Bao M., 2007: The statistical analysis of the persistent heavy rain in the last 50 years over China and their backgrounds on the large scale circulation. Chinese J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 779- 792. (in Chinese)
Bao M., R. H. Huang, 2006: Characteristics of the interdecadal variations of heavy rain over China in last 40 years. Chinese J. Atmos. Sci., 30, 1057- 1067. (in Chinese)10.1016/S1003-6326(06)60040-X5eb62961-6825-45ff-b4a7-6419543a4a33967f4beda6acdda001725356bfdb2595http%3A%2F%2Fen.cnki.com.cn%2FArticle_en%2FCJFDTOTAL-DQXK200606000.htmrefpaperuri:(f4bd9e6ae3fc3fee07855947176c7dec)http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-DQXK200606000.htmSerious flooding disasters owing to heavy rain occur frequently in summer in China,especially in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.Previous many studies about heavy rain in China have been conducted on the synoptic scale,but few on the climatology.Tao and Ding(1981) studied heavy rain in China with the data during 1953-1977 and found there are three zones in which heavy rain occurs frequently.Matsmoto and Takahashi(1999) studied heavy rain in East Asia and pointed out that a heavy rain zone exists from the Yangtze River basin in China to the southern parts of Japan.Recently,Zhai et al.(2005) researched the trend of heavy rain in China.The characteristics of the interdecadal variations of heavy rain in China are analyzed by using the daily precipitation data at 610 stations in China for the Last 40 years of 1961-2000.The results indicate that heavy rain mostly occurs in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River,South China,the central and eastern parts of Sichuan Province,the area between the Yellow River and the Huaihe River and the eastern part of North China in summer.The occurrence frequency of the summertime heavy rain has an obvious interdecadal variability,but there are some differences among these areas.More heavy rain occurred in the 1980s than 1970s followed by a step-up increase in the 1990s in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.Whereas the decrease of heavy rain in the eastern part of North China has happened since the late 1970s.In the boreal spring and autumn,the interdecadal variations in the southern China are not obvious.Moreover,the analyzed results also show that there is a close relationship between heavy rain and flooding disasters in the monsoon region of eastern China,especially,heavy rain greatly contributed to flooding disasters in the Yangtze River and Huaihe River valleys in the 1990s.Furthermore,the climatic background of interdecadal variability of the occurring frequency of the summer heavy rain is also discussed preliminarily.The interdecadal decrease of heavy rain in North China from the late 1970s may be related to the interdecadal variation of SST in the equatorial central and eastern Pacific,and the interdecadal increase of heavy rain to the south of the Yangtze River in the 1990s may be associated with the thermal convective activities over the eastern part of the tropical northwestern Pacific.The interdecadal variation of outgoing longwave radiation(OLR) over the eastern part of the tropical northwestern Pacific induces the interdecadal variation of the subtropical anticyclone at the lower layer over the northwestern Pacific,which has an impact on the interdecadal variation of heavy rain to the south of the Yangtze River in the 1990s.
Brimelow J. C., G. W. Reuter, 2005: Transport of atmospheric moisture during three extreme rainfall events over the Mackenzie River Basin. J. Hydrometeor., 6, 423- 440.10.1175/JHM430.1a519585ae0a0fe482402c7526cbaa6d1http%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F240687300_Transport_of_Atmospheric_Moisture_during_Three_Extreme_Rainfall_Events_over_the_Mackenzie_River_Basin%3Fev%3Dauth_pubhttp://www.researchgate.net/publication/240687300_Transport_of_Atmospheric_Moisture_during_Three_Extreme_Rainfall_Events_over_the_Mackenzie_River_Basin?ev=auth_pubAbstract Lagrangian trajectories were computed for three extreme summer rainfall events (with rainfall exceeding 100 mm) over the southern Mackenzie River basin to test the hypothesis that the low-level moisture feeding these rainstorms can be traced back to the Gulf of Mexico. The three-dimensional trajectories were computed using the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory model (HYSPLIT). For all three events, parcel trajectories were identified that originated near the Gulf of Mexico and terminated over the southern Mackenzie River basin. Specifically, the transport of low-level moisture was found to occur along either quasi-continuous or stepwise trajectories. The time required to complete the journey varied between 6 and 10 days. Closer examination of the data suggests that, for the three cases in question, the transport of modified Gulf of Mexico moisture to high latitudes was realized when the northward extension of the Great Plains low-level jet to the Dakotas occurred in synch with rapid cyclogenesis over Alberta, Canada. In this way, modified low-level moisture from the Gulf of Mexico arrived over the northern Great Plains at the same time as a strong southerly flow developed over the Dakotas and Saskatchewan, Canada, in advance of the deepening cutoff low over Alberta. This moist air was then transported northward over Saskatchewan and finally westward over the southern Mackenzie River basin, where strong ascent occurred.
