doi:10.1007/s00376-015-5195-3

Adler R.F., Coruthors, 2003: The Version-2 Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) monthly precipitation analysis (1979-present). J. Hydrometeor., 4, 1147- 1167.10.1175/1525-7541(2003)004<1147:TVGPCP>2.0.CO;2

28942e6d-8b3e-4278-b81c-e1bdaf53e50f

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http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2003JHyMe...4.1147A

refpaperuri:(6d3afea98ce646aaa127cb18ee109d24)

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003JHyMe...4.1147AThe Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) Version-2 Monthly Precipitation Analysis is described. This globally complete, monthly analysis of surface precipitation at 2.517 latitude 17 2.517 longitude resolution is available from January 1979 to the present. It is a merged analysis that incorporates precipitation estimates from low-orbit satellite microwave data, geosynchronous-orbit satellite infrared data, and surface rain gauge observations. The merging approach utilizes the higher accuracy of the low-orbit microwave observations to calibrate, or adjust, the more frequent geosynchronous infrared observations. The dataset is extended back into the premicrowave era (before mid-1987) by using infrared-only observations calibrated to the microwave-based analysis of the later years. The combined satellite-based product is adjusted by the rain gauge analysis. The dataset archive also contains the individual input fields, a combined satellite estimate, and error estimates for each field. This monthly analysis is the foundation for the GPCP suite of products, including those at finer temporal resolution. The 23-yr GPCP climatology is characterized, along with time and space variations of precipitation.

Barnston A. G., R. E. Livezey, 1987: Classification, seasonality and persistence of low-frequency atmospheric circulation patterns. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 1083- 1126.29be75b7c6a781307ec830b0a6f33bad

http%3A%2F%2Ficesjms.oxfordjournals.org%2Fexternal-ref%3Faccess_num%3D10.1175%2F1520-0493%281987%291152.0.CO%3B2%26link_type%3DDOI

http://icesjms.oxfordjournals.org/external-ref?access_num=10.1175/1520-0493(1987)1152.0.CO;2&link_type=DOI

Ding Y. H., 1994: Summer monsoon rainfall and its regional characteristics in China. Asian Monsoon. China Meteorological Press, 76- 83. (in Chinese)

Enomoto T., 2004: Interannual variability of the Bonin high associated with the propagation of Rossby waves along the Asian jet. J. Meteor. Soc.Japan, 82, 1019- 1034.10.2151/jmsj.2004.1019

ecf4888ad33f75476c33e2fdd06d4e8a

http%3A%2F%2Fci.nii.ac.jp%2Fnaid%2F110001803127

http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110001803127Interannual variability of the Ogasawara (Bonin) high in August is examined in relation to propagation of stationary Rossby waves along the Asian jet using monthly averages from the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis dataset for 52 years. The perturbation kinetic energy at 200 hPa is used as a measure of the activity of stationary Rossby waves along the Asian jet. Composite maps of five relatively wavy-jet years with close phases show an enhanced anticyclone over Japan. This anomalous ridge has a maximum amplitude at 250 hPa and extends throughout the troposphere with little zonal and slight northward tilts. Wave-activity and isentropic potential vorticity analyses clearly show that the ridge is created by the propagation of stationary Rossby waves to Japan. The anomalous ridge accompanies a positive temperature anomaly over Japan in the entire troposphere. A negative temperature anomaly to the east of Japan is also created in the lower troposphere by the northerly flow between the anomalous ridge and trough. By contrast, the equivalent-barotropic ridge over Japan is very weak in the zonal-jet years. Although Rossby waves are as strong as those in the wavy-jet years near the source, they are found to converge to the southeast of its source with little further downstream propagation. This contrast in the behaviour of Rossby waves is consistent with the intensity of the Asian jet to the east of 90掳E. The composite analysis suggests that the enhancement of a deep ridge near Japan is regulated by the intensity of the Asian jet. The composite analysis study conducted here emphasizes the importance of the propagation of stationary Rossby waves along the Asian jet for the late summer climate in northeastern Asia.

Enomoto T., B. J. Hoskins, and Y. Matsuda, 2003: The formation mechanism of the Bonin high in August. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 129, 157- 178.10.1256/qj.01.211

b4fd28b6511246b753d64625cdaa8af6

http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1256%2Fqj.01.211%2Ffull

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1256/qj.01.211/fullThe formation mechanism of the Bonin high in August ENOMOTO T. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. 129, 157-178, 2003

Gao H., Y. G. Wang, and J. H. He, 2006: Weakening significance of ENSO as a predictor of summer precipitation in China. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L09807.10.1029/2005GL025511

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http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1029%2F2005GL025511%2Fabstract

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2005GL025511/abstract[1] The interdecadal variation of the relationship between ENSO and summer precipitation in China has been examined based on observed monthly rainfall data and NOAA ERSST data from 1951 to 2003. Results show that the relation has weakened during the past two decades, and the significance of ENSO as a predictor has also decreased. An evident example is that before the late 1970s, when above-normal (below-normal) SST appears over the Nino-3 or Nino-4 regions in previous winters, more (less) summer rainfall will often be found in North China and south of Yangtze River valley, less (more) rainfall appears along the Huaihe River valley, and the Chinese Meiyu will be later (earlier). However, all of these conclusions should be adopted carefully after the 1980s because of the feeble relation between ENSO and summer precipitation in China. This weakening relationship has increased the difficulty of summer rainfall prediction in China.

