Chou M.-D., M. J. Suarez, 1994: An efficient thermal infrared radiation parameterization for use in general circulation model. Vol. 3, NASA Tech. Memo. 104606, 85 pp. [Available online at NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 913, Greenbelt, MD 20771.]
Chou M.-D., D. P. Kratz, and W. Ridgway, 1991: Infrared radiation parameterizations in numerical climate models. J. Climate, 4, 424- 437.10.1175/1520-0442(1991)004<0424:IRPINC>2.0.CO;203545b339ec55c925a7bf8cf9be57de1http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F1991JCli....4..424Chttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991JCli....4..424CAbstract Parameterizations for infrared radiation (IR) in clear atmosphere can be made fast and accurate by grouping spectral regions with similar radiative properties, and by separating the low pressure region of the atmosphere from the high pressure region. Various approaches are presented in this study to parameterizing the broadband transmission functions for use in numerical climate models. For water vapor and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) bands, the transmission functions are parameterized separately for the middle atmosphere (0.01-30 mb) and for the region below. In the middle atmosphere where the dependence of absorption on pressure and temperature is not strong, the diffuse transmission functions are derived from that at a reference pressure and temperature. In the lower stratosphere and the troposphere, the spectra are grouped into band-center regions and band-wing regions. One-parameter scaling is applied to approximate a nonhomogeneous path with an equivalent homogeneous path, and the diffuse transmittances are either fit by analytical functions or interpolated from precomputed tables. As opposed to the one-parameter scaling, which applies only to a relatively narrow pressure range, the two-parameter scaling (commonly called the Curtis-Godson approximation) is applied to parameterizing the carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and ozone (O 3 ) transmission functions in both the middle and the lower atmosphere. The diffuse transmission functions are simply interpolated from three small precomputed tables. The accuracies of cooling rates in the 15-m band computed using the approximation for both the middle and the lower atmospheres are comparable with that using the parameterizations separately for the middle and the lower atmospheres. The radiative effect of nitrous oxide (N 2 O) and methane (CH 4 ) is also examined. Parameterizations are presented for the N 2 O and CH 4 diffuse transmission functions.
Chou M.-D., M. J. Suarez, C.-H. Ho, M. M.-H. Yan, and K.-T. Lee, 1998: Parameterizations for cloud overlapping and shortwave single-scattering properties for use in general circulation and cloud ensemble models. J. Climate, 11, 202- 214.
Corbosiero K. L., J. Molinari, 2002: The effects of vertical wind shear on the distribution of convection in tropical cyclones. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 2110- 2123.e22cc79d0c229d4224dff62a608075e5http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fnph-data_query%3Fbibcode%3D2002MWRv..130.2110C%26db_key%3DPHY%26link_type%3DEJOURNAL/s?wd=paperuri%3A%286cb3f7e9e9217596e45ee93403a962db%29&filter=sc_long_sign&tn=SE_xueshusource_2kduw22v&sc_vurl=http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fnph-data_query%3Fbibcode%3D2002MWRv..130.2110C%26db_key%3DPHY%26link_type%3DEJOURNAL&ie=utf-8
Gao S. T., X. F. Li, 2008: Cloud-Resolving Modeling of Convective Processes. Springer,206 pp.aeecaa994970cdbe99c47bb6eb6c2efdhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.springer.com%2Fgeosciences%2Fmeteorology%2Fbook%2F978-1-4020-8275-7/s?wd=paperuri%3A%284215e99258ce05b50c42b6ea9c2c890b%29&filter=sc_long_sign&tn=SE_xueshusource_2kduw22v&sc_vurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springer.com%2Fgeosciences%2Fmeteorology%2Fbook%2F978-1-4020-8275-7&ie=utf-8
Krueger S. K., Q. Fu, K. N. Liou, and H.-N. S. Chin, 1995: Improvements of an ice-phase microphysics parameterization for use in numerical simulations of tropical convection. J. Appl. Meteor., 34, 281- 287.10.1175/1520-0450-34.1.281f0bd8c8e6b1ee6b687ebd97f75b97f4bhttp%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F1995JApMe..34..281Khttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995JApMe..34..281KAbstract It is important to properly simulate the extent and ice water content of tropical anvil clouds in numerical models that explicitly include cloud formation because of the significant effects that these clouds have on the radiation budget. For this reason, a commonly used bulk ice-phase microphysics parameterization was modified to more realistically simulate some of the microphysical processes that occur in tropical anvil clouds. Cloud ice growth by the Bergeron process and the associated formation of snow were revised. The characteristics of graupel were also modified in accord with a previous study. Numerical simulations of a tropical squall line demonstrate that the amount of cloud ice and the extent of anvil clouds are increased to more realistic values by the first two changes.
