doi:10.1007/s00376-015-5130-7

Allan R., T. Ansell, 2006: A new globally complete monthly historical gridded mean sea level pressure dataset (HadSLP2): 1850-2004. J.Climate, 19, 5816- 5842.10.1175/JCLI3937.1

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http%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F249611396_A_New_Globally_Complete_Monthly_Historical_Gridded_Mean_Sea_Level_Pressure_Dataset_%28HadSLP2%29_18502004

refpaperuri:(edbe535d3b7e3ee9ede3ada0f269ed78)

http://www.researchgate.net/publication/249611396_A_New_Globally_Complete_Monthly_Historical_Gridded_Mean_Sea_Level_Pressure_Dataset_(HadSLP2)_18502004Abstract An upgraded version of the Hadley Centre monthly historical mean sea level pressure (MSLP) dataset (HadSLP2) is presented. HadSLP2 covers the period from 1850 to date, and is based on numerous terrestrial and marine data compilations. Each terrestrial pressure series used in HadSLP2 underwent a series of quality control tests, and erroneous or suspect values were either corrected, where possible, or removed. Marine observations from the International Comprehensive Ocean Atmosphere Data Set were quality controlled (assessed against climatology and near neighbors) and then gridded. The final gridded form of HadSLP2 was created by blending together the processed terrestrial and gridded marine MSLP data. MSLP fields were made spatially complete using reduced-space optimal interpolation. Gridpoint error estimates were also produced. HadSLP2 was found to have generally stronger subtropical anticyclones and higher-latitude features across the Northern Hemisphere than an earlier product (HadSLP1). During the austral winter, however, it appears that the pressures in the southern Atlantic and Indian Ocean midlatitude regions are too high; this is seen in comparisons with both HadSLP1 and the 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40). Over regions of high altitude, HadSLP2 and ERA-40 showed consistent differences suggestive of potential biases in the reanalysis model, though the region over the Himalayas in HadSLP2 is biased compared with HadSLP1 and improvements are required in this region. Consistent differences were also observed in regions of sparse data, particularly over the higher latitudes of the Southern Ocean and in the southeastern Pacific. Unlike the earlier HadSLP1 product, error estimates are available with HadSLP2 to guide the user in these regions of low confidence. An evaluation of major phenomena in the climate system using HadSLP2 provided further validation of the dataset. Important climatic features/indices such as the North Atlantic Oscillation, Arctic Oscillation, North Pacific index, Southern Oscillation index, Trans-Polar index, Antarctic Oscillation, Antarctic Circumpolar Wave, East Asian Summer Monsoon index, and the Siberian High index have all been resolved in HadSLP2, with extensions back to the mid-nineteenth century.

Chen H., F. Xue, 2013: Numerical simulation of decadal variations in the East Asian summer monsoon and summer rainfall in eastern China. Chinese J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 1143- 1153. (in Chinese)15d533be6f91659cb5813ed2fa6164bd

http%3A%2F%2Fen.cnki.com.cn%2FArticle_en%2FCJFDTOTAL-DQXK201305015.htm

http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-DQXK201305015.htmThe fourth-generation atmospheric general circulation model,developed by the Institute of Atmospheric Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,was used to simulate decadal variations in the East Asian summer monsoon(EASM) and in summer rainfall in eastern China during the late 1970s.It was shown that the model simulated well the decadal weakening of the EASM,a northerly anomaly along the East Asian coast,and changes in the western Pacific subtropical high.The model also reproduced the anomalous summer rainfall pattern in eastern China(i.e.,an increase in the Yangtze River basin and a decrease in North China and South China),except that the modeled pattern was located somewhat south of the observed pattern.Further analysis,using singular value decomposition,indicated that the decadal weakening in the EASM was mainly driven by warming in the tropical ocean,which is related to the Pacific decadal oscillation(PDO) phase transition in the late 1970s.The model also simulated the cooling trend in the Yangtze River basin,which led to a decrease in the thermal contrast between the continent and the ocean,and a weakened EASM.

Compo, G. P., Coauthors, 2011: The twentieth century reanalysis project. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 137( 654), 1- 28.10.1002/qj.776

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http%3A%2F%2Fams.confex.com%2Fams%2F89annual%2Ftechprogram%2Fpaper_143366.htm

