doi:10.1007/s00376-015-5047-1

BakiIz H., C. K. Shum, 2000: Mean sea level variation in the South China Sea from four decades of tidal records in Hong Kong. Marine Geodesy, 23, 221- 233.10.1080/01490410050210481

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http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F01490410050210481

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01490410050210481Over four decades of contiguous tide gauge data collected at two stations in Hong Kong were analyzed to estimate the mean sea level variation. The detected upward trend is 1.35 卤 0.40 mm/yr (1.22 mm/yr including the correction for postglacial rebound). The estimated rate includes corrections for land subsidence, local atmospheric pressure variations, the local effects due to the relocation of the tide gauge, and various significant long and short periodic variations, detected through spectral analyses, which are due to the tidal and other sources. A pitfall that may influence all tide gauge data analyses is identified and the necessary exploratory statistical tools were developed for detecting its presence.

Cazenave A., K. Dominh, F. Ponchaut, L. Soudarin, J. F. Cretaux, and C. Le Provost, 1999: Sea level changes from Topex-Poseidon altimetry and tide gauges, and vertical crustal motions from DORIS. Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 2077- 2080.10.1029/1999GL900472

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http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/1999GL900472/fullSea level difference (Topex-Poseidon minus tide gauge) time series have been computed over 1993鈥1997 at 53 selected gauges sites. Comparison of these sea level differences with vertical crustal motions derived from the DORIS space geodesy system at 6 colocated sites shows good consistency. At one site (the Socorro volcanic island), a striking correlation is reported between sea level differences and DORIS height time series. The observed trend likely reflects a post eruptive deformation associated with a volcanic eruption that occurred in early 1993. At several other gauge sites, the sea level differences present large linear trends possibly bearing evidence of land motion. This may be the case at Rabaul (Papua New Guinea) where a volcanic eruption took place in autumn of 1994. The sea level differences at Rabaul show a negative trend from this date, likely related to the volcanic event.

Chen D. L., A. Omstedt, 2005: Climate-induced variability of sea level in Stockholm: Influence of air temperature and atmospheric circulation. Adv. Atmos. Sci.,22, 655-664, doi: 10.1007/BF02918709.10.1007/BF02918709

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http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical_dqkxjz-e200505005.aspx1. Introduction The global sea level over the last 100 years has risen at a rate close to 1-2 mm per year (Gornitz, 1993; Tsimplis and Woodworth, 1994; IPCC, 2001). Satel- lite data indicates (Nerem et al., 1997) that the rate of the global mean sea leve

Church J. A., N. J. White, 2006: A 20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L01602, doi: 10.1029/2005GL024826.10.1029/2005GL024826

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http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2005GL024826/pdf[1] Multi-century sea-level records and climate models indicate an acceleration of sea-level rise, but no 20th century acceleration has previously been detected. A reconstruction of global sea level using tide-gauge data from 1950 to 2000 indicates a larger rate of rise after 1993 and other periods of rapid sea-level rise but no significant acceleration over this period. Here, we extend the reconstruction of global mean sea level back to 1870 and find a sea-level rise from January 1870 to December 2004 of 195 mm, a 20th century rate of sea-level rise of 1.7 ± 0.3 mm yr 611 and a significant acceleration of sea-level rise of 0.013 ± 0.006 mm yr 612 . This acceleration is an important confirmation of climate change simulations which show an acceleration not previously observed. If this acceleration remained constant then the 1990 to 2100 rise would range from 280 to 340 mm, consistent with projections in the IPCC TAR.

Church J. A., N. J. White, 2011: Sea-level rise from the late 19th to the early 21st century. Surveys in Geophysics, 32, 585- 602.10.1007/s10712-011-9119-1