Lang S., W.-K. Tao, J. Simpson, R. Cifelli, S. Rutledge, W. Olson, and J. Halverson, 2007: Improving simulations of convective systems from TRMM LBA: Easterly and westerly regimes. J. Atmos. Sci., 64, 1141- 1164.10.1175/JAS3879.1803b1a1f-77f6-4957-907c-416337ec14c32f9ba02e240517c5f645d17262286cdehttp%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2007JAtS...64.1141Lrefpaperuri:(a6cb707493046c7649b1b765bbdf6873)http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007JAtS...64.1141LImproving simulations of convective systems from TRMM LBA : Easterly and westerly regimes LANG S. J. Atmos. Sci. 64, 1141-1164, 2007
Li X. F., S. T. Gao, 2012: Precipitation Modeling and Quantitative Analysis. Springer,Dordrecht, 240 pp.10.1007/978-94-007-2381-887b7dbf8-dfc6-42c2-a0a7-c8eabe16eb80e5bf40ca3f1c52c208260310236b78bchttp%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F978-94-007-2381-8refpaperuri:(e325017cdff17cac5f7d04bd3472e326)http://link.springer.com/978-94-007-2381-8The book examines surface rainfall processes through cloud-resolving modeling and quantitative analysis of surface rainfall budget and summarizes modeling and analysis results in recent seven years. The book shows validation of precipitation modeling against observations and derives a set of diagnostic precipitation equations. The book provides detailed discussions of the applications of precipitation equations to the examination of effects of sea surface temperature, vertical wind shear, radiation, and ice clouds on torrential rainfall processes in the tropics and mid-latitudes, and to the studies of sensitivity of precipitation modeling to uncertainty of the initial conditions and to the estimate of precipitation efficiency. The book can be used as a text book for graduate students and will be beneficial to researchers and forecasters for precipitation process studies and operational forecasts.Xiaofan Li is a physical scientist at the Center for Satellite Applications and Research, National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Camp Springs, Maryland, USA. He has a doctorate in meteorology from the University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, USA and a master s degree in meteorology from Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China.Shouting Gao is a professor at the Laboratory of Cloud-Precipitation Physics and Severe Storm, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. He has a doctorate and a master s degree in meteorology from the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Beijing, China.
Li X. F., C.-H. Sui, K.-M. Lau, and M.-D. Chou, 1999: Large-scale forcing and cloud-radiation interaction in the tropical deep convective regime. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 3028- 3042.10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<3028:LSFACR>2.0.CO;29e1e7d53a7c70f78c50d58ec678c7dd7http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F1999JAtS...56.3028Lhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999JAtS...56.3028LDetails a study which carried out the simulations of tropical convection and thermodynamic states in response to different imposed large-scale forcing by using a cloud-resolving model. Experimental designs; Comparison between the control experiment and observations; Results and discussion.
Li X. F., C.-H. Sui, and K.-M. Lau, 2002a: Dominant cloud microphysical processes in a tropical oceanic convective system: A 2D cloud resolving modeling study. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 2481- 2491.36ee71232d9d31c1cf466d3b85b35f76http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fnph-data_query%3Fbibcode%3D2002MWRv..130.2481L%26db_key%3DPHY%26link_type%3DEJOURNAL/s?wd=paperuri%3A%28a53bd1acd783752acb63f8e80a252a52%29&filter=sc_long_sign&tn=SE_xueshusource_2kduw22v&sc_vurl=http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fnph-data_query%3Fbibcode%3D2002MWRv..130.2481L%26db_key%3DPHY%26link_type%3DEJOURNAL&ie=utf-8
Li X. F., C.-H. Sui, and K.-M. Lau, 2002b: Interactions between tropical convection and its embedding environment: an energetics analysis of a 2D cloud resolving simulation. J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 1712- 1722.10.1175/1520-0469(2002)059<1712:IBTCAI>2.0.CO;2b308ba3e-ad39-4c8a-a713-a59928d0d1a5a7fd8947bf0f6c73518dc2e10a2b5868http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2002JAtS...59.1712Lrefpaperuri:(2a2c0bf943fb36e0e21cf5efed52a35b)http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002JAtS...59.1712LInvestigates the interactions between the tropical convection and the environment. Decrease of convective available potential energy; Coupling between environmental dynamics and thermodynamic; Presence of time-varying large-scale forcing; Transfer of potential energy into kinetic energy.