http://ams.confex.com/ams/89annual/techprogram/paper_143366.htmThe Twentieth Century Reanalysis (20CR) project is an international effort to produce a comprehensive global atmospheric circulation dataset spanning the twentieth century, assimilating only surface pressure reports and using observed monthly sea-surface temperature and sea-ice distributions as boundary conditions. It is chiefly motivated by a need to provide an observational dataset with quantified uncertainties for validations of climate model simulations of the twentieth century on all time-scales, with emphasis on the statistics of daily weather. It uses an Ensemble Kalman Filter data assimilation method with background ‘first guess’ fields supplied by an ensemble of forecasts from a global numerical weather prediction model. This directly yields a global analysis every 6 hours as the most likely state of the atmosphere, and also an uncertainty estimate of that analysis.The 20CR dataset provides the first estimates of global tropospheric variability, and of the dataset's time-varying quality, from 1871 to the present at 6-hourly temporal and 2° spatial resolutions. Intercomparisons with independent radiosonde data indicate that the reanalyses are generally of high quality. The quality in the extratropical Northern Hemisphere throughout the century is similar to that of current three-day operational NWP forecasts. Intercomparisons over the second half-century of these surface-based reanalyses with other reanalyses that also make use of upper-air and satellite data are equally encouraging.It is anticipated that the 20CR dataset will be a valuable resource to the climate research community for both model validations and diagnostic studies. Some surprising results are already evident. For instance, the long-term trends of indices representing the North Atlantic Oscillation, the tropical Pacific Walker Circulation, and the Pacific–North American pattern are weak or non-existent over the full period of record. The long-term trends of zonally averaged precipitation minus evaporation also differ in character from those in climate model simulations of the twentieth century. Copyright 08 2011 Royal Meteorological Society and Crown Copyright.

Deser C., A. S. Phillips, and J. W. Hurrell, 2004: Pacific interdecadal climate variability: Linkages between the tropics and the north Pacific during boreal winter since 1900. J.Climate, 17, 3109- 3124.10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<3109:PICVLB>2.0.CO;2

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http%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F252981245_Pacific_Interdecadal_Climate_Variability_Linkages_between_the_Tropics_and_the_North_Pacific_during_Boreal_Winter_since_1900

http://www.researchgate.net/publication/252981245_Pacific_Interdecadal_Climate_Variability_Linkages_between_the_Tropics_and_the_North_Pacific_during_Boreal_Winter_since_1900Abstract This study examines the tropical linkages to interdecadal climate fluctuations over the North Pacific during boreal winter through a comprehensive and physically based analysis of a wide variety of observational datasets spanning the twentieth century. Simple difference maps between epochs of high sea level pressure over the North Pacific (1900–24 and 1947–76) and epochs of low pressure (1925–46 and 1977–97) are presented for numerous climate variables throughout the tropical Indo-Pacific region, including rainfall, cloudiness, sea surface temperature (SST), and sea level pressure. The results support the notion that the Tropics play a key role in North Pacific interdecadal climate variability. In particular, SST anomalies in the tropical Indian Ocean and southeast Pacific Ocean, rainfall and cloudiness anomalies in the vicinity of the South Pacifi

Dong L., T. J. Zhou, 2014: The Indian Ocean sea surface temperature warming simulated by CMIP5 models during the Twentieth century: Competing forcing roles of GHGs and anthropogenic aerosols. J.Climate, 27, 3348- 3362.10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00396.1

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refpaperuri:(8b5244dea115873b7542850347d457e2)

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/reference/XREF?id=10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00396.1Abstract The Indian Ocean exhibits a robust basinwide sea surface temperature (SST) warming during the twentieth century that has affected the hydrological cycle, atmospheric circulation, and global climate change. The competing roles of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and anthropogenic aerosols (AAs) with regard to the Indian Ocean warming are investigated by using 17 models from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). The increasing GHGs are considered to be one reason for the warming. Here model evidence is provided that the emission of AAs has slowed down the warming rate. With AAs, the warming trend has been slowed down by 0.34 K century 611 . However, the cooling effect is weakened when only the direct aerosol effect is considered. GHGs and AAs have competed with each other in forming the basinwide warming pattern as well as the equatorial east–west dipole warming pattern. Both the basinwide warming effect of GHGs and the cooling effect of AAs, mainly through indirect aerosol effect, are established through atmospheric processes via radiative and turbulent fluxes. The positive contributions of surface latent heat flux from atmosphere and surface longwave radiation due to GHGs forcing dominate the basinwide warming, while the reductions of surface shortwave radiation, surface longwave radiation, and latent heat flux from atmosphere associated with AAs induce the basinwide cooling. The positive Indian Ocean dipole warming pattern is seen in association with the surface easterly wind anomaly during 1870–2005 along the equator, which is produced by the increase of GHGs but weakened by AAs via direct aerosol effects.

Gong D. Y., C. H. Ho, 2002: Shift in the summer rainfall over the Yangtze River valley in the late 1970s. Geophys. Res. Lett.,29, 78-1-78-4, doi: 10.1029/2001GL014523.10.1029/2001GL014523

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http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1029%2F2001GL014523%2Fcitedby

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2001GL014523/citedby[1] The summer rainfall over the middle-lower valley of the Yangtze River and over the whole eastern China experienced a notable regime shift in about 1979. This change is consistent with a simultaneous jump-like change in the 500 hPa geopotential height (Φ500) over the northern Pacific. The rainfall over the Yangtze River valley is closely related to the Φ500 averaged over the area 20°–25°N, 125°–140°E, with a correlation coefficient of 0.66 for the period 1958–1999. Since 1980, the subtropical northwestern Pacific high (SNPH) has enlarged, intensified, and extended southwestward. The changes in the SNPH are strongly associated with the variations of the sea surface temperatures (SSTs) of the eastern tropical Pacific and tropical Indian Ocean. The anomalies of these SSTs, responsible primarily for the shift of the summer rainfall over the Yangtze River through the changes in SNPH, precede the Φ500 signals with different leading times.