Dee, D. P., Coauthors, 2011: The ERA-Interim reanalysis: Configuration and performance of the data assimilation system. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 137, 553- 597.10.1002/qj.828b8698c40-b145-4364-9b39-4e603f942b9f5e49541e9e977f77d4b4487298c60f84http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fqj.828%2Fpdfrefpaperuri:(d4649bb38c91f047e85ec096d8587b99)http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.828/pdfABSTRACT ERA-Interim is the latest global atmospheric reanalysis produced by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). The ERA-Interim project was conducted in part to prepare for a new atmospheric reanalysis to replace ERA-40, which will extend back to the early part of the twentieth century. This article describes the forecast model, data assimilation method, and input datasets used to produce ERA-Interim, and discusses the performance of the system. Special emphasis is placed on various difficulties encountered in the production of ERA-40, including the representation of the hydrological cycle, the quality of the stratospheric circulation, and the consistency in time of the reanalysed fields. We provide evidence for substantial improvements in each of these aspects. We also identify areas where further work is needed and describe opportunities and objectives for future reanalysis projects at ECMWF. Copyright 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Ding Y. H., 1994: Monsoons over China. Kluwer Academic Publisher,419 pp.e81d481da2ab4c2d26084d7515cbcfdfhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnki.com.cn%2FArticle%2FCJFDTotal-DQJZ199402013.htmhttp://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-DQJZ199402013.htmＭｏｎｓｏｏｎｓｏｖｅｒＣｈｉｎａ￥ｂｙＤｉｎｇＹｉｈｕｉ（ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＡｃａｄｅｍｙｏｆＭｅｔｅｏｒｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ，Ｂｅｉｇｕｇ，Ｃｈｉｎａ）ＡＴＭＯＳＰＨＥＲＩＣＳＣＩＥＮＣＥＳＬＩＢＲＡＲＹ，１６Ｔｈｅｍｏｎｓｏｏｎｏｖｅｒ...
Draxler R. R., G. D. Rolph, 2003: HYSPLIT-Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory Model. Silver Spring [Available online at .]http://www.arl.noaa.gov/ready/hysplit4.html
Eagleson P. S., 1970: Dynamic Hydrology.McGraw-Hill, Inc, 462 pp.427f14cab8a70c0c776688b3b8d623e0http%3A%2F%2Fagris.fao.org%2Fagris-search%2Fsearch.do%3FrecordID%3DUS201300468444%26sourceQuery%3D%26query%3D%26sortField%3D%26sortOrder%3D%26agrovocString%3D%26advQuery%3D%26centerString%3D%26enableField%3D/s?wd=paperuri%3A%28b36fb14e69f3daa6cc4016b988b6fa55%29&filter=sc_long_sign&tn=SE_xueshusource_2kduw22v&sc_vurl=http%3A%2F%2Fagris.fao.org%2Fagris-search%2Fsearch.do%3FrecordID%3DUS201300468444%26sourceQuery%3D%26query%3D%26sortField%3D%26sortOrder%3D%26agrovocString%3D%26advQuery%3D%26centerString%3D%26enableField%3D&ie=utf-8
Fuhrmann C. M., C. E. Konrad II, 2013: A trajectory approach to analyzing the ingredients associated with heavy winter storms in central North Carolina. Wea.Forecasting, 28, 647- 667.10.1175/WAF-D-12-00079.1c53133e79136993d1ef39272f7adb528http%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F275468957_A_Trajectory_Approach_to_Analyzing_the_Ingredients_Associated_with_Heavy_Winter_Storms_in_Central_North_Carolinahttp://www.researchgate.net/publication/275468957_A_Trajectory_Approach_to_Analyzing_the_Ingredients_Associated_with_Heavy_Winter_Storms_in_Central_North_CarolinaWinter storms, namely snowstorms and ice storms, are a major hazard and forecasting challenge across central North Carolina. This study employed a trajectory approach to analyze the ingredients (i.e., temperature, moisture, and lift) associated with heavy snowstorms and ice storms that occurred within the Raleigh, North Carolina, National Weather Service forecast region from 2000 to 2010. The Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) tool was used to calculate 72-h backward (i.e., upstream) air parcel trajectories from three critical vertical pressure levels at the time and location of heaviest precipitation for each storm. Analysis of composite trajectories revealed the source regions and meteorological properties of air parcels associated with heavy winter storms. Adiabatic and diabatic contributions to air parcel temperature and moisture content were also estimated along each trajectory to assess the physical