Lin Y.-L., R. D. Farley, and H. D. Orville, 1983: Bulk parameterization of the snow field in a cloud model. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 22, 1065- 1092.10.1175/1520-0450(1983)0222.0.CO;29190891c3775ec6ca868fe681504eba0http%3A%2F%2Fci.nii.ac.jp%2Fnaid%2F10013127356%2Fhttp://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/10013127356/Abstract A two-dimensional, time-dependent cloud model has been used to simulate a moderate intensity thunderstorm for the High Plains region. Six forms of water substance (water vapor, cloud water, cloud ice, rain, snow and hail, i.e., graupel) are simulated. The model utilizes the -渂ulk water- microphysical parameterization technique to represent the precipitation fields which are all assumed to follow exponential size distribution functions. Autoconversion concepts are used to parameterize the collision-coalescence and collision-aggregation processes. Accretion processes involving the various forms of liquid and solid hydrometeors are simulated in this model. The transformation of cloud ice to snow through autoconversion (aggregation) and Bergeron process and subsequent accretional growth or aggregation to form hail are simulated. Hail is also produced by various contact mechanisms and via probabilistic freezing of raindrops. Evaporation (sublimation) is considered for all precipitation particles outside the cloud. The melting of hail and snow are included in the model. Wet and dry growth of hail and shedding of rain from hail are simulated. The simulations show that the inclusion of snow has improved the realism of the results compared to a model without snow. The formation of virga from cloud anvils is now modeled. Addition of the snow field has resulted in the inclusion of more diverse and physically sound mechanisms for initiating the hail field, yielding greater potential for distinguishing dominant embryo types characteristically different from warm- and cold-based clouds.
Pastushkov R. S., 1975: The effects of vertical wind shear on the evolution of convective clouds. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 101, 281- 291.10.1002/qj.49710142811a8234823c43b75e14680f152335327eehttp%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fqj.49710142811%2Fabstracthttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142811/abstractAbstract The effects of ambient wind shear U o on the evolution of an isolated three-dimensional convective cloud are studied. Sixteen cases are considered which differ from one another both in the value of U ′ 0 in the initial value of the energy of atmospheric instability per unit height of the unstable layer, E 0 . It is found that convective clouds may be grouped into two types, ‘weak’ and ‘strong’: if E 0 / H < 06165 × 10 2 cm s 612 then convection is ‘weak’; if E 0 06165 × 10 612 cm s 612 then convection is ‘strong’. For ‘weak’ convective clouds there is a critical value of shear, U ′ 0cr | U ′ 0 | < U ′ 0cr there is an inhibiting effect on the development of convection; and for | U ′ 0 | U ′ 0 its evolution is completely suppressed. The essential new result is that ‘strong’ convective clouds are intensified under the effect of U ′ 0 . In this case there is a resonance value of shear, U ′ 0res at which the degree of the intensification of convection has a maximum (30–40%).