Lapp S. L., J. M. St. Jacques, E. M. Barrow, and D. J. Sauchyn, 2012: GCM projections for the Pacific decadal oscillation under greenhouse forcing for the early 21st century. Inter. J. Climatol., 32, 1423- 1442.10.1002/joc.2364

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http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fjoc.2364%2Fcitedby

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/joc.2364/citedbyAbstract The climatology and hydrology of western North America display strong periodic cycles which are correlated with the low-frequency Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). The PDO's signature is seen throughout the entire North Pacific region, with related significant associations to hydrology and ecology in western North America and northeastern Asia. Therefore, the status of the PDO in a warmer world caused by anthropogenic climate change is of great interest. We developed early 21st-century projections of the PDO, using data from archived runs of the most recent high-resolution global climate models from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (Phase 3 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project). Because of the geographical adjacency and hypothesized interactions between the PDO and the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and between the PDO and the North Atlantic Oscillation/Arctic Oscillation (NAO/AO), we also developed concurrent projections of ENSO and the NAO and examined their relationships with the projected PDO. For the B1, A1B and A2 Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) emission scenarios, the PDO projections for 2000–2050 showed a weak multi-model mean shift towards more occurrences of the negative phase PDO, which becomes statistically significant for the time period 2000–2099. However, not all the models showed a consistent shift to negative PDO conditions. Copyright 2011 Royal Meteorological Society

Li H. M., A. G. Dai, T. J. Zhou, and J. Lu, 2010: Responses of East Asian summer monsoon to historical SST and atmospheric forcing during 1950-2000. Climate Dyn., 34, 501- 514.10.1007/s00382-008-0482-7

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http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2Fs00382-008-0482-7

refpaperuri:(b8601d18770e7aab20276976cc7c3d13)

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/reference/XREF?id=10.1007/s00382-008-0482-7ABSTRACT The East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) circulation and summer rainfall over East China have experienced large decadal changes during the latter half of the 20th century. To investigate the potential causes behind these changes, a series of simulations using the national center for atmospheric research (NCAR) community atmospheric model version 3 (CAM3) and the geophysical fluid dynamics laboratory (GFDL) atmospheric model version 2.1 (AM2.1) are analyzed. These simulations are forced separately with different historical forcing, namely tropical sea surface temperature (SSTs), global SSTs, greenhouse gases plus aerosols, and a combination of global SSTs and greenhouse gases plus aerosols. This study focuses on the relative roles of these individual forcings in causing the observed monsoon and rainfall changes over East Asia during 1950–2000. The simulations from both models show that the SST forcing, primarily from the Tropics, is able to induce most of the observed weakening of the EASM circulation, while the greenhouse gas plus (direct) aerosol forcing increases the land-sea thermal contrast and thus enhances the EASM circulation. The results suggest that the recent warming in the Tropics, especially the warming associated with the tropical interdecadal variability centered over the central and eastern Pacific, is a primary cause for the weakening of the EASM since the late 1970s. However, a realistic simulation of the relatively small-scale rainfall change pattern over East China remains a challenge for the global models. KeywordsEast Asian summer monsoon-Decadal change-Sea surface temperature-Greenhouse gases

Mantua N. J., S. R. Hare, 2002: The Pacific decadal oscillation. Journal of Oceanography, 58, 35- 44.10.1023/A:1015820616384

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http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1015820616384

refpaperuri:(7ee73282fc24a7b1d3afc7232a8a436b)

http://link.springer.com/10.1023/A:1015820616384<a name="Abs1"></a>The <i>Pacific Decadal Oscillation</i> (PDO) has been described by some as a long-lived El Ni?o-like pattern of Pacific climate variability, and by others as a blend of two sometimes independent modes having distinct spatial and temporal characteristics of North Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) variability. A growing body of evidence highlights a strong tendency for PDO impacts in the Southern Hemisphere, with important surface climate anomalies over the mid-latitude South Pacific Ocean, Australia and South America. Several independent studies find evidence for just two full PDO cycles in the past century: “cool” PDO regimes prevailed from 1890–1924 and again from 1947–1976, while “warm” PDO regimes dominated from 1925–1946 and from 1977 through (at least) the mid-1990's. Interdecadal changes in Pacific climate have widespread impacts on natural systems, including water resources in the Americas and many marine fisheries in the North Pacific. Tree-ring and Pacific coral based climate reconstructions suggest that PDO variations—at a range of varying time scales—can be traced back to at least 1600, although there are important differences between different proxy reconstructions. While 20th Century PDO fluctuations were most energetic in two general periodicities—one from 15-to-25 years, and the other from 50-to-70 years—the mechanisms causing PDO variability remain unclear. To date, there is little in the way of observational evidence to support a mid-latitude coupled air-sea interaction for PDO, though there are several well-understood mechanisms that promote multi-year persistence in North Pacific upper ocean temperature anomalies.