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http://www.springerlink.com/content/h2575k28311g5146ABSTRACT We estimate the rise in global average sea level from satellite altimeter data for 1993–2009 and from coastal and island sea-level measurements from 1880 to 2009. For 1993–2009 and after correcting for glacial isostatic adjustment, the estimated rate of rise is 3.2±0.4mmyear611 from the satellite data and 2.8±0.8mmyear611 from the in situ data. The global average sea-level rise from 1880 to 2009 is about 210mm. The linear trend from 1900 to 2009 is 1.7±0.2mmyear611 and since 1961 is 1.9±0.4mmyear611. There is considerable variability in the rate of rise during the twentieth century but there has been a statistically significant acceleration since 1880 and 1900 of 0.009±0.003mmyear612 and 0.009±0.004mmyear612, respectively. Since the start of the altimeter record in 1993, global average sea level rose at a rate near the upper end of the sea level projections of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s Third and Fourth Assessment Reports. However, the reconstruction indicates there was little net change in sea level from 1990 to 1993, most likely as a result of the volcanic eruption of Mount Pinatubo in 1991. KeywordsSea level–Climate change–Satellite altimeter–Tide gauge

Church, J. A., Coauthors , 2013: Sea Level Change. Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, T. F. Stocker, et al., Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York,NY, USA, 1137- 1216.

Dibarboure G., O. Lauret, F. Mertz, V. Rosmorduc, and C. Maheu, 2014: SSALTO/DUACS user handbook: (M) SLA and (M) ADT near-real time and delayed time products. Rep. CLS-DOS-NT-06-034,69 pp.

Ding X., D. Zheng, Y. Chen, J. Chao, and Z. Li, 2001: Sea level change in Hong Kong from tide gauge measurements of 1954-1999. Journal of Geodesy, 74, 683- 689.10.1007/s001900000128

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http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s001900000128<a name="Abs1"></a> Tide gauge records of Hong Kong covering the past 45 years (1954.0–1999.0) are adopted to analyze the basic features of sea level changes in the region. Data sets of atmospheric pressure, southern oscillation index and sea surface temperature during the same time span are also used to determine the possible link between the sea level changes in Hong Kong and local and global geophysical processes. Results indicate that the sea level of Hong Kong has a rising trend of 1.9 ± 0.4 mm per year, and that there is an upward offset of about 15 cm in the pre-1957.0 tide gauge records. The effect of local atmospheric pressure variations on the amplitude of the annual sea level change is about 30% of the amplitude that is calculated after the effect is corrected. It is also found that the interannual variations in the sea level of Hong Kong are related to El Ni?o and La Ni?a events that happen frequently in the tropical Pacific.

García D., I. Vigo, B. F. Chao, M. C. Martínez, 2007: Vertical crustal motion along the Mediterranean and Black Sea coast derived from ocean altimetry and tide gauge data. Pure Appl. Geophys., 164, 851- 863.10.1007/s00024-007-0193-8

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http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/reference/ADS?id=2007PApGe.164..851GTide gauge (TG) data along the northern Mediterranean and Black Sea coasts are compared to the sea-surface height (SSH) anomaly obtained from ocean altimetry (TOPEX/Poseidon and ERS-1/2) for a period of nine years (1993-2001). The TG measures the SSH relative to the ground whereas the altimetry does so with respect to the geocentric reference frame; therefore their difference would be in principle a vertical ground motion of the TG sites, though there are different error sources for this estimate as is discussed in the paper. In this study we estimate such vertical ground motion, for each TG site, from the slope of the SSH time series of the (non-seasonal) difference between the TG record and the altimetry measurement at a point closest to the TG. Where possible, these estimates are further compared with those derived from nearby continuous Global Positioning System (GPS) data series. These results on vertical ground motion along the Mediterranean and Black Sea coasts provide useful source data for studying, contrasting, and constraining tectonic models of the region. For example, in the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea and in the western coast of Greece, a general subsidence is observed which may be related to the Adriatic lithosphere subducting beneath the Eurasian plate along the Dinarides fault.

He L., G. S. Li, K. Li, and Y. Q. Shu, 2014: Estimation of regional sea level change in the Pearl River Delta from tide gauge and satellite altimetry data. Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science, 141, 69- 77.10.1016/j.ecss.2014.02.005

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http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272771414000511The present study proposes a reconstruction of regionally consistent sea level anomalies in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) over the period 1959鈥2011. Spatial empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) derived from satellite altimetry dataset and the corresponding time series of tide gauge records were combined to generate regional sea level anomalies. Based on these datasets, regionally consistent sea level anomalies (RCSLA) are reconstructed using a dimension-reducing method known as principal components analysis. The results show that the accuracy of reconstruction is sensitive to the number of the available tide gauge records, however no significantly effect of the length of the records is observed. The results also indicate that the EOF reconstruction method addresses issues such as the relatively short-term coverage of satellite altimetry data and the sparse and discontinuous nature of tide gauge records, demonstrating the applicability of this technique in investigation of long-term sea level change. Both river flow and El Ni帽o event have considerable impacts on sea level variability in the PRD.