Gong D. Y., S. W. Wang, and J. H. Zhu, 2001: East Asian winter monsoon and Arctic oscillation. Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 2073- 2076.10.1029/2000GL012311

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http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1029%2F2000GL012311%2Ffull%3FscrollTo%3Dreferences

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2000GL012311/full?scrollTo=referencesIn this study, the connection between Arctic Oscillation (AO) and variability of East Asian winter monsoon is investigated. Two indices are chosen to describe the winter monsoon. One is the intensity of the Siberian High, defined as the average SLP over the center region, and the other is the temperature of eastern China, averaged over 76 surface stations. These are two tightly related components, correlate at -0.62 for period 1951-99. Temperature drops by 0.64 degrees Celsius in association with a one standard deviation increase in Siberian High intensity. It is found that there are significant out-of-phase relationships between the AO and the East Asian winter monsoon. The correlation coefficient between the AO and the Siberian High intensity index is -0.48 for period 1958-98. AO is also significantly correlated with the temperature of eastern China at 0.34. However, when the linear trend is removed, the correlation between AO and temperature is no longer significant. But the strong connection between the AO and Siberian High, and between the Siberian High and temperature are still significant. These results reveal that the AO influences the East Asian winter monsoon through the impact on the Siberian High. Negative phase of the AO is concurrent with a stronger East Asian Trough and an anomalous anticyclonic flow over Urals at the middle troposphere (500hPa). Both the AO and the Eurasian pattern play important roles in changes of the Siberian High and/or East Asian winter monsoon. They account for 13.0% and 36.0% of the variance in the Siberian High respectively.

Guilderson T. P., D. P. Schrag, 1998: Abrupt shift in subsurface temperatures in the tropical Pacific associated with changes in El Niño. Science, 281, 240- 243.

Guo Q. Y., 1983: The summer monsoon intensity index in East Asia and its variation. Acta Geographica Sinica, 3, 207- 217. (in Chinese)

Horel J. D., 1981: A rotated principal component analysis of the interannual variability of the northern hemisphere 500 mb height field. Mon. Wea. Rev., 109, 2080- 2092.10.1175/1520-0493(1981)1092.0.CO;2

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http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F1981MWRv..109.2080H

refpaperuri:(7761e33936df838618948e334127fa34)

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981MWRv..109.2080HAbstract The principal components derived by Wallace and Gutzler (1981) from a 500 mb height data set are linearly transformed using the varimax method. Their data set consists of 45 winter months of National Meteorological Center analyses of Northern Hemisphere 500 mb height. The linear transformation (or rotation) of the principal components emphasizes the strongest relationships within the 500 mb height data set; hence, spatial patterns associated with the rotated principal components are simpler to interpret than the spatial patterns associated with the unrotated components. The teleconnection patterns identified by Wallace and Gutzler (1981) on the basis of the negative extrema approach closely resemble several of the spatial patterns of the rotated principal components. In order to show the seasonal dependence of the rotated principal components, an expanded data set consisting of 30 years of 500 mb height data is used. Most of the teleconnection patterns derived from the 90 winter month data set are esaws with the southernmost center of high correlation located in the subtropics. In some cases, additional centers of high correlation are located downstream of the two primary centers. The spatial patterns associated with the rotated principal components based on 90 summertime months are analogous to those for the wintertime months but are displaced northward along with the displacement of the time mean jet streams and storm-track regions.

Hoskins B. J., D. J. Karoly, 1981: The steady linear response of a spherical atmosphere to thermal and orographic forcing. J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 1179- 1196.10.1175/1520-0469(1981)038<1179:TSLROA>2.0.CO;2

79fff4e3f8ece1da0529adaf44d4ea5d

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F1981JAtS...38.1179H

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981JAtS...38.1179HMotivated by some results from barotropic models, a linearized steady-state five-layer baroclinic model is used to study the response of a spherical atmosphere to thermal and orographic forcing. At low levels the significant perturbations are confined to the neighborhood of the source and for midlatitude thermal forcing these perturbations are crucially dependent on the vertical distribution of the source. In the upper troposphere the sources generate wavetrains which are very similar to those given by barotropic models. For a low-latitude source, long wavelengths propagate strongly polewards as well as eastwards. Shorter wavelengths are trapped equatorward of the poleward flank of the jet, resulting in a split of the wave-trains at this latitude. Using reasonable dissipation magnitudes, the easiest way to produce an appreciable response in middle and high latitudes is by subtropical forcing. These results suggest an explanation for the shapes of patterns described in observational studies.The theory for waves propagating in a slowly varying medium is applied to Rossby waves propagating in a barotropic atmosphere. The slow variation of the medium is associated with the sphericity of the domain and the latitudinal structure of the zonal wind. Rays along which wave activity propagates, the speeds of propagation, and the amplitudes and phases along these rays are determined for a constant angular velocity basic flow as well as a more realistic jet flow. They agree well with the observational and numerical model results and give a simple interpretation of them.