processes connected with heavy winter precipitation in the region. Results indicate that diabatic warming and cooling contribute significantly to the vertical temperature profile during heavy winter storms and therefore dictate the resulting precipitation type. The main source of diabatic warming is fluxes of sensible and latent heat within the marine atmospheric boundary layer over the Gulf Stream. These fluxes contribute to a warming and moistening of air parcels associated with heavy ice storms. In contrast, heavy snowstorms are characterized by diabatic cooling in the lower troposphere above the marine atmospheric boundary layer. The most significant moisture source for heavy snowfall is the Caribbean Sea, while heavy ice storms entrain moisture from the Gulf of Mexico and Gulf Stream region near the Carolina coast.
Gaffney S., 2004: Probabilistic curve-aligned clustering and prediction with mixture models. PhD dissertation, Department of Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, 281 pp.082dc31003a522b362c2eead76f7bb37http%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F216300654_Probabilistic_Curve-Aligned_Clustering_and_Prediction_with_Mixture_Modelshttp://www.researchgate.net/publication/216300654_Probabilistic_Curve-Aligned_Clustering_and_Prediction_with_Mixture_Models
Gustafsson M., D. Rayner, and D. L. Chen, 2010: Extreme rainfall events in southern Sweden: Where does the moisture come from? Tellus A, 62, 605- 616.10.1111/j.1600-0870.2010.00456.xff2a4363f773e747424d60b5494bf811http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1600-0870.2010.00456.x%2Fabstracthttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1600-0870.2010.00456.x/abstractABSTRACT The atmospheric transport of moisture leading to extreme summer precipitation events in southern Sweden was investigated using a Lagrangian trajectory model. Surprisingly, we found that the trajectories crossed continental Europe and the Baltic Sea before arriving over Sweden; they did not arrive directly from the North Sea. Such transport pathways were not seen for a control sample of non-extreme rainfall events. We then used a new source region identification technique to investigate the hypothesis that Europe and the Baltic are important sources of the moisture that is rained out in the extreme events. Although the results varied between events, we found that this is indeed the case. Our results establish the atmospheric transport patterns that are apparently a pre-requisite for extreme rainfall events to occur in southern Sweden, and further suggest regional moisture availability may also play a key role.
Jiang Z. H., Z. R. Liang, Z. Y. Liu, and Y. L. Zhu, 2011: A diagnostic study of water vapor transport and budget during heavy precipitation over the Huaihe River basin in 2007. Chinese J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 361- 372. (in Chinese)10.3724/SP.J.1146.2006.01085ba7ca6ed28fb4b0b43a1c33f886714d4http%3A%2F%2Fen.cnki.com.cn%2FArticle_en%2FCJFDTOTAL-DQXK201102015.htmhttp://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-DQXK201102015.htmBy using the NCAR/NCEP reanalysis data and the HYSPLITv4.9 mode,the variation features of the water vapor transportation and the contribution of vapor for major passages are analyzed during the heavy precipitation over the Huaihe River basin from 19 June to 26 July in 2007 which is divided into three stages.The results show that there are three major vapor inflow corridors to the Huaihe River basin.One of them is the southeast flow around the western Pacific subtropical high,another is northward vapor transport from cross-equatorial flow in the southern South China Sea,the last is from Somali jet via the Arabian Sea and the northern Bay of Bengal.During the first stage,the transportation of vapor originating from the western Pacific is most important and accounts for 69% of the total transportation.During the second and third stages,the cross-equatorial flow in the southern South China Sea is dominant and accounts for 52% and 57% of total moisture transportation,respectively.Somali jet via the Bay of Bengal transports moisture to the levels above 750 hPa,and the South China Sea and the subtropical high moisture transports to the levels under 850hPa.