Robe F. R., K. A. Emanuel, 2001: The effect of vertical wind shear on radiative-convective equilibrium states. J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 1427- 1445.10.1175/1520-0469(2001)058<1427:TEOVWS>2.0.CO;2f06f6084-a062-490b-a978-71a9689e4aa090612a67c12e852c66fddff4b3ef7892http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2001JAtS...58.1427Rrefpaperuri:(61264fca657784bcce2c2f1eb57fa5e7)http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001JAtS...58.1427RABSTRACT
Rutledge S. A., P. Hobbs, 1983: The mesoscale and microscale structure and organization of clouds and precipitation in midlatitude cyclones. VIII: A model for the "seeder-feeder" process in warm-frontal rainbands. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 1185- 1206.aaa100cd-e8c4-45de-a336-62a0d56b56ce3a864a47a568f3609fffa92999029fc8http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fnph-data_query%3Fbibcode%3D1980JAtS...37..597H%26db_key%3DPHY%26link_type%3DABSTRACT%26high%3D05575refpaperuri:(d6ff46ada3989508b47f1ae837b83aff)/s?wd=paperuri%3A%28d6ff46ada3989508b47f1ae837b83aff%29&filter=sc_long_sign&tn=SE_xueshusource_2kduw22v&sc_vurl=http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fnph-data_query%3Fbibcode%3D1980JAtS...37..597H%26db_key%3DPHY%26link_type%3DABSTRACT%26high%3D05575&ie=utf-8
Rutledge S. A., P. V. Hobbs, 1984: The mesoscale and microscale structure and organization of clouds and precipitation in midlatitude cyclones. XII: A diagnostic modeling study of precipitation development in narrow cold-frontal rainbands. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 2949- 2972.456879270fd5329b8dc7d947fab97e69http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fnph-data_query%3Fbibcode%3D1984JAtS...41.2949R%26db_key%3DPHY%26link_type%3DABSTRACT/s?wd=paperuri%3A%28bafd052a30102d877b807965b2be62b9%29&filter=sc_long_sign&tn=SE_xueshusource_2kduw22v&sc_vurl=http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fnph-data_query%3Fbibcode%3D1984JAtS...41.2949R%26db_key%3DPHY%26link_type%3DABSTRACT&ie=utf-8
Shen X. Y., Y. Wang, and X. F. Li, 2011: Effects of vertical wind shear and cloud radiative processes on responses of rainfall to the large-scale forcing during pre-summer heavy rainfall over southern China. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 137, 236- 249.10.1002/qj.735b538b8c2-33a7-4c32-a291-ffc9ca02d1cd626136d7a885d5037b4b3d383f4c0426http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fqj.735%2Fpdfrefpaperuri:(ff92848d2aef39967190127909dfca3a)http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.735/pdfABSTRACT The pre-summer heavy rainfall over southern China during 3-8 June 2008 is simulated using a two-dimensional cloud-resolving model. The model is integrated with imposed zonally uniform vertical velocity, zonal wind, horizontal temperature and vapour advection from National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP)/Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS) data. The effects of vertical wind shear and cloud radiative processes on the response of rainfall to large-scale forcing are analysed through the comparison of two sensitivity experiments with the control experiment. One sensitivity experiment excludes the large-scale vertical wind shear and the other excludes the cloud radiative effects. During the decay phase of convection, the increase in model domain-mean surface rain-rate resulting from the exclusion of vertical wind shear is associated with the slowdown in the decrease of perturbation kinetic energy due to the exclusion of barotropic conversion from mean kinetic energy to perturbation kinetic energy. The increase in domain-mean rain-rate from the exclusion of cloud radiative effects is related to the enhancement of condensation and associated latent heat as a result of strengthened radiative cooling. The increase in the domain-mean surface rain-rate is mainly associated with the increase of convective rainfall, which is in turn related to the local atmospheric change from moistening to drying. During the onset and mature phases of convection, the domain-mean surface rain-rates are generally insensitive to vertical wind shear and cloud radiative effects whereas convective and stratiform rain-rates are sensitive to vertical wind shear and cloud radiative effects. The decrease in convective rain-rate and the increase in stratiform rain-rate are primarily associated with the enhanced transport of hydrometeor concentration from convective regions to raining stratiform regions. Copyright 漏 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Soong S.-T., Y. Ogura, 1980: Response of tradewind cumuli to large-scale processes. J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 2035- 2050.10.1175/1520-0469(1980)037<2035:ROTCTL>2.0.CO;2ff29183f-0c94-40ab-a743-344ed26775f0b7378c22aa84e357b292f1c0c7b03256http://www.researchgate.net/publication/234192515_Response_of_Tradewind_Cumuli_to_Large-Scale_Processeshttp://www.researchgate.net/publication/234192515_Response_of_Tradewind_Cumuli_to_Large-Scale_ProcessesABSTRACT The 2-dimensional slab-symmetric numerical cloud model for studying the evolution of an isolated cumulus cloud is extended to investigate the statistical properties of cumulus clouds which would be generated under a given large-scale forcing composed of the horizontal advection of temperature and water vapor mixing ratio, vertical velocity, sea surface temperature and radiative cooling. The model is applied to a case of suppressed weather conditions during BOMEX for the period 22-23 June 1969 when a nearly steady state prevailed. -from Authors