Hsu H. H., J. M. Wallace, 1985: Vertical structure of wintertime teleconnection patterns. J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 1693- 1710.10.1175/1520-0469(1985)042<1693:VSOWTP>2.0.CO;2

59b86ec07824dbc7586b21f8cef2a02e

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F1985JAtS...42.1693H

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985JAtS...42.1693HABSTRACT Orthogonal rotated principal component analysis of the wintertime, Northern Hemisphere, 5-day mean sea level pressure field yielded five modes which are of some dynamical interest. One can be identified with the well-known North Atlantic Oscillation and another with the Pacific/North American pattern. Three of the other modes are highly baroclinic in the sense that their sea level pressure patterns and their associated 500 mb height patterns are different in shape and opposite in polarity over substantial areas. These more baroclinic patterns attain their largest amplitudes in the vicinity of the Himalayas and Rockies. Their spatial patterns evolve very differently in the lower and middle troposphere: the sea level pressure patterns exhibit a distinctive eastward and/or equatorward phase propagation, parallel to contours of surface elevation, along the northern and/or eastern side of the mountain ranges, while the corresponding 500 mb patterns evolve in a manner consistent with the concept of Rossby wave dispersion. It is hypothesized that the phase propagation of the sea level pressure pattern is due, in part, to the equivalent-beta effect responsible for the terrain slope.These highly baroclinic patterns appear to be associated with the low-temporal correlations between 1000 and 500 mb height and for the deep equatorward penetration of wintertime cold air outbreaks observed along the lee slopes of the major mountain ranges.

Huang R. H., F. Y. Sun, 1992: Impacts of the tropical Western Pacific on the East Asian summer monsoon. J. Meteor. Soc.Japan, 70, 243- 256.1aaabaa5e72c71c10dbbd6497a52bf19

http%3A%2F%2Fcat.inist.fr%2F%3FaModele%3DafficheN%26cpsidt%3D5464111

http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=5464111

Huffman, G. J., Coruthors, 1997: The Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) combined precipitation dataset. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 78, 5- 20.10.1175/1520-0477(1997)078<0005:TGPCPG>2.0.CO;2

8d41c9f14c72ff096e849cfb2b6baab6

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F1997BAMS...78....5H

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997BAMS...78....5HABSTRACT The Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) has released the GPCP Version 1 Combined Precipitation Data Set, a global, monthly precipitation dataset covering the period July 1987 through December 1995. The primary product in the dataset is a merged analysis incorporating precipitation estimates from low-orbit-satellite microwave data, geosynchronous-orbit -satellite infrared data, and rain gauge observations. The dataset also contains the individual input fields, a combination of the microwave and infrared satellite estimates, and error estimates for each field. The data are provided on 2.5 deg x 2.5 deg latitude-longitude global grids. Preliminary analyses show general agreement with prior studies of global precipitation and extends prior studies of El Nino-Southern Oscillation precipitation patterns. At the regional scale there are systematic differences with standard climatologies.

IPCC, 2013: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,Boschung et al., Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 1535 pp.

Kalnay E., Coruthors, 1996: The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 77, 437- 471.f539a4fb-a013-4942-ac7e-7f15017eedac

23d674534321ec5c56bf181fd85f5561

http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioone.org%2Fservlet%2Flinkout%3Fsuffix%3Di1536-1098-69-2-93-Kalnay1%26dbid%3D16%26doi%3D10.3959%252F1536-1098-69.2.93%26key%3D10.1175%252F1520-0477%281996%29077%3C0437%253ATNYRP%3E2.0.CO%253B2

refpaperuri:(fe1c070047a030c900beb40441caee5a)

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Li C. Y., J. H. He, and J. H. Zhu, 2004: A review of decadal/interdecadal climate variation studies in China. Adv. Atmos. Sci.,21, 425-436, doi: 10.1007/BF02915569.10.1007/BF02915569

bb9dae75651868a0548118f00b967340

http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnki.com.cn%2FArticle%2FCJFDTotal-DQJZ200403011.htm

http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical_dqkxjz-e200403012.aspxDecadal/interdecadal climate variability is an important element in the CLIVAR (Climate Variability and Predictability) and has received much attention in the world. Many studies in relation to interdecadal variation have also been completed by Chinese scientists in recent years. In this paper, an introduction in outline for interdecadal climate variation research in China is presented. The content includes the features of interdecadal climate variability in China, global warming and interdecadal temperature variability,the NAO (the North Atlantic Oscillation)/NPO (the North Pacific Oscillation) and interdecadal climate variation in China, the interdecadal variation of the East Asian monsoon, the interdecadal mode of SSTA (Sea Surface Temperature Anomaly) in the North Pacific and its climate impact, and abrupt change feature of the climate.

Li J. P., Q. C. Zeng, 2002: A unified monsoon index. Geophys. Res. Lett.,29, 115-1-115-4, doi: 10.1029/2001GL013874.10.1029/2001GL013874

577448a36ad1af8858c675bd2d140789

http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1029%2F2001GL013874%2Fabstract

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2001GL013874/abstract[1] There are several monsoon regions in the world. Some monsoon indices have been proposed to describe their variability, but a unified monsoon index suitable for all known monsoon regions has not yet been found. Here we present a unified dynamical index of monsoon, the dynamical normalized seasonality (DNS), and carry out an analysis of observation data over the past 40 years. The analysis shows that the DNS index can characterize the seasonal cycle and interannual variability of monsoons over different areas very well. The South Asia summer monsoon (SASM) sector (5°–22.5°N, 35°–97.5°E) is composed of two independent components, SASM1 (2.5°–20°N, 35°–70°E) and SASM2 (2.5°–20°N, 70°–110°E), with quite different relations with the monsoon rainfall over the South Asia. The African summer monsoon (ASM) is dominated by variability on the decadal time-scale, and its decadal abrupt decrease in 1967 may be an important cause of the persistent drought over the Sahel region. It is also found that there is a remarkable global correlation pattern between the South China Sea summer monsoon index (SCSSMI) and global precipitation during boreal summer.