Li K., H. Mok, 2011: Long term trends of the regional sea level changes in Hong Kong and the adjacent waters. The 6th International Conference on Asian and Pacific Coasts (APAC2011), Hong Kong, HKO Reprint No. 990.

Mitchell T. D., 2003: Pattern scaling: An examination of the accuracy of the technique for describing future climates. Climatic Change, 60, 217- 242.10.1023/A:1026035305597

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http://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1026035305597<a name="Abs1"></a>A fully probabilistic, or risk, assessment of future regional climate changeand its impacts involves more scenarios of radiative forcing than can besimulated by a general (GCM) or regional (RCM) circulation model. Additionalscenarios may be created by scaling a spatial response pattern from a GCM bya global warming projection from a simple climate model. I examine thistechnique, known as pattern scaling, using a particular GCM (HadCM2).Thecritical assumption is that there is a linear relationship between the scaler(annual global-mean temperature) and the response pattern. Previous studieshave found this assumption to be broadly valid for annual temperature; Iextend this conclusion to precipitation and seasonal (JJA) climate. However,slight non-linearities arise from the dependence of the climatic response onthe rate, not just the amount, of change in the scaler. These non-linearitiesintroduce some significant errors into the estimates made by pattern scaling,but nonetheless the estimates accurately represent the modelled changes. Aresponse pattern may be made more robust by lengthening the period from whichit is obtained, by anomalising it relative to the control simulation, and byusing least squares regression to obtain it. The errors arising from patternscaling may be minimised by interpolating from a stronger to a weaker forcingscenario.

Moron V., A. Ullmann, 2005: Relationship between sea-level pressure and sea-level height in the Camargue (French Mediterranean coast). Inter. J. Climatol., 25, 1531- 1540.10.1002/joc.1200

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http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/joc.1200/fullAbstract A statistical study of daily maximum sea-level height at one station (Grau de la Dent) in the Camargue (Rh00ne delta, French Mediterranean coast) and daily sea-level pressure (SLP) at 12 h UTC over the eastern North Atlantic is used to identify the meteorological conditions associated with sea-level variations in the Camargue for the winters 1974–75 to 2000–01. Mean SLP composites during and 5 days before major surge events (defined as those with a daily maximum sea-level height >80 cm) suggest the dominant influence of storms, moving northwest to southeast across the North Atlantic and strengthening as they approach the Bay of Biscay. During such storms, strong onshore winds may persist for up to 4–5 days. These winds tend to strengthen from 3 days to 1 day before the surge events. The mean October–March correlation between daily maximum sea-level height in the Camargue and SLP averaged over the Bay of Biscay (10°W–0°, 40–50°N) is strong ( r = 0.69). A methodology is developed for assessing the low-frequency SLP variability impact on sea-level height in the Camargue. A cross-validated linear regression is used to hindcast the interannual and intraseasonal variability of the monthly 75th and 90th percentiles of the daily maximum sea-level height from the monthly mean SLP over the Bay of Biscay. The linear correlation between the cross-validated hindcast and observed time series is 0.83 (0.77) for the 75th (90th) percentile on the 1974–75 to 2000–01 period. The mean bias error, reflecting systematic errors in predicting the monthly percentiles, is close to zero. Copyright 08 2005 Royal Meteorological Society

Moss, R. H., Coauthors , 2010: The next generation of scenarios for climate change research and assessment. Nature, 463, 747- 756.10.1038/nature08823

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http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v463/n7282/abs/nature08823.htmlAdvances in the science and observation of climate change are providing a clearer understanding of the inherent variability of Earth's climate system and its likely response to human and natural influences. The implications of climate change for the environment and society will depend not only on the response of the Earth system to changes in radiative forcings, but also on how humankind responds through changes in technology, economies, lifestyle and policy. Extensive uncertainties exist in future forcings of and responses to climate change, necessitating the use of scenarios of the future to explore the potential consequences of different response options. To date, such scenarios have not adequately examined crucial possibilities, such as climate change mitigation and adaptation, and have relied on research processes that slowed the exchange of information among physical, biological and social scientists. Here we describe a new process for creating plausible scenarios to investigate some of the most challenging and important questions about climate change confronting the global community.