Mantua N. J., S. R. Hare, Y. Zhang, J. M. Wallace, and R. C. Francis, 1997: A Pacific interdecadal climate oscillation with impacts on salmon production. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 78, 1069- 1079.9a9ae4973967cb1c5f5681c069ca5d08

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Mitchell T. D., P. D. Jones, 2005: An improved method of constructing a database of monthly climate observations and associated high-resolution grids. Inter. J. Climatol., 25, 693- 712.10.1002/joc.1181

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http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fjoc.1181%2Ffull

refpaperuri:(78be421d406bf2ba03588b47130e7227)

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/joc.1181/fullThe station anomalies are interpolated onto a 0.5° grid covering the global land surface (excluding Antarctica) and combined with a published normal from 1961–90. Thus, climate grids are constructed for nine climate variables (temperature, diurnal temperature range, daily minimum and maximum temperatures, precipitation, wet-day frequency, frost-day frequency, vapour pressure, and cloud cover) for the period 1901–2002. This dataset is known as CRU TS 2.1 and is publicly available ( TODO: clickthrough URL http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/ ). Copyright 08 2005 Royal Meteorological Society

Smith T. M., R. W. Reynolds, T. C. Peterson, and J. Lawrimore, 2008: Improvements to NOAA's historical merged land-ocean surface temperature analysis (1880-2006). J.Climate, 21, 2283- 2296.

Su T. H., F. Xue, 2010: The intraseasonal variation of summer monsoon circulation and rainfall in East Asia. Chinese J. Atmos. Sci., 34, 611- 628. (in Chinese)10.3724/SP.J.1037.2010.00186

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http%3A%2F%2Fen.cnki.com.cn%2FArticle_en%2FCJFDTOTAL-DQXK201003014.htm

http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-DQXK201003014.htmBased on routine meteorological data and the method of the normalized finite temporal variation(NFTV),the evolution features of East Asian summer monsoon(EASM) circulation are analyzed.It is found that there exist two distinct subseasonal abrupt changes in East Asia during the summertime,characterized primarily by two eastward contractions and northward jumps of the western Pacific subtropical high(WPSH),one of which is in middle June and the other is in late July.Because of the close relationship between the WPSH and rainfall distributions in East Asia,the rain belt in East Asia exhibits two obvious northward jumps in the seasonal evolution as well,corresponding to the beginning of the Meiyu period from the Yangtze-Huaihe valley to Japan and the rainy season in North China and Northeast China,respectively.Compared with the first jump,the second jump of the WPSH is much more evident.The first jump is mainly caused by the enhancement of the convective activities in the South China Sea(SCS) while the second jump is influenced by both the convective activities over the western Pacific warm pool(WPWP) and the circulation systems in high latitudes.Through the phase-locking of the northeastward propagation of the Rossby wave trains from the WPWP and the downstream propagation of the Rossby waves in high latitudes,both the convective activities over the WPWP and the circulation systems in high latitudes play a key role in the second northward jump of the WPSH.In addition,the interactions between the WPSH and the release of the latent heat on its western edge lead to the intraseasonal low-frequency oscillation of the WPSH.The analyses of NFTV indicate that the adjustment of the low-level circulation in high latitudes tends to weaken gradually with the seasonal evolution,which is related to the temperature difference between middle and high latitudes.By contrast,the adjustment of the high-level circulation tends to intensify with the altitude during the latter half of the summertime.Besides,the evolution of the similarity also shows that the atmospheric circulation in East Asia exhibits a distinctly different state after the second jump of the WPSH.The Southern Hemisphere circulation plays an important role in the enhancement of the convective activities in the SCS and the WPWP.In middle June,the enhancement of the convective activities in these two regions is due to the intensification and eastward extension of the westerly on the western edge of the SCS,which is deeply involved with the Mascarene high(MH).In middle July,the enhancement of the Australian high(AH) leads to the intensification of the cross-equatorial flow on its northeastern edge,and a large amount of cold air from the Southern Hemisphere invades into the warm pool region,which increases the atmospheric instability and the low-level convergence over this region.As a result,the convective activities in the warm pool are enhanced.In the first half of the summertime,however,the relationship between the intensity of the AH and the cross-equatorial flow on its northeastern edge can be modulated by the convective activities in the WPWP,resulting in an opposite trend between the AH and the associated cross-equatorial flow.During the austral wintertime,the AH tends to weaken with the low-frequency oscillation,which is affected by both the surface temperature in Australia and the energy dispersion of the upstream MH.The weakening trend of the AH is influenced by the former while the MH plays a dominant role in the low-frequency oscillation of the AH.

Su T. H., F. Xue, and H. Zhang, 2014: Simulating the intraseasonal variation of the East Asian summer monsoon by IAP AGCM4.0 . Adv. Atmos. Sci.,31, 570-580, doi: 10.1007/ s00376-013-3029-8.10.1007/s00376-013-3029-8

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http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical_dqkxjz-e201403008.aspxABSTRACT This study focuses on the intraseasonal variation of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) simulated by IAP AGCM 4.0, the fourth-generation atmospheric general circulation model recently developed at the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. In general, the model simulates the intraseasonal evolution of the EASM and the related rain belt. Besides, the model also simulates the two northward jumps of the western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH), which are closely related to the convective activities in the warm pool region and Rossby wave activities in high latitudes. Nevertheless, some evident biases in the model were found to exist. Due to a stronger WPSH, the model fails to simulate the rain belt in southern China during May and June. Besides, the model simulates a later retreat of the EASM, which is attributed to the overestimated land-sea thermal contrast in August. In particular, the timing of the two northward jumps of the WPSH in the model is not coincident with the observation, with a later jump by two pentads for the first jump and an earlier jump by one pentad for the second, i.e., the interval between the two jumps is shorter than the observation. This bias is mainly ascribed to a shorter oscillating periodicity of convection in the tropical northwestern Pacific.