Li W. J., J. F. Chou, 1990: Relation between monthly mean circulation in the Northern Hemisphere and the summer precipitation in the middle and lower reaches of Changjiang River. Scientia Meteorologica Sinica, 10, 139- 146. (in Chinese)6c1b854d36172c3ee45d13780e96f51f

http%3A%2F%2Fen.cnki.com.cn%2FArticle_en%2FCJFDTotal-QXKX199002003.htm

http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-QXKX199002003.htmIn this paper, the effect of the monthly mean geopotential height departure at 500hPa on the precipitation in June-August in the middle and lower reaches of Chang.Tiang River and their relation are analysed by using the monthly height fields at 500hPa and the precipitation data during 1951-1984. We calculated the information area of mean height departure at 500hPa in view of forcasting precipitation in the middle and lower ranches of ChangJiang Piver. It is pointed out that the effect of mean height departure fields of the different period and area on the preeipitation in this area is diffrcnt. We also showed that the precipitation in this area is affected by EU (Eurasia) pattern circulation in Wir-ter and by EA-WP(East Asia-West Paci fic)pattenn circulation in summer The analysed results still show that the changes of height departure fields in the info r-mat ion area can represent the characteristic of the large scale changes of the true height departure fields to a certain degree.

Liao Q. S., G. Y. Chen, and G. Z. Chen, 1981: Collection of Long Time Weather Forecast. China Meteorological Press, 103- 114. (in Chinese)

Liu Y. Y., W. Chen, 2012: Variability of the Eurasian teleconnection pattern in the northern hemisphere winter and its influences on the climate in China. Chinese J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 423- 432. (in Chinese)10.1007/s11783-011-0280-z

f6bfff58-c201-4d30-9cc9-fdf403070f7b

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http%3A%2F%2Fen.cnki.com.cn%2FArticle_en%2FCJFDTOTAL-DQXK201202018.htm

refpaperuri:(9bab70eced2d2ffd3137c76a334a68b0)

http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-DQXK201202018.htmBased on the monthly mean NCEP/NCAR reanalysis dataset and the surface air temperature and precipitation data from 160 China stations, the interannual variations of winter Eurasian teleconnection pattern (EU) and its possible influence on the climate in China are investigated. Wavelet analysis reveals that the significant periods of Eurasian teleconnection pattern index (EU index) are 2-4 years. The result suggests that the interannual variation of the EU is dominant, whereas the interdecadal component is weak. In a winter with positive EU phase, the East Asian westerly jet stream at 200 hPa tends to be enhanced and the East Asian trough at 500 hPa becomes stronger. In the meantime, there are the surface northerly anomalies in East Asia which lead to a cooling condition over there. The opposite situations tend to occur in a negative EU winter. Hence, during the boreal winter the cooling and less precipitation are likely to occur in most of eastern China associated with a positive phase of EU.

Nitta T., 1987: Convective activities in the tropical western Pacific and their impact on the Northern Hemisphere summer circulation. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan., 65, 373- 390.10.1175/1520-0469(1987)044<1554:TAOPVT>2.0.CO;2

b2b4f575-d4a6-46b0-8bf9-015cb29c3f27

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http%3A%2F%2Fci.nii.ac.jp%2Fnaid%2F10013126166%2F

refpaperuri:(9b2fb89014c1d66010d07550d41568c2)

http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/10013126166/Investigation, à l'aide de la couverture nuageuse vue par satellite, de la TSM (SST) et du géopotentiel, toutes données sur 7 ans (1978-84), des variations interannuelle et intrasaisonnière de l'activité convective en été, dans le Pacifique tropical ouest, ainsi que de l'impact sur la circulation dans l'hémisphère nord. Résultats principaux: lorsque la TSM est plus chaude de 1,0°C que la normale, les régions de convection active (typhons, dépressions tropicales) se déplacent vers le NE à partir d'une position normale près des Philippines jusqu'à 20 N, la couverture nuageuse dans les zones tempérée et équatoriale est fortement atténuée; une anomalie de haute p prédomine dans la zone tempérée (de la Chine est jusqu'au Pacifique nord); l'activité convective est très modulée par la variation intrasaisonnière; il existe des trains d'ondes de hauteur géopotentielle qui émanent de la source de chaleur qui s'étend des Philippines à l'Amérique du Nord; ils sont générés lorsque l'activité convective dans la mer des Philippines devient intense; en conclusion les ondes de Rossby sont générées par la source de chaleur associée à la variation intrasaisonnière; des anomalies de p en Asie de l'Est peuvent être considérées comme une conséquence de la génération de ces ondes

Shi. N., andQ. G. Zhu, 1996: An abrupt change in the intensity of the east Asian summer monsoon index and its relationship with temperature and precipitation over east China. Int. J. Climatol., 16, 757- 764.