Nerem R. S., D. P. Chambers, C. Choe, and G. T. Mitchum, 2010: Estimating mean sea level change from the TOPEX and Jason altimeter missions. Marine Geodesy, 33, 435- 446.10.1080/01490419.2010.491031

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http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/01490419.2010.491031The Jason-2 satellite altimeter mission was launched in June 2008, extending the record of precision sea level measurements that was initiated with the launch of TOPEX/Poseidon in 1992 and continued with the launch of Jason-1 in December 2001. We have used the measurements from these three missions to construct a seamless record of global mean sea level change from 1993 to the present. We present the results of our calibration activities, including data comparisons during the “tandem period” of the missions, during which we solve for biases between the missions, as well as comparisons to independent tide gauge sea level measurements. When the entire record is assembled, the average rate of sea level rise from 1993–2009 is 3.4 ± 0.4 mm/year. There is considerable interannual variation due to ENSO-related processes, which include the period of lower sea level rise over the last three years of the time series during the recent La Nina event.

Nicholls R. J., A. Cazenave, 2010: Sea-level rise and its impact on coastal zones. Science, 328, 1517- 1520.10.1126/science.1185782

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http%3A%2F%2Fmed.wanfangdata.com.cn%2FPaper%2FDetail%2FPeriodicalPaper_PM20558707

http://med.wanfangdata.com.cn/Paper/Detail/PeriodicalPaper_PM20558707Global sea levels have risen through the 20th century. These rises will almost certainly accelerate through the 21st century and beyond because of global warming, but their magnitude remains uncertain. Key uncertainties include the possible role of the Greenland and West Antarctic ice sheets and the amplitude of regional changes in sea level. In many areas, nonclimatic components of relative sea-level change (mainly subsidence) can also be locally appreciable. Although the impacts of sea-level rise are potentially large, the application and success of adaptation are large uncertainties that require more assessment and consideration.

Nicholls R., S. E. Hanson, J. A. Lowe, R. A. Warrick, X. Lu, A. J. Long, and T. R. Carter, 2011: Constructing sea-level scenarios for impact and adaptation assessment of coastal areas: A guidance document. Supporting Material,Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Task Group on Data and Scenario Support for Impact and Climate Analysis (TGICA), Geneva, Switzerland, 47 pp.

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http://www.researchgate.net/publication/265283641_Constructing_Sea-Level_Scenarios_for_Impact_and_Adaptation_Assessment_of_Coastal_Areas_A_Guidance_DocumentThis document is intended to provide guidance on the construction of sea-level scenarios to support impact, vulnerability and adaptation assessments. It summarises key material from previous IPCC Working Group (WG) I and WG II assessments on sea level change and

Palmer M. D., 2014: Variations of Oceanic Heat Content. Global Environmental Change, Freedman, B., Ed., Springer Netherlands, 77- 83.10.1007/978-94-007-5784-4_123

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http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fopenurl.asp%3Fid%3Ddoi%3A10.1007%2F978-94-007-5784-4

http://www.springerlink.com/openurl.asp?id=doi:10.1007/978-94-007-5784-4Political attention has increasingly focused on limiting warming to 2°C. However, there is no consensus on both questions "Is the 2°C target achievable?" and "What should be done with this target that becomes increasingly difficult to achieve?". This paper aims at disentangling the points of deep uncertainty underlying this absence on consensus. It first gives simple visualizations of the challenge posed by the 2°C target and shows how key assumptions (on the points of deep uncertainty) influence the answer to the target achievability question. It then proposes an "uncertainties and decisions tree", linking different beliefs on climate change, the achievability of different policies, and current international policy dynamics to various options to move forward on climate change.