Wang H. J., 2001: The weakening of the Asian monsoon circulation after the end of 1970's. Adv. Atmos. Sci.,18, 376-386, doi: 10.1007/BF02919316.55186f36fb4d3628dc9d5fb9107f180b

http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2Fbf02919316

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Wen X. Y., S. W. Wang, J. H. Zhu, and D. Viner, 2006: An overview of China climate change over the 20th century using UK UEA/CRU high resolution grid data. Chinese J. Atmos. Sci.,30(5), 894-904, doi: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2006.05. 18. (in Chinese)10.1016/S1003-6326(06)60040-X

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http%3A%2F%2Fen.cnki.com.cn%2FArticle_en%2FCJFDTOTAL-DQXK200605017.htm

http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-DQXK200605017.htmThe operational observations in China started in 1951.The availabity of instrumental observations is poor in the first half of the 20th century.Therefore,it is difficult to use them in discussing long-term climate change issue.Although a number of proxy data could be used,the deficiencies are apparent,such as the coarse temporal and spatial resolution,etc.The University of East Anglia recently released the latest version of high resolution grid dataset,named as CRU-TS2.1.It is a completely covered monthly dataset of surface climatic variables.Compared with domestic observations,it has some merits concerning China climate change over the 20th century.Firstly,this dataset provides new information of the climate change over western China before 1950.Although it should be noted that the records are interpolated from observations,the results show significant correlation with the observation in the second half of the 20th century.Secondly,CRU dataset provides monthly mean fields,while domestic century-scale series is just annual mean or seasonal mean data in the first half of the 20th century.Moreover,there are not any proxy data included in the construction of this dataset,which can bring noise and uncertainty.Hence,comparison between the CRU dataset and domestic observations is the way to verify the characteristics of China climate change during the 20th century and to validate the quality of the dataset in both China and UK. The results are as follows:(1) The interannual temperature variation is identical in both datasets.Their positive correlation coefficient is 0.84.They slightly differ from each other in the 1920s,when CRU underestimates the warming change in China,and therefore overestimates the warming trend of the whole century.(2) Even in the given 10 regional scales,both CRU and domestic data exhibit good consistency,apart from Tibet and Xinjiang areas.About one celsius degree bias is estimated by CRU in Tibet during the 1920s,which is the major difference from the reconstructed record.(3) The seasonal variability of precipitation over eastern China is identical in both series.The highest correlation coefficient(0.93) for 100 years among the four seasons is in autumn,while winter is the season that their correlation is the lowest one(0.77).(4) CRU data exhibits appropriate interdecadal variation of temperature and precipitation as shown in China records.Particularly,CRU dataset also presents some primary features before 1951,especially in western China,where and when no observational data can be available.Therefore,CRU high resolution grid data present a more complete picture of climate change in China over the 20th century.

Xue F., 2001: Interannual to Interdecadal variation of East Asian summer monsoon and its association with the global atmospheric circulation and sea surface temperature. Adv. Atmos. Sci.,18, 567-575, doi: 10.1007/s00376-001-0045-x.10.1007/s00376-001-0045-x

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http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2Fs00376-001-0045-x

http://en.cnki.com.cn/article_en/cjfdtotal-dqjz200104007.htmThe East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) underwent an interdecadal variation with interannual variations during the period from 1958 to 1997, its index tended to decline from a higher stage in the mid-1960,s until it reached a lower stage after 1980/s. Correlation analysis reveals that EASM is closely related with the global atmospheric circulation and sea surface temperature (SST). The differences between the weak and strong stage of EASM shows that, the summer monsoon circulation over East Asia and North Africa is sharply weakened, in the meantime, the westerlies in high latitudes and the trade-wind over the tropical ocean are also changed significantly. Over the most regions south of the northern subtropics, both air temperature in the lower troposphere and SST tended to rise compared with the strong stage of EASM. It is also revealed that the ocean-atmosphere interaction over the western Pacific and Indian Ocean plays a key role in interannual to interdecadal variation of EASM, most probably, the subtropical indian Ocean is more important. On the other hand, the ENSO event is less related to EASM at least during the concerned period.