Smith T. M., R. W. Reynolds, T. C. Peterson, and J. Lawrimore, 2008: Improvements to NOAA's historical merged land-ocean surface temperature analysis (1880-2006). J. Climate,21, 2283-2297, doi: 10.1175/2007JCLI2100.1.10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00241.1

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http%3A%2F%2Fconnection.ebscohost.com%2Fc%2Farticles%2F83755233%2Fnoaas-merged-land-ocean-surface-temperature-analysis

refpaperuri:(dbc44c65ee1c9ace06b0727517ae2bee)

http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/83755233/noaas-merged-land-ocean-surface-temperature-analysisThis paper describes the new release of the Merged Land–Ocean Surface Temperature analysis (MLOST version 3.5), which is used in operational monitoring and climate assessment activities by the NOAA National Climatic Data Center. The primary motivation for the latest version is the inclusion of a new land dataset that has several major improvements, including a more elaborate approach for addressing changes in station location, instrumentation, and siting conditions. The new version is broadly consistent with previous global analyses, exhibiting a trend of 0.076°C decade 611 since 1901, 0.162°C decade 611 since 1979, and widespread warming in both time periods. In general, the new release exhibits only modest differences with its predecessor, the most obvious being very slightly more warming at the global scale (0.004°C decade 611 since 1901) and slightly different trend patterns over the terrestrial surface.

Sun L. H., M. He, 2004: The relationship between summer precipitation in China and circulation anomaly in Euroasia and its application in precipitation prediction. Acta Meteorologica Sinica, 62, 355- 364. (in Chinese)10.1117/12.528072

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http%3A%2F%2Fen.cnki.com.cn%2FArticle_en%2FCJFDTotal-QXXB200403010.htm

http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-QXXB200403010.htmCoupling action between 500 hPa height field and summer precipitation distribution in China has been analysed by SVD (Singular Value Decomposition) method. The following results are revealed. (1) The coupling between summer 500 hPa height field and precipitation distribution is associated with the teleconnection of atmospheric circulation. The first pattern of the coupling shows spatial distribution reflecting the characters of the EPA and EU pattern of atmospheric circulation and the precipitation distribution. High correlation areas are mostly associated with atmospheric activity centers. When blocking high is located in north eastern Asia, the western Pacific subtropical high is stronger than normal with its position to further south of the normal, the meridian circulation prevails in middle and high latitudes, the major rain belt is located in southern China, severe flooding appear more frequently in the Yangtze river basin. In the opposite situation, precipitation in the Yangtze River basin is below normal or even drought. (2) The precipitation time coefficient of the coupling action can at describe well drought and flooding distribution, especially at distinguishing rain belt patterns (north or south). This precipitation time coefficient may reflect decade variability of summer precipitation pattern in China. (3) The analysis to the coupling between the 500 hPa circulation characteristics in winter, spring seasons and the summer precipitation distribution shows that from previous winter present to summer, the coupling characteristics between 500 hPa height field and precipitation distribution have persistence. Previous circulation influences summer precipitation distribution through rhythm relationship and thermodynamic condition contrast between land and ocean. (4) With the results from SVD analysis and previous circulation anomaly, a forecast model for summer precipitation in China is established. The prediction experiment shows a certain capability.

Sung M. K., G. H. Lim, W. T. Kwon, K. O. Boo, and J. S. Kug, 2009: Short-term variation of Eurasian pattern and its relation to winter weather over East Asia. Int. J. Climatol., 29, 771- 775.10.1002/joc.1774

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http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fjoc.1774%2Fpdf

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/joc.1774/pdfNot Available

Tao S. Y., L. X. Chen, 1987: A review of recent research on the East Asian summer monsoon in China. Review of Monsoon Meteorology,C. P. Chang and T. N. Krishnamurti, Eds., Oxford University Press, 353 pp.7a7cf2cfdb1d11184ad32b44ecf07d62

http%3A%2F%2Fci.nii.ac.jp%2Fnaid%2F10012388648

http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/10012388648A review of recent research on the East Asian summer monsoon in China TAO S. Y. Monsoon Meteorology, 1987

Wallace J. M., D. S. Gutzler, 1981: Teleconnections in the geopotential height field during the Northern Hemisphere winter. Mon. Wea. Rev., 109, 784- 812.3544b322a43213a44a5bb1db36c9aad9

http%3A%2F%2Ficesjms.oxfordjournals.org%2Fexternal-ref%3Faccess_num%3D10.1175%2F1520-0493%281981%29109%3C0784%3ATITGHF%3E2.0.CO%3B2%26link_type%3DDOI

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Wang B., 1995: Interdecadal changes in El Niño onset in the last four decades. J Climate, 8, 267- 285.10.1175/1520-0442(1995)008<0267:ICIENO>2.0.CO;2

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http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F1995JCli....8..267W