Ray R. D., B. D. Beckley, and F. G. Lemoine, 2010: Vertical crustal motion derived from satellite altimetry and tide gauges, and comparisons with DORIS measurements. Advances in Space Research, 45, 1510- 1522.10.1016/j.asr.2010.02.020

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http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0273117710001250

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0273117710001250A somewhat unorthodox method for determining vertical crustal motion at a tide-gauge location is to difference the sea level time series with an equivalent time series determined from satellite altimetry. To the extent that both instruments measure an identical ocean signal, the difference will be dominated by vertical land motion at the gauge. We revisit this technique by analyzing sea level signals at 28 tide gauges that are colocated with DORIS geodetic stations. Comparisons of altimeter-gauge vertical rates with DORIS rates yield a median difference of 1.8 mm yr 611 and a weighted root-mean-square difference of 2.7 mm yr 611 . The latter suggests that our uncertainty estimates, which are primarily based on an assumed AR(1) noise process in all time series, underestimates the true errors. Several sources of additional error are discussed, including possible scale errors in the terrestrial reference frame to which altimeter-gauge rates are mostly insensitive. One of our stations, Malè, Maldives, which has been the subject of some uninformed arguments about sea-level rise, is found to have almost no vertical motion, and thus is vulnerable to rising sea levels.

Santer B. D., T. M. L. Wigley, M. E. Schlesinger, and J. F. B. Mitchell, 1990: Developing climate scenarios from equilibrium GCM results. MPI for Meteorology,Report No. 47, Hamburg, 29 pp.

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http://www.researchgate.net/publication/243781975_Developing_Climate_Scenarios_from_Equilibrium_GCM_Results

Stephens S. A., R. G. Bell, 2009: Review of Nelson City minimum ground level requirements in relation to coastal inundation and sea-level rise. HAM2009-124, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Ltd. 58 pp.

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http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nelsoncitycouncil.co.nz%2Fassets%2FOur-council%2FDownloads%2FNIWA-Final-Report-on-Storm-Tide-Sea-Level-Rise-and-Minimum-Ground-Levels-825295.pdf

http://www.nelsoncitycouncil.co.nz/assets/Our-council/Downloads/NIWA-Final-Report-on-Storm-Tide-Sea-Level-Rise-and-Minimum-Ground-Levels-825295.pdfNelson City Council (NCC) is reviewing and updating its Resource Management Plan by October 2009. An aspect of this review is to consider climate-change projections and what changes are needed to the Nelson Resource Management Plan (NRMP) and other NCC policies and engineering quality standards to best manage the effects of coastal inundation in Nelson.

Sun Y., Y. H. Ding, 2010: A projection of future changes in summer precipitation and monsoon in East Asia. Science China Earth Sciences, 53, 284- 300.10.1007/s11430-009-0123-y

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http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-JDXG201002012.htmThe future potential changes in precipitation and monsoon circulation in the summer in East Asia are projected using the latest generation of coupled climate models under Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES) A1B scenario (a medium emission scenario).The multi-model ensemble means show that during the period of 2010-2099,the summer precipitation in East Asia will increase and experience a prominent change around the 2040s,with a small increase (1%) before the end of the 2040s and a large increase (9%) afterward.This kind of two-stage evolution characteristic of precipitation change can be seen most clearly in North China,and then in South China and in the mid and lower Yangtze River Valley.In 2010-2099,the projected precipitation pattern will be dominated by a pattern of "wet East China" that explains 33.6% of EOF total variance.The corresponded time coefficient will markedly increase after the 2040s,indicating a great contribution from this mode to the enhanced precipitation across all East China.Other precipitation patterns that prevail in the current climate only contribute a small proportion to the total variance,with no prominent liner trend in the future.By the late 21st century,the monsoon circulation will be stronger in East Asia.At low level,this is due to the intensification of southwesterly airflow north of the anticyclone over the western Pacific and the SCS,and at high level,it is caused by the increased northeasterly airflow east of the anticyclone over South Asia.The enhanced monsoon circulation will also experience a two-stage evolution in 2010-2099,with a prominent increase (by 锝0.6 m s-1) after the 2040s.The atmospheric water vapor content over East Asia will greatly increase (by 锝9%) at the end of 21st century.The water vapor transported northward into East China will be intensified and display a prominent increase around the 2040s similar to other examined variables.These indicate that the enhanced precipitation over East Asia is caused by the increases in both monsoon circulation and water vapor,which is greatly different from South Asia.Both the dynamical and thermal dynamic variables will evolve consistently in response to the global warming in East Asia,i.e.,the intensified southwesterly monsoon airflow corresponding to the increased water vapor and southwesterly moisture transport.

