| An, N., and K. C. Wang, 2015: A comparison of MODIS-derived cloud fraction with surface observations at five SURFRAD sites. J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol., 54(5), 1009−1020, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-14-0206.1. |
| Che, H. Z., G. Y. Shi, X. Y. Zhang, R. Arimoto, J. Q. Zhao, L. Xu, B. Wang, and Z. H. Chen, 2005: Analysis of 40 years of solar radiation data from China, 1961–2000. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32(6), L06803, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL022322. |
| Ding, A. J., and Coauthors, 2019: Significant reduction of PM2.5 in eastern China due to regional-scale emission control: Evidence from SORPES in 2011–2018. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 19(18), 11 791−11 801, |
| Fu, D. S., M. Q. Liu, D. Z. Yang, H. Z. Che, and X. G. Xia, 2022: Influences of atmospheric reanalysis on the accuracy of clear-sky irradiance estimates: Comparing MERRA-2 and CAMS. Atmos. Environ., 277, 119080, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2022.119080. |
| Gueymard, C. A., 2012: Clear-sky irradiance predictions for solar resource mapping and large-scale applications: Improved validation methodology and detailed performance analysis of 18 broadband radiative models. Solar Energy, 86(8), 2145−2169, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2011.11.011. |
| Gueymard, C. A., J. M. Bright, D. Lingfors, A. Habte, and M. Sengupta, 2019: A posteriori clear-sky identification methods in solar irradiance time series: Review and preliminary validation using sky imagers. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 109, 412−427, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.04.027. |
| Huang, C. L., and Coauthors, 2022: Fengyun-4 geostationary satellite-based solar energy nowcasting system and its application in North China. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 39(8), 1316−1328, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-022-1464-0. |
| Kendall, M. G., 1975: Rank Correlation Methods. 4th ed. Charles Griffin. |
| Li, J., Y. W. Jiang, X. G. Xia, and Y. Y. Hu, 2018: Increase of surface solar irradiance across East China related to changes in aerosol properties during the past decade. Environmental Research Letters, 13, 034006, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aaa35a. |
| Li, Z. Q., and Coauthors, 2007: Aerosol optical properties and their radiative effects in northern China. J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos., 112, D22S01, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007382. |
| Li, Z. Q., and Coauthors, 2016: Aerosol and monsoon climate interactions over Asia. Rev. Geophys., 54, 866−929, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015RG000500. |
| Liu, M. Q., J. Q. Zhang, and X. G. Xia, 2021a: Evaluation of multiple surface irradiance-based clear sky detection methods at Xianghe—A heavy polluted site on the North China Plain. Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 14(2), 100016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aosl.2020.100016. |
| Liu, M. Q., X. G. Xia, D. S. Fu, and J. Q. Zhang, 2021b: Development and validation of machine-learning clear-sky detection method using 1-Min irradiance data and sky imagers at a polluted suburban site, Xianghe. Remote Sensing, 13(18), 3763, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13183763. |
| Liu, M. Q., J. Q. Zhang, H. R. Shi, D. S. Fu, and X. Xia, 2022: Data-driven estimation of cloud effects on surface irradiance at Xianghe, a suburban site on the North China Plain. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 39, 2213−2223, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-022-1414-x. |
| Long, C. N., and T. P. Ackerman, 2000: Identification of clear skies from broadband pyranometer measurements and calculation of downwelling shortwave cloud effects. J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos., 105(D12), 15 609−15 626, |
| Long, C. N., and E. G. Dutton, 2002: BSRN Global Network recommended QC tests, V2.0. Available from https://bsrn.awi.de/fileadmin/user_upload/bsrn.awi.de/Publications/BSRN_recommended_QC_tests_V2.pdf. |
| Long, C. N., T. P. Ackerman, K. L. Gaustad, and J. N. S. Cole, 2006: Estimation of fractional sky cover from broadband shortwave radiometer measurements. J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos., 111(D11), D11204, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006475. |
| Ma, J. J., H. Wu, C. Wang, X. Zhang, Z. Q. Li, and X. H. Wang, 2014: Multiyear satellite and surface observations of cloud fraction over China. J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos., 119(12), 7655−7666, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JD021413. |