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http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995JCli....8..267WAbstract The characteristics of the onset of the Pacific basin-wide warming have experienced notable changes since the late 1970s. The changes are caused by a concurrent change in the background state on which El Ni09o evolves. For the most significant warm episodes before the late 1970s (1957, 1965, and 1972), the atmospheric anomalies in the onset phase (November to December of the year preceding the El Ni09o) were characterized by a giant anomalous cyclone over east Australia whose eastward movement brought anomalous westerlies into the western equatorial Pacific, causing development of the basin-wide warming. Meanwhile, the trades in the southeastern Pacific (20°S–0°, 125°–95°W) relaxed back to their weakest stage, resulting in a South American coastal warming, which led the central Pacific warming by about three seasons. Conversely, in the warm episodes after the late 1970s (1982, 1986–87, and 1991), the onset phase was characterized by an anomalous cyclone over the Philippine Sea whose intensification established anomalous westerlies in the western equatorial Pacific. Concurrently, the trades were enhanced in the southeastern Pacific, so that the coastal warming off Ecuador occurred after the central Pacific warming. It is found that the atmospheric anomalies occurring in the onset phase are controlled by background SSTs that exhibit a significant secular variation. In the late 1970s, the tropical Pacific between 20°S and 20°N experienced an abrupt interdecadal warming, concurrent with a cooling in the extratropical North Pacific and South Pacific and a deepening of the Aleutian Low. The interdecadal change of the background state affected El Ni09o onset by altering the formation of the onset cyclone and equatorial westerly anomalies and through changing the trades in the southeast Pacific, which determine whether a South American coastal warming leads or follows the warming at the central equatorial Pacific.

Wang H. J., 2001: The weakening of the Asian monsoon circulation after the end of 1970's. Adv. Atmos. Sci.,18, 376-386, doi: 10.1007/BF02919316.55186f36fb4d3628dc9d5fb9107f180b

http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2Fbf02919316

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Wang H. J., 2002: The instability of the East Asian summer monsoon-ENSO relations. Adv. Atmos. Sci.,19, 1-11, doi: 10.1007/s00376-002-0029-5.10.1007/s00376-002-0029-5

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http%3A%2F%2Fen.cnki.com.cn%2FArticle_en%2FCJFDTOTAL-DQJZ200201000.htm

http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-DQJZ200201000.htmThe instability in the relation between the East Asian summer monsoon and the ENSO cycle in the long-term variation is found through this research. By instability, we mean that high inter-relation exists in some periods but low inter-relation may appear in some other periods.

Wang H. J., S. P. He, 2012: Weakening relationship between East Asian winter monsoon and ENSO after mid-1970s. Chinese Science Bulletin, 57, 3535- 3540.10.1007/s11434-012-5285-x

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http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2Fs11434-012-5285-x

http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-JXTW201227002.htmThe East Asian winter monsoon(EAWM) is characterized by the frequent cold surges and associated closely with the Siberia High,East Asian Trough,and high-level westerly jet stream.The ENSO cycle can modulate the EAWM since it has co-variability with the sea surface temperature over the Indo-Western-Pacific which can tune the land-sea thermal contrast for the EAWM.This paper,by analyzing the EAWM,ENSO,and associated atmosphere-ocean variability,documents the weakening of the EAWMENSO relationship after the 1970s.The significant out-of-phase inter-relationship is found to be diminished after the 1970s.Further study in this work suggests that the weakened co-variability of the tropical Indo-Western-Pacific climate associated with ENSO after the 1970s is partly responsible for the weakened inter-relationship.Meanwhile,the reduced EAWM interannual variability and northward retreat of the EAWM-associated climate variability are favorable to the weakened ENSO-EAWM connection.

Wang L., W. Chen, W. Zhou, J. C. L. Chan, D. Barriopedro, and R. H. Huang, 2010: Effect of the climate shift around mid 1970s on the relationship between wintertime Ural blocking circulation and East Asian climate. Int. J. Climatol., 30, 153- 158.10.1002/joc.1876

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http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fjoc.1876%2Ffull

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http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/joc.1876/fullAbstract Blocking variability over the Ural Mountain region in the boreal winter and its relationship with the East Asian winter climate is investigated. The climate shift around mid 1970s has been shown to exert a significant influence on the blocking pattern. In contrast with the years before 1976/1977, the Ural blocking signal after 1976/1977 is found to propagate less into the stratosphere and more eastward in the troposphere to East Asia, which therefore exerts more influence on the East Asian winter climate. This enhanced Ural blockingast Asian climate relationship amplifies the impact of Ural blocking on East Asia and, with the background of decreasing Ural blocking, contributes to the higher frequency of warm winters in this region. Further analyses suggest that the NAM-related stratospheric polar vortex strength and its modulation on the propagation of atmospheric stationary waves can account for this change, with the key area being located in the North Atlantic region. Copyright 2009 Royal Meteorological Society

Wang N., Y. C. Zhang, 2015: Evolution of Eurasian teleconnection pattern and its relationship to climate anomalies in China. Climate Dyn.,44, 1017-1208, doi: 10.1007/s00382-014-2171-z.10.1007/s00382-014-2171-z

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http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2Fs00382-014-2171-z

http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00382-014-2171-zThe Eurasian teleconnection pattern (EU) is a major mode of low-frequency variability in the Northern Hemisphere winter, with notable impacts on the temperature and precipitation anomalies in Eurasia region. To investigate the structure, life cycle and dynamical mechanisms of EU pattern, diagnostic analyses are conducted to clarify EU pattern evolution, with an emphasis on EU development and decay. In the developing stage, a geopotential height anomaly over North Atlantic emerges 602days before EU peak phase and other three geopotential height anomalies appear one by one in the following days. During this period, all geopotential height anomalies experience considerable growth and the four-center structure of EU pattern forms 202days before peak phase. The obvious wave train structure appears at 30002hPa. The EU pattern growth is driven by both relative vorticity advection and transient eddy fluxes. After the peak phase, the geopotential height anomaly over North Atlantic becomes weak as it decays earlier than other anomaly centers, which leads to the classic three-center structure of EU teleconnection pattern. The complete life cycle of EU pattern experience considerable growth and decay within 1002days. During the decaying stage, the horizontal divergence and the transient eddy fluxes play important roles. Additionally, the relationship of EU pattern to winter climate anomalies in China is also analyzed focusing on the decaying stage. The impact of EU pattern on temperature and precipitation in China are significant in 2–402days after EU peak phase and the distribution of temperature and precipitation anomaly has obvious regional differences.

