatic gradient in north-eastern Spain. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 151, 1800−1811, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2011.07.018. |
| Peng, J., W. J. Dong, W. P. Yuan, and Y. Zhang, 2012: Responses of grassland and forest to temperature and precipitation changes in Northeast China. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 29, 1063−1077, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-012-1172-2. |
| Qian, W. H., X. L. Shan, and Y. F. Zhu, 2011: Ranking regional drought events in China for 1960-2009. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 28, 310−321, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-009-9239-4. |
| Rowland, L., and Coauthors, 2015: Modelling climate change responses in tropical forests: Similar productivity estimates across five models, but different mechanisms and responses. Geoscientific Model Development, 8, 1097−1110, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-1097-2015. |
| Shukla, S., and A. W. Wood, 2008: Use of a standardized runoff index for characterizing hydrologic drought. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L02405, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL032487. |
| Sorooshian, S., J. L. Li, K. L. Hsu, and X. G. Gao, 2012: Influence of irrigation schemes used in regional climate models on evapotranspiration estimation: Results and comparative studies from California's Central Valley agricultural regions. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 117, D06107, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD016978. |
| Su, T., 2016: Research on spatial-temporal variation characteristics and its causes of global evaporation based on multi-reanalysis datasets. PhD dissertation, Lanzhou University. (in Chinese with English abstract) |
| Svoboda, M., and Coauthors, 2002: The drought monitor. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 83, 1181−1190, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477-83.8.1181. |
| Vicente-Serrano, S. M., S. Beguería, and J. I. López-Moreno, 2010: A multiscalar drought index sensitive to global warming: The standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index. J. Climate, 23, 1696−1718, https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JCLI2909.1. |
| Vicente-Serrano, S. M., and Coauthors, 2013: Response of vegetation to drought time-scales across global land biomes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 110, 52−57, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1207068110. |
| Vicente-Serrano, S. M., and Coauthors, 2018: Global assessment of the Standardized Evapotranspiration Deficit Index (SEDI) for drought analysis and monitoring. J. Climate, 31, 5371−5393, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0775.1. |
| Wells, N., S. Goddard, and M. J. Hayes, 2004: A self-calibrating palmer drought severity index. J. Climate, 17, 2335−2351, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<2335:ASPDSI>2.0.CO;2. |
| Yang, Q., M. X. Li, Z. Y. Zheng, and Z. G. Ma, 2017: Regional applicability of seven meteorological drought indices in China. Science China Earth Sciences, 60, 745−760, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-016-5133-5. |
| Yao, Y. J., S. L. Liang, Q. M. Qin, and K. C. Wang, 2010: Monitoring drought over the conterminous United States using MODIS and NCEP reanalysis-2 Data. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 49, 1665−1680, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JAMC2328.1. |
| Zhang, K., J. S. Kimball, R. R. Nemani, S. W. Running, Y. Hong, J. J. Gourley, and Z. B. Yu, 2015: Vegetation greening and climate change promote multidecadal rises of global land evapotranspiration. Scientific Reports, 5, 15956, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep15956. |
| Zhang, K., J. S. Kimball, and S. W. Running, 2016: A review of remote sensing based actual evapotranspiration estimation. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water, 3, 834−853, https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1168. |
| Zhang, X., M. X. Li, and Z. G. Ma, 2018: Evapotranspiration variability over global arid and semi-arid regions from 1982 to 2011. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 42(2), 251−267, https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1709.16288. (in Chinese with English abstract) |
| Zhu, Z. C., and Coauthors, 2013: Global data sets of vegetation leaf area index (LAI) 3g and fraction of photosynthetically active radiation (FPAR) 3g derived from global inventory modeling and mapping studies (GIMMS) normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI3g) for the period 1981 to 2011. Remote Sens., 5, 927−948, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs5020927. |
| Zhu, Z. C., and Coauthors, 2016: Greening of the earth and its drivers. Nat. Clim. Change, 6, 791−795, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3004. |
| Zuo, Z. Y., and R. H. Zhang, 2007: The spring soil moisture and the summer rainfall in eastern China. Chinese Science Bulletin, 52, 3310−3312, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-007-0442-3. |