Taylor K. E., R. J. Stouffer, and G. A. Meehl, 2012: An overview of CMIP5 and the experiment design. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 93, 485- 498.10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00094.1

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refpaperuri:(102c64f576f0dc49ca552e6df691421b)

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012BAMS...93..485TThe fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) will produce a state-of-the- art multimodel dataset designed to advance our knowledge of climate variability and climate change. Researchers worldwide are analyzing the model output and will produce results likely to underlie the forthcoming Fifth Assessment Report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Unprecedented in scale and attracting interest from all major climate modeling groups, CMIP5 includes “long term” simulations of twentieth-century climate and projections for the twenty-first century and beyond. Conventional atmosphere–ocean global climate models and Earth system models of intermediate complexity are for the first time being joined by more recently developed Earth system models under an experiment design that allows both types of models to be compared to observations on an equal footing. Besides the longterm experiments, CMIP5 calls for an entirely new suite of “near term” simulations focusing on recent decades and the future to year 2035. These “decadal predictions” are initialized based on observations and will be used to explore the predictability of climate and to assess the forecast system's predictive skill. The CMIP5 experiment design also allows for participation of stand-alone atmospheric models and includes a variety of idealized experiments that will improve understanding of the range of model responses found in the more complex and realistic simulations. An exceptionally comprehensive set of model output is being collected and made freely available to researchers through an integrated but distributed data archive. For researchers unfamiliar with climate models, the limitations of the models and experiment design are described.

Walsh K. J. E., D. R. Jackett, T. J. McDougall, and A. B. Pittock, 1998: Global warming and sea-level rise on the Gold Coast. Report Prepared for the Gold Coast City Council, Mordialloc, Australia, CSIRO Atmospheric Research, 34 pp.

Warrick R. A., W. Ye, P. Kouwenhoven, J. E. Hay, and C. Cheatham, 2005: New developments of the SimCLIM model for simulating adaptation to risks arising from climate variability and change. Proceedings of the International Congress on Modelling and Simulation, Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand, Zerger, A., and R. M. ARGENT, Eds.Canberra, Australia, 170- 176.10.1007/s10107-004-0512-0

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http%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F252500730_New_Developments_of_the_SimCLIM_Model_for_Simulating_Adaptation_to_Risks_Arising_from_Climate_Variability_and_Change

http://www.researchgate.net/publication/252500730_New_Developments_of_the_SimCLIM_Model_for_Simulating_Adaptation_to_Risks_Arising_from_Climate_Variability_and_ChangeIn terms of evaluating possible adaptations to climate change, one problem faced by decision-makers is how to separate the risks from present, natural climatic variations and extremes from those associated with future greenhouse-gas-induced changes in climate. In particular, this separation is necessary in order to identify the "incremental costs" of adaptation associated with climate change. As reported here, this problem has been addressed by developing an enhanced version of an integrated model system called SimCLIM. The SimCLIM system simulates, both temporally and spatially, the impacts of both cl

Wong W. T., K. W. Li, and K. H. Yeung, 2003: Long term sea level change in Hong Kong. Hong Kong Meteorological Society Bulletin, 13, 24- 40.a402d55e0e2065a9731b57646f43988c

http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hko.gov.hk%2Fhko%2Fpublica%2Freprint%2Fr556.pdf

http://www.hko.gov.hk/hko/publica/reprint/r556.pdfThe observed tides in open oceans have ranges of about 1.0 metre, which spread onto the shallow coastal shelves with higher tidal ranges. In Hong Kong, tides are mixed and mainly semi-diurnal, having two high tides and two low tides in a day for most days of a month. The tidal cycle begins in the southeast and propagates to the northwestern part of the Hong Kong waters. The mean delay in the tidal cycles between southeast and northwest is about one and a half hour. The mean tidal range between adjacent high and low waters is about 1.0 metre in the southeast and about 1.4 metres at the northwestern coast of Hong Kong. The mean differences between the higher high water and lower low water are about 1.5 and 2.1 metres for these areas respectively.