Li X. Z., W. Liang, and Z. P. Wen, 2010: Characteristics of the atmospheric water vapor and its relationship with rainfall in south China in northern autumn, winter and spring. Journal of Tropical Meteorology, 26, 626- 632. (in Chinese)10.3788/HPLPB20102207.146229a52905410a78f35b4ff479197b7c50http%3A%2F%2Fen.cnki.com.cn%2FArticle_en%2FCJFDTOTAL-RDQX201005016.htmhttp://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-RDQX201005016.htmThe main characteristics of the atmospheric water vapor and its relationship with rainfall in South China in boreal autumn,winter,spring are investigated by using the observed precipitation data and the monthly NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data from 1958 to 2005.The results show that the atmospheric water vapor is mainly concentrated on the layer below 500hPa,while the maximum shows up on the 850-700hPa layer.Climatically,the vapor over South China mainly comes from the Bay of Bengal and the subtropical western Pacific Ocean in autumn,from the southern westerly in winter,from the southern westerly and tropical western Pacific Ocean in spring.The anomalous water vapor transport in rainless and rainy years is not just out-of-phase,but actually more complex.The anticyclonic wind anomaly in the lower troposphere around the Philippines in the El Nino mature phase and the abnormal winter monsoon are one of the causes for the anomalous water vapor transport.
Li X. Z., Z. P. Wen, W. Zhou, and D. X. Wang, 2012: Atmospheric water vapor transport associated with two decadal rainfall shifts over East China. J. Meteor. Soc.Japan, 90, 587- 602.10.2151/jmsj.2012-501707396e2f66dce13aa27d8a5dbe28acdhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F258783835_Atmospheric_Water_Vapor_Transport_Associated_with_Two_Decadal_Rainfall_Shifts_over_East_Chinahttp://www.researchgate.net/publication/258783835_Atmospheric_Water_Vapor_Transport_Associated_with_Two_Decadal_Rainfall_Shifts_over_East_ChinaThe atmospheric water vapor transport and moisture budget associated with two decadal summer rainfall shifts in 1978/79 and 1992/93 over East China were investigated using observational precipitation and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) 40 Years Re-Analysis (ERA-40) dataset. After 1978/79, summer precipitation increased abruptly in the Yangtze-Huaihe River valley (YH) but decreased in South China (SC) and North China (NC). Associated with this rainfall shift, southerly water vapor transport over East China was weakened; an anticyclonic moisture circulation anomaly along with decreasing moisture convergence existed in SC; abnormal water vapor from western SC converged in YH with that from western NC, then turned eastward, instead of northward to NC. After 1992/93, rainfall over SC increased dramatically. This is closely related to two abnormal anticyclonic moisture circulations to the south and the north when their northwesterly and southwesterly outflows converged over SC. During these two regime shifts, it was the variation of meridional water vapor flux, located mainly in the lower troposphere, which played an important role in the rainfall anomalies over YH, SC, and NC. The water vapor transport anomalies were mainly controlled by the disturbance wind field instead of the disturbance moisture field.
