Coles, V. J., and M. M. Rienecker, 2001: North Pacific subtropical-tropical gyre exchanges in the thermocline: Simulations with two isopycnic OGCMs. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 31, 2590-2611.
Gu, D., and S. G. H. Philander, 1997: Interdecadal climate fluctuations that depend on exchanges between the Tropics and extratropics. Science, 275, 805-807.
Huang, B. Y., and Z. Y. Liu, 1999: Pacific subtropical-tropical thermocline water exchange in the National Centers for Environmental Prediction ocean model. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 11 065-11 076.
Huang, R. X., and Q. Wang, 2001: Interior communication from the subtropical to the tropical oceans. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 31, 3538-3500.
Jacob, R., 1997: Low frequency variability in a simulated atmosphere ocean system. Ph. D. thesis, University of Wisconsin-Madison,159 pp.
Kerr, R. A., 2004: Three degrees of consensus. Science, 305, 932-934.
Lee, T., and I. Fukumori, 2003: Interannual-to-decadal variations of tropical-subtropical exchange in the Pacific Ocean: Boundary versus interior pycnocline transports. J. Climate, 16, 4022-4042.
Liu, Z., S. G. H. Philand er, and R. C. Pacanowski, 1994: A GCM study of tropical-subtropical upper-ocean water exchange. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 2606-2623.
Luo, Y. Y.,L. M. Rothstein, and R.-H. Zhang, 2009: Response of Pacific subtropical-tropical thermocline water pathways and transports to global warming. Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L04601, doi: 10.1029/2008GL036705.
Matei, D.,N. Keenlyside,M. Latif, and J. Jungclaus, 2008: Subtropical forcing of tropical Pacific climate and decadal ENSO modulation. J. Climate, 15, 4691-4709.
McCreary, J. P., and P. Lu, 1994: Interaction between the subtropical and equatorial ocean circulations: The subtropical cell. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 466-497.
McPhaden, M. J., and R. A. Fine, 1988: A dynamical interpretation of the tritium maximum in the central equatorial Pacific. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 18, 1454-1457.
Nonaka, M.,S.-P. Xie, and J. P. McCreary, 2002: Decadal variations in the subtropical cells and equatorial Pacific SST. Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(7),1116, doi: 10.1029/2001GL013717.
Rothstein, L. M.,R.-H. Zhang,A. J. Busalacchi, and D. Chen, 1998: A numerical simulation of the mean water pathways in the subtropical and tropical Pacific Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 28, 322-343.
Shuto, K., 1996: Interannual variations of water temperature and salinity along the 137°E meridian. J. Oceanogr., 52, 575-595.
Wang, L., and H. J. Yang, 2013: Impact of subtropical pacific SSTA on the Equatorial Ocean. Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis, 49, 791-798.
Wang, Q., and R. X. Huang, 2005: Decadal variability of pycnocline flows from the subtropical to the equatorial Pacific. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 35, 1861-1875.
Yang, H. J., and L. Wang, 2008: Estimating the nonlinear response of tropical ocean to extratropical forcing in a coupled climate model. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L15705, doi: 10.1029/2008GL034256.
Yang, H. J., and L. Wang, 2011: Tropical oceanic response to extratropical thermal forcing in a coupled climate model: a comparison between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. J. Climate, 24, 3850-3866.
Yang, H. J., and Z. Y. Liu, 2005: Tropical-extratropical climate interaction as revealed in idealized coupled climate model experiments. Climate Dyn., 24, 863-879.
Yang, H. J.,Z. Y. Liu, and H. Wang, 2004: Influence of extratropical thermal and wind forcings on equatorial thermocline in an ocean GCM. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 34, 174-187.