Wu R. G., J. L. Kinter III, and B. P. Kirtman, 2005: Discrepancy of interdecadal changes in the Asian region among the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis, objective analyses, and observations. J.Climate, 18, 3048- 3067. doi: 10.1175/JCLI3465.1.10.1175/JCLI3465.1

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http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2005JCli...18.3048W

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005JCli...18.3048WAbstract This study compares decadal means and interdecadal changes of surface and sea level pressures, tropospheric heights, and winds in the National Centers for Environmental Prediction–National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP–NCAR) reanalysis with objective analyses and observations. It is found that over Asia the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis pressures and heights are systematically lower than objective analyses and observations before the late 1970s. The magnitude of the differences changes from one decade to another and shows obvious seasonal dependence. The nonuniform spatial distribution of pressure and height differences is consistent with the discrepancy in lower-level meridional winds along the east Asian coast. The seasonal dependence of pressure differences affects the strength of the seasonal cycle over Asia. More importantly, large changes in the discrepancies from one decade to another lead to inconsistent interdecadal changes between the reanalysis and objective analyses or observations in the Asian region. While the reanalysis displays a large increase of pressure around 1977 and in the mid-1960s and an obvious decrease in the late 1950s, the changes are small in objective analyses and observations. Inconsistent interdecadal changes are also present in tropospheric heights and winds. The results indicate that the reanalysis may overestimate interdecadal changes over Asia. This calls for caution in utilizing the reanalysis output to study the interdecadal variability or the interannual variability without removal of interdecadal variations in the Asian region.

Yang S., K.-M. Lau, and K.-M. Kim, 2002: Variations of the East Asian jet stream and Asian-Pacific-American winter climate anomalies. J.Climate, 15, 306- 325.10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<0306:VOTEAJ>2.0.CO;2

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http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/10013127551/Variations of the East Asian jet stream and Asian-Pacific-American winter climate anomalies YANG S. J. Climate 15, 307-325, 2002

Zhang Q. Y., S. Y. Tao, 1998: Influence of Asian mid-high latitude circulation on East Asian summer rainfall. Acta Meteorologica Sinica, 56, 199- 211. (in Chinese)10.11676/qxxb1998.019

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http%3A%2F%2Fen.cnki.com.cn%2FArticle_en%2FCJFDTOTAL-QXXB802.006.htm

refpaperuri:(f5ea40ecd173652fb98bea64fa7ae997)

/s?wd=paperuri%3A%28f5ea40ecd173652fb98bea64fa7ae997%29&filter=sc_long_sign&tn=SE_xueshusource_2kduw22v&sc_vurl=http%3A%2F%2Fen.cnki.com.cn%2Farticle_en%2Fcjfdtotal-qxxb802.006.htm&ie=utf-8In the paper, It had been pointed out that the main difference between Indian and East Asian summer monso on is the circulation of mid-high latitude had great influence on East Asian Summer monsoon. The study showed that during the flood years, the center of positive anomaly is around Okhot sksea, the negative center is around the mid-latitude and the another center of positive anomaly is around low-latitude over East-Asia, the positive and negative ano maly centers at 500 hPa level for med the anomaly wave train from low latitude to high latitude overeast Asia, At the same time there is another anomaly wave train from Ural mountains to Okhotsk sea in mid-high latitude, the positive anomaly center is around Uralmountains, the negative center is around Lake Baikal, the another positive center is around Okhot sksea. There is almost opposite wave train arrangement between flood and drought case of Changjiang river basin over Mid-high latitude and East Asia. The correlation between Okhot sksea and North Hemisphere had been made based on 500 hPa height data during 1951～1994 years. The status of Okhot sksea played anim-portant role in the forming of opposite wave trains for flood and drought case in Changjiang river basin. So, the pat terns of anomaly wave trains closely related to the status of Okhot sksea. Astrong persistent anticy clone remained over the Okhot sksea at 500 hPa level of ten causes summer flood events in Chang jiang river basin.