Soong S.-T., W.-K. Tao, 1980: Response of deep tropical cumulus clouds to mesoscale processes. J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 2016- 2034.9cb2afe5e74b2575cdebc09c8082d7bfhttp%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fnph-data_query%3Fbibcode%3D1980JAtS...37.2016S%26db_key%3DPHY%26link_type%3DABSTRACT/s?wd=paperuri%3A%280bd9ba2116c04e1b0401e5e152555845%29&filter=sc_long_sign&tn=SE_xueshusource_2kduw22v&sc_vurl=http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fnph-data_query%3Fbibcode%3D1980JAtS...37.2016S%26db_key%3DPHY%26link_type%3DABSTRACT&ie=utf-8
Sui C. H., K. M. Lau, W. K. Tao, and J. Simpson, 1994: The tropical water and energy cycles in a cumulus ensemble model. Part I: equilibrium climate. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 711- 728.10.1175/1520-0469(1994)051<0711:TTWAEC>2.0.CO;29f796b7d91f49f15c2596dd8f4a3020chttp%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F1994JAtS...51..711Shttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994JAtS...51..711SAbstract A cumulus ensemble model is used to study the tropical water and energy cycles and their role in the climate system. The model includes cloud dynamics, radiative processes, and microphysics that incorporate all important production and conversion processes among water vapor and five species of hydrometeors. Radiative transfer in clouds is parameterized based on cloud contents and size distributions of each bulk hydrometeor. Several model integrations have been carried out under a variety of imposed boundary and large-scale conditions. In Part I of this paper, the primary focus is on the water and heat budgets of the control experiment, which is designed to simulate the convective-搑adiative equilibrium response of the model to an imposed vertical velocity and a fixed sea surface temperature at 28C. The simulated atmosphere is conditionally unstable below the freezing level and close to neutral above the freezing level. The equilibrium water budget shows that the total moisture source, M s , which is contributed by surface evaporation (0.24 M s ) and the large-scale advection (0.76 M s ), all converts to mean surface precipitation P s . Most of M s is transported vertically in convective regions where much of the condensate is generated and falls to surface (0.68 P s ). The remaining condensate detrains at a rate of 0.48 P s and constitutes 65% of the source for stratiform clouds above the melting level. The upper-level stratiform cloud dissipates into clear environment at a rate of 0.14 P s , which is a significant moisture source comparable to the detrained water vapor (0.15 P s ) to the upper troposphere from convective clouds. In the lower troposphere, stratiform clouds evaporate at a rate of 0.41 P s , which is a more dominant moisture source than surface evaporation (0.22 P s ). The precipitation falling to the surface in the stratiform region is about 0.32 P s . The associated latent heating in the water cycle is the dominant source in the heat budget that generates a net upward motion in convective regions, upper stratiform regions (above the freezing level), and a downward motion in the lower stratiform regions. The budgets reveal a cycle of water and energy resulted from radiation-揹ynamic-揷onvection interactions that maintain the equilibrium of the atmosphere.
Sui C.-H., X. Li, and K.-M. Lau, 1998: Radiative-convective processes in simulated diurnal variations of tropical Oceanic convection. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 2345- 2357.10.1175/1520-0469(1998)055<2345:RCPISD>2.0.CO;2184a7427-712a-4928-b165-1f3ed1902f43a5659bebf87700e06fd5f4843658e1echttp://www.researchgate.net/publication/249609844_RadiativeConvective_Processes_in_Simulated_Diurnal_Variations_ofTropical_Oceanic_Convectionhttp://www.researchgate.net/publication/249609844_RadiativeConvective_Processes_in_Simulated_Diurnal_Variations_ofTropical_Oceanic_ConvectionPresents an analysis of the diurnal variation of tropical oceanic convection and its association with the energy cycle as simulated by an anelastic cumulus ensemble model. Observations of studies conducted on diurnal variations; Reference to the application of the cumulus ensemble model; Information on the diurnal variations of convection.