| Mann, H. B., 1945: Nonparametric tests against trend. Econometrica, 13(3), 245−259, https://doi.org/10.2307/1907187. |
| Ohmura, A., and Coauthors, 1998: Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN/WCRP): New precision radiometry for climate research. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 79(10), 2115−2136, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1998)079<2115:BSRNBW>2.0.CO;2. |
| Qian, Y., D. P. Kaiser, L. R. Leung, and M. Xu, 2006: More frequent cloud-free sky and less surface solar radiation in China from 1955 to 2000. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33(1), L01812, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL024586. |
| Reda, I., and Coauthors, 2005: Using a blackbody to calculate net longwave responsivity of shortwave solar pyranometers to correct for their thermal offset error during outdoor calibration using the component sum method. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 22(10), 1531−1540, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH1782.1. |
| Roesch, A., M. Wild, A. Ohmura, E. G. Dutton, C. N. Long, and T. Zhang, 2011: Assessment of BSRN radiation records for the computation of monthly means. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 4(2), 339−354, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-4-339-2011. |
| Sen, P. K., 1968: Estimates of the regression coefficient based on Kendall's Tau. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 63(324), 1379−1389, https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1968.10480934. |
| Shi, H. R., and Coauthors, 2021: Surface brightening in eastern and central China since the implementation of the Clean Air Action in 2013: Causes and implications. Geophys. Res. Lett., 48, e2020GL091105, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL091105. |
| Song, J. J., X. G. Xia, H. Z. Che, J. Wang, X. L. Zhang, and X. J. Li, 2018: Daytime variation of aerosol optical depth in North China and its impact on aerosol direct radiative effects. Atmos. Environ., 182, 31−40, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.03.024. |
| Wang, K. C., Q. Ma, Z. J. Li, and J. K. Wang, 2015: Decadal variability of surface incident solar radiation over China: Observations, satellite retrievals, and reanalyses. J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos., 120(13), 6500−6514, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD023420. |
| Wang, Y. W., and M. Wild, 2016: A new look at solar dimming and brightening in China. Geophys. Res. Lett., 43(22), 11 777−11 785, |
| Wild, M., 2009: Global dimming and brightening: A review. J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos., 114, D00D16, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD011470. |
| Wild, M., and Coauthors, 2005: From dimming to brightening: Decadal changes in solar radiation at Earth's surface. Science, 308(5723), 847−850, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1103215. |
| Xia, X., H. B. Chen, Z. Q. Li, P. C. Wang, and J. K. Wang, 2007: Significant reduction of surface solar irradiance induced by aerosols in a suburban region in northeastern China. J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos., 112(D22), D22S02, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007562. |
| Xia, X. G., H. Z. Che, H. R. Shi, H. B. Chen, X. Y. Zhang, P. C. Wang, P. Goloub, and B. Holben, 2021: Advances in sunphotometer-measured aerosol optical properties and related topics in China: Impetus and perspectives. Atmospheric Research, 249, 105286, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2020.105286. |
| Xie, Y., and Y. G. Liu, 2013: A new approach for simultaneously retrieving cloud albedo and cloud fraction from surface-based shortwave radiation measurements. Environmental Research Letters, 8(4), 044023, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/8/4/044023. |
| Xie, Y., Y. G. Liu, C. N. Long, and Q. L. Min, 2014: Retrievals of cloud fraction and cloud albedo from surface-based shortwave radiation measurements: A comparison of 16 year measurements. J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos., 119(14), 8925−8940, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD021705. |
| Yang, D. Z., and Coauthors, 2022: A review of solar forecasting, its dependence on atmospheric sciences and implications for grid integration: Towards carbon neutrality. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 161, 112348, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112348. |
| Yang, Y. K., C. F. Zhao, and H. Fan, 2020: Spatiotemporal distributions of cloud properties over China based on Himawari-8 advanced Himawari imager data. Atmospheric Research, 240, 104927, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2020.104927. |