Xue Y., T. M. Smith, and R. W. Reynolds, 2003: Interdecadal changes of 30-yr SST normals during 1871-2000. J.Climate, 16, 1601- 1612.10.1175/1520-0442-16.10.1601

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http%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F252216232_Interdecadal_Changes_of_30Yr_SST_Normals_during_1871-2000

refpaperuri:(43f25f76e87bb02031dcc4e2d05e08d4)

http://www.researchgate.net/publication/252216232_Interdecadal_Changes_of_30Yr_SST_Normals_during_1871-2000Abstract SST predictions are usually issued in terms of anomalies and standardized anomalies relative to a 30-yr normal: climatological mean (CM) and standard deviation (SD). The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) suggests updating the 30-yr normal every 10 yr. In complying with the WMO's suggestion, a new 30-yr normal for the 1971–2000 base period is constructed. To put the new 30-yr normal in historical perspective, all the 30-yr normals since 1871 are investigated, starting from the beginning of each decade (1871–1900, 1881–1910, …65, 1971–2000). Using the extended reconstructed sea surface temperature (ERSST) on a 2° grid for 1854–2000 and the Hadley Centre Sea Ice and SST dataset (HadISST) on a 1° grid for 1870–1999, eleven 30-yr normals are calculated, and the interdecadal changes of seasonal CM, seasonal SD, and seasonal persistence ( P ) are discussed. The interdecadal changes of seasonal CM are prominent (0.3°–0.6°) in the tropical Indian Ocean, the midlatitude North Pacific, the midlatitude North Atlantic, most of the South Atlantic, and the sub-Antarctic front. Four SST indices are used to represent the key regions of the interdecadal changes: the Indian Ocean (“INDIAN”; 10°S–25°N, 45°–100°E), the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO; 35°–45°N, 160°E–160°W), the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO; 40°–60°N, 20°–60°W), and the South Atlantic (SATL; 22°S–2°N, 35°W–10°E). Both INDIAN and SATL show a warming trend that is consistent between ERSST and HadISST. Both PDO and NAO show a multidecadal oscillation that is consistent between ERSST and HadISST except that HadISST is biased toward warm in summer and cold in winter relative to ERSST. The interdecadal changes in Ni09o-3 (5°S–5°N, 90°–150°W) are small (0.2°) and are inconsistent between ERSST and HadISST. The seasonal SD is prominent in the eastern equatorial Pacific, the North Pacific, and North Atlantic. The seasonal SD in Ni09o-3 varies interdecadally: intermediate during 1885–1910, small during 1910–65, and large during 1965–2000. These interdecadal changes of ENSO variance are further verified by the Darwin sea level pressure. The seasonality of ENSO variance (smallest in spring and largest in winter) also varies interdecadally: moderate during 1885–1910, weak during 1910–65, and strong during 1965–2000. The interdecadal changes of the seasonal SD of other indices are weak and cannot be determined well by the datasets. The seasonal P, measured by the autocorrelation of seasonal anomalies at a two-season lag, is largest in the eastern equatorial Pacific, the tropical Indian, and the tropical North and South Atlantic Oceans. It is also seasonally dependent. The “spring barrier” of P in Ni09o-3 (largest in summer and smallest in winter) varies interdecadally: relatively weak during 1885–1910, moderate during 1910–55, strong during 1955–75, and moderate during 1975–2000. The interdecadal changes of SD and P not only have important implications for SST forecasts but also have significant scientific values to be explored.

Yang X. Q., Q. Xie, Y. M. Zhu, X. G. Sun, and Y. J. Guo, 2005: Decadal-to-interdecadal variability of precipitation in north China and associated atmospheric and oceanic anomaly patterns. Chinese J. Geophys., 48, 789- 797. (in Chinese)10.1111/j.1745-7254.2005.00209.x

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http%3A%2F%2Fen.cnki.com.cn%2FArticle_en%2FCJFDTotal-DQWX200504008.htm

http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-DQWX200504008.htmThis study investigates the decadal-to-interdecadal variability of precipitation in North China and associated atmospheric and oceanic anomaly patterns, with using records of precipitation at 26 stations over North China and global analysis data of ocean and atmosphere for the period 1951-1998 The variability of precipitation in North China over the past 50 years is characterized by the interdecadal oscillation with two regime shifts occurring in 1965 and 1980, especially resulting in a severe drought in the 1980s. The lag and simultaneous correlations between precipitation in North China and selected variables for the global ocean and atmosphere are computed on the decadal-to-interdecadal time scales (8 years and longer). Such correlations suggest a framework for the relationship of the precipitation anomaly in North China with the thermal anomalies in surrounding oceans and the regional atmospheric circulation anomalies. Under the framework, the Pacific inter-Decadal Oscillation (PDO) plays an important role in occurrence of the decadal-to-interdecadal drought or flood in North China. During the drought period, the sea surface temperature anomaly is positive in the tropical eastern Pacific but negative in the extratropical North Pacific, indicating a warm PDO phase, and vice versa. Accompanying the warm PDO phase, the sea level pressure anomaly is negative over eastern Siberia and north of Japan but positive over most of Southern China, which generates an anomalous northwesterly over North China and reduces gain of the water vapor from oceans.

Yu L., 2013: Potential correlation between the decadal East Asian summer monsoon variability and the Pacific decadal oscillation. Atmos. Oceanic Sci. Lett., 6, 394- 397.10.3878/j.issn.1674-2834.13.0040

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http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cqvip.com%2FQK%2F89435X%2F201305%2F47350096.html

http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical_dqhhykxkb201305030.aspxThis study discusses the potential contribution of the Pacific decadal oscillation(PDO)to the weakening of the East Asian summer monsoon(EASM)and the evident correlation between the positive PDO and"Southern flood and Northern drought(SFND)"summer rainfall pattern over East China.The mechanism behind this contribution is also discussed.