Tao W.-K., J. Simpson, 1993: The Goddard cumulus ensemble model. Part I: model description. Terrestrial Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, 4, 35- 72.8e5bceb8-78c9-488f-8acf-adba7bb88978b417f193e1eefd01520a624a1f786ec2http://www.researchgate.net/publication/216681389_Goddard_cumulus_ensemble_model._Part_I_Model_descriptionhttp://www.researchgate.net/publication/216681389_Goddard_cumulus_ensemble_model._Part_I_Model_descriptionABSTRACT During the past two decades, convective scale models have advanced sufficiently to study the dynamic and microphysical pro 自由自associated with mesoscale convective systems. The basic features of these models are that they are non-hydrostatic
Tao, W.-K, J. Simpson, M. McCumber, 1989: An ice-water saturation adjustment. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 231- 235.10.1175/1520-0493(1989)1172.0.CO;2e7bc62ff11834766546f8475eda86e05http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F1989MWRv..117..231Thttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989MWRv..117..231TABSTRACT A reasonably accurate and noniterative saturation adjustment scheme is proposed to calculate: (1) the amount of condensation and/or deposition necessary to remove any supersaturated vapor, or (2) the amount of evaporation and/or sublimation necessary to remove any subsaturation in the presence of cloud droplets and/or cloud ice. This proposed scheme can be implemented for a nonhydrostatic cloud model. The derivation of the scheme, an evaluation of its performance, and tests for sensitivity to variations in a few key parameters are presented.
Ueno M., 2007: Observational analysis and numerical evaluation of the effects of vertical wind shear on the rainfall asymmetry in the typhoon inner-core region. J. Meteor. Soc.Japan, 85, 115- 136.10.2151/jmsj.85.115b29f1f16d765a5c77302f0c65c79a9f1http%3A%2F%2Fci.nii.ac.jp%2Fnaid%2F130004434962http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/130004434962A number of observational and modeling studies have shown a tendency for typhoon strength vortices to develop upward motion and produce precipitation, particularly in the eyewall, on the downshear to downshear-left side of the tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the directional relationships obtained from the observational studies have been mostly confined to the TC cases in the Atlantic basin. Furthermore, little evidence has been presented so far for the relationship in magnitude, between shear and rainfall asymmetry. In the former part of the present study, the observational analysis on TC rainfall asymmetries is extended to the western North Pacific TCs in 2004, using the two types of rain-rate data, the Radar-AMeDAS precipitation data, and satellite-based rainfall estimates, such as TMI and AMSR-E rain rates. It is well demonstrated from the analysis that rainfall in the inner-core region of a TC tends to occur on the downshear to downshear-left side, irrespective of data type used and latitudes where TCs are located. However, as far as the relationship between shear and storm motion is concerned, a sharp contrast is found between low and middle latitudes. In middle latitudes TCs have a tendency to move to the left of the shear, consistent with previous studies, while in low latitudes they tend to move to the right of the shear. The contrasting shear-relative storm heading between the two latitudes is attributed to the difference in vertical structure of the ambient wind. In the latter part of the study, to explore the quantitative relationship between shear and rainfall asymmetry, a formula for the shear-induced vertical motion is derived from the thermal wind balance equation for TC-like vortices. The formula states that the shear-induced vertical motion should be a function not only of shear magnitude, but also of vortex strength. To validate the formula a set of idealized numerical experiments are conducted, with realistic wind profiles, in which the initial environmental winds are specified from the 6-hourly JMA global analyses for two major typhoon cases in 2004. It is found from the numerical study that the magnitude of wavenumber-one vertical motion, predicted by the formula, is much more strongly correlated with that of model-produced rainfall asymmetry, than the shear alone, suggesting that the vortex strength is one of the main factors determining the magnitude of shear-induced rainfall asymmetry. The results from the idealized simulations also suggest that vortex tilt would have only a minor contribution to the rainfall asymmetry in the inner-core region, at least for well-developed TCs.