Qin J., L. N. Pan, and L. Shi, 1991: Influences of the southern trough and strong cold air on the winter weather over Yunnan province. Meteorological Monthly, 17, 39- 43. (in Chinese)
Stohl A., Coauthors, 2003: A backward modeling study of intercontinental pollution transport using aircraft measurements. J. Geophys. Res.,108(D12), ACH 8-1-ACH 8- 18.10.1029/2002JD00286274060f7bd89cc011166d54ed1b268656http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1029%2F2002JD002862%2Fsuppinfohttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2002JD002862/suppinfo[1] In this paper we present simulations with a Lagrangian particle dispersion model to study the intercontinental transport of pollution from North America during an aircraft measurement campaign over Europe. The model was used for both the flight planning and a detailed source analysis after the campaign, which is described here with examples from two episodes. Forward calculations of emission tracers from North America, Europe, and Asia were made in order to understand the transport processes. Both episodes were preceded by stagnant conditions over North America, leading to the accumulation of pollutants in the North American boundary layer. Both anthropogenic sources and, to a lesser extent, forest fire emissions contributed to this pollution, which was then exported by warm conveyor belts to the middle and upper troposphere, where it was transported rapidly to Europe. Concentrations of many trace gases (CO, NO y , CO 2 , acetone, and several volatile organic compounds; O 3 in one case) and of ambient atmospheric ions measured aboard the research aircraft were clearly enhanced in the pollution plumes compared to the conditions outside the plumes. Backward simulations with the particle model were introduced as an indispensable tool for a more detailed analysis of the plume's source region. They make trajectory analyses (which, to date, were mainly used to interpret aircraft measurement data) obsolete. Using an emission inventory, we could decompose the tracer mixing ratios at the receptors (i.e., along the flight tracks) into contributions from every grid cell of the inventory. For both plumes we found that emission sources contributing to the tracer concentrations over Europe were distributed over large areas in North America. In one case, sources in California, Texas, and Florida contributed almost equally, and smaller contributions were also made by other sources located between the Yucatan Peninsula and Canada. In the other case, sources in eastern North America, including moderate contributions from forest fires, were most important. The plume's maximum was mainly caused by anthropogenic emissions from the New York area. To our knowledge, this is the first case reported where a pollution plume from a megacity was reliably detected over another continent.
Tao S. Y., Y. H. Ding, 1981: Observational evidence of the influence of the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau on the occurrence of heavy rain and severe convective storms in China. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 62, 23- 30.f44abb8a-d548-474e-b274-0ac4fc218581/s?wd=paperuri%3A%289e6d406adf4ccd08a3c3969f54ec774c%29&filter=sc_long_sign&sc_ks_para=q%3DObservational%20evidence%20of%20the%20influence%20of%20the%20Oinhiu-Xizang%20%28Tibet%29%20plateau%20on%20the%20occurrence%20of%20heavy%20rain%20and%20severe%20storms%20in&tn=SE_baiduxueshu_c1gjeupa&ie=utf-8
Tao S.Y., Coauthors, 1980: The Torrential Rain in China. Science Press, Beijing, 225 pp. (in Chinese)
Trenberth K. E., A. G. Dai, R. M. Rasmussen, and D. B. Parsons, 2003: The changing character of precipitation. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.,84(9), 1205-1216, doi: 10.1175/BAMS-84-9-1205.10.1175/BAMS-84-9-12051f29968439ef4d01f57ffc58aa9afa1ahttp%3A%2F%2Fci.nii.ac.jp%2Fnaid%2F80016217753http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/80016217753Abstract From a societal, weather, and climate perspective, precipitation intensity, duration, frequency, and phase are as much of concern as total amounts, as these factors determine the disposition of precipitation once it hits the ground and how much runs off. At the extremes of precipitation incidence are the events that give rise to floods and droughts, whose changes in occurrence and severity have an enormous impact on the environment and society. Hence, advancing understanding and the ability to model and predict the character of precipitation is vital but requires new approaches to examining data and models. Various mechanisms, storms and so forth, exist to bring about precipitation. Because the rate of precipitation, conditional on when it falls, greatly exceeds the rate of replenishment of moisture by surface evaporation, most precipitation comes from moisture already in the atmosphere at the time the storm begins, and transport of moisture by the