Zhang Q. Y., S. Y. Tao, and L. T. Chen, 2003: The inter-annual variability of East Asian summer monsoon indices and its association with the pattern of general circulation over East Asia. Acta Meteorologica Sinica, 61, 559- 568. (in Chinese)10.1007/BF02948883

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http%3A%2F%2Fen.cnki.com.cn%2FArticle_en%2FCJFDTotal-QXXB200305005.htm

http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-QXXB200305005.htmIn this paper it were discussed that the characteristics of convection and zonal wind over East Asia during summer. The East Asian summer monsoon index (EASMI) was defined using the difference of anomalous wind between the (10-20°N,100-150°E) and (25-35°N,100-150°E) at 850 hPa by the averaged Jun-Aug. The phenomena have been found that the opposite variation occurred between the latitude (25-35°N) and (10-20°N) over East Asia for the anomalous zonal wind at 850 hPa. There is a seesaw variation trend for the convective intensity between the tropical monsoon trough and Meiyu front over East Asia. The interannual rainfall patterns over Eastern China during summer related to the aspects of East Asian monsoon circulation. The rainfall over Yangtze River valley was abnormal while EASMI looked stronger (weaker). Further the relationships between the EASMI and anomalous geopotential height at 500 hPa have been analyzed. The"-+-"anomalous pattern occupied over East Asia at 500 hPa height field means that the cyclone circulation strengthened over East Asian monsoon trough region and that the subtropical anticyclone over Western Pacific shifted northward than the normal during summer. Meantime there was not the blocking situation over the Sea of Okhotsk. The "+-+" anomalous pattern occupied over East Asia at 500 hPa height field means that the East Asian monsoon circulation weakened and that the subtropical anticyclone over Western Pacific shifted southward than the normal during summer. The blocking situation occupied over the Sea of Okhotsk.

Zhang Y. C., L. L. Guo, 2005: Relationship between the simulated East Asian westerly jet biases and seasonal evolution of rainbelt over eastern China. Chinese Science Bulletin, 50, 1503- 1508.10.1360/982004-361

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http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical_kxtb-e200514017.aspx

Zhao J. H., G. L. Feng, 2014: Reconstruction of conceptual prediction model for the three rainfall patterns in the summer of eastern China under global warming. Science China: Earth Sciences,57, 3047-3061, doi: 10.1007/s11430-014-4930-4.10.1007/s11430-014-4930-4

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http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2Fs11430-014-4930-4

http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-JDXG201412017.htmWith the influence of global warming,the global climate has undergone significant inter-decadal variation since the late 1970s.Although El Ni顝竜-Southern Oscillation(ENSO)has been the strongest signal for predicting global climate inter-annual variability,its relation with the summer rainfall in China has significantly changed,and its indicative function on the summer rainfall in China has weakened.This has led to a significant decrease in the accuracy rate of early conceptual prediction models for the Three Rainfall Patterns in the summer of eastern China.On the basis of the difference analysis of atmospheric circulation system configuration in summer,as well as the interaction of ocean and atmospheric in previous winter between two phases,i.e.before and after the significant global warming(1951 to 1978 and 1979 to 2012,respectively),we concluded that(1)Under different inter-decadal backgrounds,the atmospheric circulations that impacted the Three Rainfall Patterns in the summer of eastern China showed consistency,but in the latter phase of the global warming,the Western Pacific Subtropical High(WPSH)was on the strong side,the position of which was in the south,and the blocking high in the Eurasia mid-high latitudes was active,while the polar vortex extended to the south,and meridional circulation intensified.This circulation background may have been conducive to the increase of the circulation frequency of Patterns II and III,and the decrease of the circulation frequency of Pattern I,thus leading to more Patterns II and III and fewer Pattern I in the summer rainfall of eastern China.(2)In the former phase,the corresponding previous winter SST fields of different rainfall patterns showed visible differences.The impact of ENSO on North Pacific Oscillation(NPO)was great,and the identification ability of which on Patterns I and II of summer rainfall was effective.In the latter phase,this identification ability decreased,while the impact of ENSO on the Pacific/North American(PNA)teleconnection pattern increased,and the identification ability of the PNA on Patterns II and III also increased.Based on the new inter-decadal climate background,this study reconstructs the conceptual prediction model for the Three Rainfall Patterns in summer of eastern China by using the previous winter PNA and the Eurasian(EU)teleconnection indexes.The fitting effect was satisfying,though it is necessary to be further tested.

Zuo X., Z. N. Xiao, 2013: Abnormal characteristics of Eurasian teleconnection in winter at pentad time scale and its impact on the weather in China. Meteorological Monthly, 39, 1096- 1102. (in Chinese)0a3e4b977f6d4c0803ee49d2e2ad8272

http%3A%2F%2Fen.cnki.com.cn%2FArticle_en%2FCJFDTOTAL-QXXX201309002.htm

http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-QXXX201309002.htmUsing the NCEP/NCAR global daily reanalysis data,this paper defined the winter pentad Eurasian teleconnection persistent anomaly,analyzed the characteristics of persistent abnormal process of EU pattern and discussed the corresponding atmospheric circulation and its impact on the winter weather in China.Statistical results show that:26 persistent abnormal processes occur in the 54 winters of 1957 ?2010.The positive persistent abnormal processes mainly occur in December,the 2nd to the 5th pentad of January,and the 4th pentad of February to the 1st pentad of March while the negative ones occur in the4th and 5th pentads of December,the first three pentads of January and the 3rd pentad of February to the1st pentad of March.Then the 200 hPa and 850 hPa geopotential height fields are selected to represent high and low atmospheric layers.Synthetic analysis shows that:during the processes of index anomalies,characteristics of strong EU pattern exists in both of the high and low atmospheric layers;and temperaturein most parts of China is influenced by EU index anomalies,showing significant difference.Precipitation presents significant difference in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and Yangtze River,and parts of southeastern China.During positive abnormal processes,influenced by the strengthened Siberian high,northerly winds prevail in the lower troposphere over China with lower temperature and less rain-falls.The opposite situation tends to occur in negative processes.