Wang D. H., X. F. Li, W.-K. Tao, and Y. Wang, 2009: Effects of vertical wind shear on convective development during a landfall of severe tropical storm Bilis (2006). Atmospheric Research, 94, 270- 275.10.1016/j.atmosres.2009.06.00463189771-7f84-47ed-af0a-923805a39b0bsdarticleid_3134877d32d6574c188b582b06eb1d9a15e190http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS016980950900177Xrefpaperuri:(fed5089b0ec41efb1d7e8943744c2379)http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016980950900177X<h2 class="secHeading" id="section_abstract">Abstract</h2><p id="">Effects of vertical wind shear on convective development during the landfall of tropical storm Bilis (2006) are investigated with a pair of sensitivity experiments using a two-dimensional cloud-resolving model. The validated simulation data from Wang et al. [Wang, D., Li, X., Tao, W.-K., Liu, Y., Zhou, H., 2009: Torrential rainfall processes associated with a landfall of severe tropical storm Bilis (2006): A two-dimensional cloud-resolving modeling study. Atmos. Res., 91, 94&ndash;104.] are used as the control experiment. The difference between the control and sensitivity experiments is that vertically varying zonal winds in the control experiment are replaced by their mass-weighted means in the sensitivity experiment. The imposed vertical velocity with ascending motion in the upper troposphere and descending motion in the lower troposphere is responsible for dominant stratiform rainfall on 15 July. The vertical wind shear does not have important impacts on development of stratiform rainfall. One day later, imposed upward motion extends to the lower troposphere. The inclusion of negative vertical wind shear produces well-organized convection and strong convective rainfall because it causes kinetic energy transfer from large-scale forcing to perturbation circulations.</p>
Wu X. Q., M. Yanai, 1994: Effects of vertical wind shear on the cumulus transport of momentum: Observations and parameterization. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 1640- 1660.10.1175/1520-0469(1994)0512.0.CO;297656cdd4d98051680c01f1340852697http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F1994JAtS...51.1640Whttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994JAtS...51.1640WDynamical effects of organized cumulus convection on its environment with vertical wind shear are studied. Analyses of the wind field and momentum budget residual for mesoscale convective systems observed during SESAME and PRE-STORM reveal systematic differences in the vertical transport of horizontal momentum between mesoscale convective complex (MCC) and squall line cases. In the MCC, a distinct minimum in wind speed appears over the area of intense convection and the momentum budget residual acts to decelerate the environmental wind and to reduce the upper-level vertical shear. Therefore, the inferred vertical transport of momentum in the MCC is downgradient in the upper layer. On the other hand, in the squall line, there is no wind speed minimum and the upper-level vertical shear of the line-normall component of the environmental wind increases as convection develops. Thus, the vertical transport of momentum normal to the squall line is upgradient in the upper layer, although the transport of momentum parallel to the line is downgradient.
Xu K.-M., A. Arakawa, and S. K. Krueger, 1992: The macroscopic behavior of cumulus ensembles simulated by a cumulus ensemble model. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 2402- 2420.10.1175/1520-0469(1992)049<2402:TMBOCE>2.0.CO;23e61722b1d7d966c42d1895ad56d0eaehttp%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F1992JAtS...49.2402Xhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992JAtS...49.2402XAbstract The two-dimensional UCLA cumulus ensemble model (CEM), which covers a large horizontal area with a sufficiently small horizontal grid size, is used in this study. A number of simulation experiments are performed with the CEM to study the macroscopic behavior of cumulus convection under a variety of different large-scale and underlying surface conditions. Specifically, the modulation of cumulus activity by the imposed large-scale processes and the eddy kinetic energy (EKE) budget are investigated in detail. In all simulations, cumulus convection is rather strongly modulated by large-scale advective processes in spite of the existence of some nonmodulated high-frequency fluctuations. The modulation exhibits some phase delays, however, when the basic wind shear is strong. This is presumably associated with the existence of mesoscale convective organization. The EKE budget analysis shows that the net eddy buoyancy generation rate is nearly zero for a wide range of cumulus ensembles.
Zhai G. Q., X. F. Li, P. J. Zhu, H. F. Shen, and Y. Z. Zhang, 2014: Surface rainfall and cloud budgets associated with mei-yu torrential rainfall over eastern China during June 2011. Adv. Atmos. Sci.,31, 1435-1444, doi: 10.1007/s00376-014-3256-7.10.1007/s00376-014-3256-776750cb4bb1877096266f0f7ea9664bahttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.cqvip.com%2FQK%2F84334X%2F201406%2F662244603.htmlhttp://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical_dqkxjz-e201406018.aspxSurface rainfall and cloud budgets associated with three heavy rainfall events that occurred over eastern China during the mei-yu season in June 2011 were analyzed using 2D cumulus ensemble model simulation data. Model domain mean rainfall showed three peaks in response to three prescribed ascending motion maxima, primarily through the mean moisture convergence during the torrential rainfall period. Prescribed ascending motion throughout the troposphere produced strong convective rainfall during the first(9 June) and third(17-18 June) rainfall events, whereas strong prescribed ascending motion in the mid and upper troposphere and weak subsidence near the surface generated equally important stratiform and convective rainfall during the second rainfall event(14 June). The analysis of surface rainfall budgets reveals that convective rainfall was associated with atmospheric drying during the first event and moisture convergence during the third event. Both stratiform and convective rainfall responded primarily to moisture convergence during the second event. An analysis of grid data shows that the first and third mean rainfall maxima had smaller horizontal scales of the precipitation system than the second.