Yu L., T. Furevik, O. H. Otter, and Y. Q. Gao, 2015: Modulation of the Pacific decadal oscillation on the summer precipitation over East China: A comparison of observations to 600-yrs control run of Bergen Climate Model. Climate Dyn., 44, 475- 494.10.1007/s00382-014-2141-5

2eecec8c4db923d28bd285df4d74116e

http%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F262918287_Modulation_of_the_Pacific_Decadal_Oscillation_on_the_summer_precipitation_over_East_China_A_comparison_of_observations_to_600-yrs_control_run_of_Bergen_Climate_Model

http://www.researchgate.net/publication/262918287_Modulation_of_the_Pacific_Decadal_Oscillation_on_the_summer_precipitation_over_East_China_A_comparison_of_observations_to_600-yrs_control_run_of_Bergen_Climate_ModelABSTRACT

Zhang H., Z. H. Lin, and Q. C. Zeng, 2009: The computational scheme and the test for dynamical framework of IAP AGCM-4. Chinese J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 1267- 1285. (in Chinese)10.1016/S1003-6326(09)60084-4

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http%3A%2F%2Fen.cnki.com.cn%2FArticle_en%2FCJFDTotal-DQXK200906014.htm

http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-DQXK200906014.htmA flexible leaping-point scheme and a time-splitting method are introduced to the new generation of IAP (Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences) atmospheric general circulation model (IAP AGCM-4), and the model's dynamical framework is tested by Rossby-Haurwitz (R-H) wave and by Held-Suarez proposal. The results show that the flexible leaping-point scheme can also conserve the available energy without computational chaos, and it can enlarge the time step especially in the model without filter. A time-splitting method is adopted to compute adjustment process and advection process respectively, and a nonlinear iterative time integration scheme with 3 times iteration is applied to both the processes. The time-splitting method can economize CPU time by 10.7% (N=5) and 19.9% (N=10), respectively. As R-H-type pattern of wave number 4 is taken as the initial condition, in the first 80 days of integration, the dynamical framework can preserve the wave pattern well, and the total available energy only reduce 0.1%. From the 80th day, the wave pattern of zonal wind becomes deformed and then breaks, while the corresponding kinetic energy and total available energy begin to decrease sharply. By the 365th day, the fields of zonal wind and geopotential height become parallel to the longitudinal direction, and the total available energy has decreased 8%. The analysis shows that it is due to the rotational adaption and the dissipation of advection term. The test by Held-Suarez proposal also shows the reliability of the dynamical framework of IAP AGCM-4.

Zhou T. J., D. Y. Gong, J. Li, and B. Li, 2009a: Detecting and understanding the multi-decadal variability of the East Asian summer monsoon-recent progress and state of affairs. Meteorologische Zeitschrift, 18, 455- 467.10.1127/0941-2948/2009/0396

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http%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F228655774_Detecting_and_understanding_the_multi-decadal_variability_of_the_East_Asian_Summer_Monsoon_Recent_progress_and_state_of_affairs

refpaperuri:(aabb0915d3e9679121faaaffa084fcf6)

http://www.researchgate.net/publication/228655774_Detecting_and_understanding_the_multi-decadal_variability_of_the_East_Asian_Summer_Monsoon_Recent_progress_and_state_of_affairsEast Asia is dominated by a typical monsoon climate. The East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) exhibits considerable variability on a wide range of time scales during the 20 century. A substantial portion is the multi-decadal variability. Over the recent decades, the EASM has been weakening from the end of the 1970s which results in a "southern China flood and northern China drought" rainfall pattern. Understanding the mechanisms responsible for the weakening tendency has been a challenge for climate research community. Examinations on the long-term change of the EASM during the 20 century find no significant trends, indicating the pronounced weakening tendency of the EASM in recent decades is unprecedented. After documenting the prominent features of the interdecadal climate transition, a review is presented in this paper on the proposed explanations to the observed changes. The proposed factors include the Indian Ocean and far western Pacific warming, the tropical central-eastern Pacific warming, the weakening sensible heat source over the Tibetan Plateau, and the aerosol forcing, as well as internal variability. While parts of the monsoon circulation changes can be explained in terms of the proposed mechanisms, it is still beyond the scope of our current knowledge to present a complete picture. Much remains to be learned about the mechanisms that produce such multi-decadal changes in the EASM, but it seems still unclear whether human activities and global warming are playing significant roles. German Ostasien wird von einem typischen Monsunklima beherrscht. Der ostasiatische Sommermonsun (EASM) zeigt w01hrend des 20. Jahrhunderts eine erhebliche Variabilit01t über ein breites Spektrum von Zeitskalen hinweg. Ein gr0208erer Teil davon ist multidekadische Variabilit01t. Seit dem Ende der 1970er Jahre hat sich der EASM abgeschw01cht, was zu dem "Südchina-Flut - Nordchina-Dürre" Muster geführt hat. Das Verst01ndnis für die Ursachen dieser Abschw01chungstendenz stellt eine Herausforderung für die Klimatologie dar. Untersuchungen der langfristigen 02nderungen des EASM w01hrend des gesamten 20. Jahrhunderts zeigen keine signifikanten Trends, was bedeutet, dass die 02nderung in den letzten Jahrzehnten ohne Beispiel ist. Nach einer Dokumentation der wichtigsten Ph01nomene dieser interdekalen Klima01nderung bietet die vorliegende Arbeit einen 05berblick über die m02glichen Erkl01rungen für die beobachteten 02nderungen. Diese beinhalten unter anderem eine Erw01rmung des mittleren und 02stlichen Pazifiks, eine Abschw01chung der w01rmequelle über dem tibetischen Plateau, einen Antrieb durch Aerosol wie auch interne Variabilit01ten. w01hrend Teile der 02nderung der Monsunzirkulation hierdurch erkl01rt werden k02nnen, liegt eine vollst01ndige Erkl01rung des Ph01nomens noch jenseits unseres derzeitigen Wissensstands. Es muss noch viel über die Mechanismen verstanden werden, die solche interdekalen 02nderungen des EASM hervorrufen, wobei es noch unklar ist ob menschliche Aktivit01ten und die globale Erw01rmung eine signifikante Rolle spielen.