storm-scale circulation into the storm is vital. Hence, the intensity of precipitation depends on available moisture, especially for heavy events. As climate warms, the amount of moisture in the atmosphere, which is governed by the Clausius Clapeyron equation, is expected to rise much faster than the total precipitation amount, which is governed by the surface heat budget through evaporation. This implies that the main changes to be experienced are in the character of precipitation: increases in intensity must be offset by decreases in duration or frequency of events. The timing, duration, and intensity of precipitation can be systematically explored via the diurnal cycle, whose correct simulation in models remains an unsolved challenge of vital importance in global climate change. Typical problems include the premature initiation of convection, and precipitation events that are too light and too frequent. These challenges in observations, modeling, and understanding precipitation changes are being taken up in the NCAR ater Cycle Across Scales initiative, which will exploit the diurnal cycle as a test bed for a hierarchy of models to promote improvements in models. *The National Center for Atmospheric Research is sponsored by the National Science Foundation
Xia R. D., S. X. Zhao, 2009: Diagnosis and modeling of meso-尾-scale systems of heavy rainfall in warm sector ahead of front in South China (middle part of Guangdong province) in June 2005. Chinese J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 468- 488. (in Chinese)
Ye C. Z., J. Y. Li, 2011: A numerical study of the characteristics of strong moisture transport as a result of the interaction of tropical storm Bilis with the South China Sea monsoon. Acta Meteorologica Sinica, 69( 3), 496- 507. (in Chinese)10.1016/B978-0-444-53599-3.10005-87924d6e6-7f4f-4a38-88c5-6f9c571d6e9d5584201139bbd6fbb5ebfe3d0981ddbba51d199253http%3A%2F%2Fen.cnki.com.cn%2FArticle_en%2FCJFDTOTAL-QXXB201103010.htmhttp://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-QXXB201103010.htmThe landing of a strong tropical storm named Bilis(200604) created the favourable conditions for the formation of a long-lasting low-pressure system,whose interaction with the South China Sea(SCS) monsoon led to a peculiar rainfall in the southeastern part of Hunan Province.Based on various conventional observations,unconventional fine-grid observations,the NCEP reanalysis data,and the data from the meso-scale Advanced Regional Eta-coordinate Model(AREM),this study performed numerical simulation and diagnostic analysis of the characteristics of moisture transport during the heavy torrential rainfall process.A sensitive experiment was designed to reveal the specific water vapor source and the flow channel for the torrential rainfall in the southeastern part of Hunan.The results indicate that the interaction of Storm Bilis(2006) with the SCS monsoon played a key role in the moisture transportation during the heavy rainfall event.East of the storm center,there maintained a band of strong southerlies that carried moist air from the SCS monsoon to the north of the storm,where the moisture was continuously transported to southeastern Hunan by the increased northeast winds.The intercrossing of these northern and southern moisture currents formed a deep moist layer and strong vapor convergence over the southeastern Human.It played the most important role in maintaining Storm Bilis for a long period and producing the heavy rainfall over the southeastern part of Human.
Zhang H. D., Q. Kong, 2007: Diagnostic analysis of severe tropical storm Bilis heavy rain event. Meteorological Monthly, 33( 5), 42- 48. (in Chinese)10.1002/jrs.157078e9f626f6d618a39b5367396bcc3681http%3A%2F%2Fen.cnki.com.cn%2FArticle_en%2FCJFDTOTAL-QXXX200705005.htmhttp://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-QXXX200705005.htmDue to the enormous disaster of the heavy rainfall in Hunan and Guangdong, etc., caused by the severe landing tropical storm Bilis, the process is investigated based on the dense observational data, the satellite data, NCEP/NCAR re-analysis data and products of MM5. The results show that the tropical depression moved tardily owning to the surrounding of the west Pacific subtropical high, north mainland high, Tibetan high and low latitudes high. The southeast stream from the southwest part of the subtropical high and the southwest monsoon stream transported the vapor to the depression continuously, which was propitious to the maintenance of its intensity. It is found that plenteous vapor, intense vertical convection and strong convergence of the low level stream have advantage for the heavy rainfall by analyzing MM5 numerical forecast products and physical factor field.
Zhou H. G., 2008: 3D structure of the heavy rainfall caused by Bilis (0604) with Doppler radar data. Chinese J. Atmos. Sci., 32( 6), 1289- 1308. (in Chinese)