Zhou T.J., Coauthors, 2009b: Why the western Pacific subtropical high has extended westward since the late 1970s. J.Climate, 22, 2199- 2215.10.1175/2008JCLI2527.1

c90f956e92df488b7ad80494f83bb75e

http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cabdirect.org%2Fabstracts%2F20093162932.html

http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/20093162932.htmlThe western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) is closely related to Asian climate. Previous examination of changes in the WPSH found a westward extension since the late 1970s, which has contributed to the inter-decadal transition of East Asian climate. The reason for the westward extension is unknown, however. The present study suggests that this significant change of WPSH is partly due to the atmosphere's response to the observed Indian Ocean estern Pacific (IWP) warming. Coordinated by a European Union's Sixth Framework Programme, Understanding the Dynamics of the Coupled Climate System(DYNAMITE), five AGCMs were forced by identical idealized sea surface temperature patterns representative of the IWP warming and cooling. The results of these numerical experiments suggest that the negative heating in the central and eastern tropical Pacific and increased convective heating in the equatorial Indian Ocean/Maritime Continent associated with IWP warming are in favor of the westward extension of WPSH. The SST changes in IWP influences the Walker circulation, with a subsequent reduction of convections in the tropical central and eastern Pacific, which then forces an ENSO/Gill-type response that modulates the WPSH. The monsoon diabatic heating mechanism proposed by Rodwell and Hoskins plays a secondary reinforcing role in the westward extension of WPSH. The low-level equatorial flank of WPSH is interpreted as a Kelvin response to monsoon condensational heating, while the intensified poleward flow along the western flank of WPSH is in accord with Sverdrup vorticity balance. The IWP warming has led to an expansion of the South Asian high in the upper troposphere, as seen in the reanalysis.

Zhu Y. M., X. Q. Yang, 2003: Relationships between Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) and climate variabilities in China. Acta Meteor.Sinica, 61, 641- 654. (in Chinese)10.1007/BF02948883

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http%3A%2F%2Fen.cnki.com.cn%2FArticle_en%2FCJFDTOTAL-QXXB200306000.htm

http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-QXXB200306000.htmRelationships between Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and atmospheric circulation in East Asia and climate variabilities in China are investigated by using statistical method. The regression coefficients upon the PDO index time series during period 1951-1998 are computed for a number of related oceanic and atmospheric variables and the observed surface air temperature and precipitation at 160 stations in China. The results exhibit that the relationships are significantly remarkable. It is considered that the PDO is in its warm phase, i.e., negative SST anomaly in the North Pacific and positive anomaly in the center to eastern tropical Pacific. Accordingly, during winter, Aleutian Low tends to be much lower than normal while Mongolian High appears much stronger (but Siberian High is weaker). Associated with this, northeastern, northern China and Yangtze River valley are drier; northwestern, northeastern and northern China are warmer while southwestern China is cooler. During summer, the negative SLP anomalies are much weaker in North Pacific while positive ones are enhanced over East Asia, together with a reduced East Asian summer monsoon, a southward shifted Western Pacific Subtropical High and a reduced equatorial trade wind. Resultantly, northern China is much drier while Yangtze River valley and southern, northeastern and northwestern China are wetter; northeastern, northern and southern China are warmer while northwestern and southwestern China and Yangtze River valley are cooler. It is vice versa during the PDO cool phase. It is also found that PDO can modulate the impact of ENSO events on summer climate variability in China. During the PDO cool phase, the onset of an El Nio event acts as to dry southern China and cool northeast China, while the decaying of an El Nio event acts to wet northern China and Yangtze River valley and dry Huai River valley. During the PDO warm phase, however, the onset of an El Nio event coincides with wet southern China, dry northern China and warm northeast China, while the decaying of an El Nio event coincides with dry northern China, increasingly wet Yangtze River valley and normal Huai River valley.