Bueh C., H. Nakamura, 2007: Scandinavian pattern and its climatic impact. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.,133, 2117-2131, doi: 10.1002/qj.173.10.1002/qj.173d4ad0f62258e0338b8afe3dba342aadfhttp%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fqj.173%2Ffullhttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.173/fullAbstract Maintenance mechanisms of the Scandinavian teleconnection pattern and its possible impact on the Eurasian climate are investigated on the basis of long-term monthly data. Its upstream portion over the North Atlantic is forced and maintained by feedback forcing from transient eddies migrating along the nearby storm track, with an additional contribution from incoming Rossby wave activity from further upstream. The primary anomaly centre over the Scandinavian Peninsula and the downstream portion of the pattern manifest themselves basically as Rossby waves propagating towards central Siberia and east Asia, under the modest feedback forcing from transient eddies. The pattern shows apparent seasonality in its dynamical properties, including the wave-train orientation and wavelength, under the seasonally varying transient-eddy feedback forcing and waveguide structure for Rossby waves. In cold seasons, the positive phase of the pattern causes cold-air accumulation over a vast area extending from western Siberia to the regions around Lake Baikal and Lake Balkhash, while giving rise to decreased precipitation over northeastern Europe, western Siberia and some of the Arctic coastal regions. The pattern also changes the North Atlantic sea surface temperature differently between autumn and winter. Copyright 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Bueh C., N. Shi, and Z. W. Xie, 2011: Large-scale circulation anomalies associated with persistent low temperature over southern China in January 2008. Atmos. Sci. Lett.,12, 273-280, doi: 10.1002/asl.333.
Chan J. C. L., C. Y. Li, 2004: The East Asian winter monsoon. East Asian Monsoon, C.-P. Chang, Ed., World Scientific Publishing Co. Pet. Ltd., 54- 106.3813454533dd8f7cf7fe4db6a9653e64http%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F260780790_The_East_Asian_winter_monsoonhttp://www.researchgate.net/publication/260780790_The_East_Asian_winter_monsoon
Chang C.-P., K. M. W. Lau, 1980: Northeasterly cold surges and near-equatorial disturbances over the winter MONEX area during December 1974. Part II: Planetary-scale aspects. Mon. Wea. Rev., 108, 298- 312.7972728000033b7e17cc7b8937aa5c20http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F1980MWRv..108..298C/s?wd=paperuri%3A%284c95fff6feb122486379fd2f955b28f7%29&filter=sc_long_sign&tn=SE_xueshusource_2kduw22v&sc_vurl=http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F1980MWRv..108..298C&ie=utf-8
Chang C.-P., M.-M. Lu, 2012: Intraseasonal predictability of Siberian high and East Asian winter monsoon and its interdecadal variability. J. Climate,25, 1773-1778, doi: 10.1175/ JCLI-D-11-00500.1.10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00500.146779f6745169109e89b45fcd828ed78http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2012JCli...25.1773Chttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JCli...25.1773CAbstract Current skill in the seasonal prediction of the Asian monsoon falls rapidly north of 40N, where the Siberian high (SH) is a prominent manifestation of the East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM). Variations in the SH are closely related to winter weather over a large latitudinal span from northern Asia to the equator. Here it is shown that during the three recent decades the SH had an intraseasonal variation that tended to be seasonally synchronized, which produced an out-of-phase relationship between November and December/January. This implies a special intraseasonal predictability that did not exist in the two previous decades. If this relationship continues, the EAWM will be the only known major circulation system whose intensity can be predicted to reverse from the previous month. It is hypothesized that this predictability is related to the reduced frequency of blocking events during the positive phase of the Arctic Oscillation (AO). While this suggests the predictability may diminish if the AO phase is reversed, it may become more prevalent in the future if the prediction of more frequent positive AO-like patterns in a warming world forced by greenhouse gases is borne out.
Chen J., S. Q. Sun, 1999: Eastern Asian winter monsoon anomaly and variation of global circulation Part I: A comparison study on strong and weak winter monsoon. Chinese J. Atmos. Sci., 23, 101- 111. (in Chinese).f526c4ebc8a66875873556a0dc64a2a5http%3A%2F%2Fen.cnki.com.cn%2FArticle_en%2FCJFDTOTAL-DQXK901.011.htmhttp://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-DQXK901.011.htmBy using the ECMWF data, a strong winter monsoon year (1986) and a weak one (1980) are chosen for case study, and their difference of many characteristics both on the local and global circulations is compared The main results are as follows The East Asian Winter Monsoon is an important component of the global circulation and its anomaly is relevant to the variation of global circulation especially to the tropical circulations Winter monsoon anomaly not only results in the difference of the circulation in winter, but also affects the circulation and weather in the following seasons Most important is the persistence of the anomalous circulation and the characteristics caused by the anomalous winter monsoon over tropical region, including the convection, Hadley and Walker cells, which maintains from winter to summer
Chen W., H.-F. Graf, and R. H. Huang, 2000: The interannual variability of East Asian winter monsoon and its relation to the summer monsoon. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 17, 48-60, doi: 10.1007/s00376-000-0042-5.10.1007/s00376-000-0042-5517fc70967bed307cc21b3955eb68efdhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnki.com.cn%2FArticle%2FCJFDTotal-DQJZ200001003.htmhttp://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-DQJZ200001003.htmBased on the NCEP/ NCAR reanalysis data the interannual variability of the East Asian winter mon-soon (EAWM) is studied with a newly defined EAWM intensity index. The marked features for a strong (weak) winter monsoon include strong (weak) northerly winds along coastal East Asia, cold (warm) East Asian continent and surrounding sea and warm (cold) ocean from the subtropical central Pacific to the trop-ical western Pacific, high (low) pressure in East Asian continent and low (high) pressure in the adjacent ocean and deep (weak) East Asian trough at 500 hPa. These interannual variations are shown to be closely connected to the SST anomaly in the tropical Pacific, both in the western and eastern Pacific. The results suggest that the strength of the EAWM is mainly influenced by the processes associated with the SST anom-aly over the tropical Pacific. The EAWM generally becomes weak when there is a positive SST anomaly in the tropical eastern Pacific (El Nino), and it becomes strong when there is a negative SST anomaly (La Nina). Moreover, the SST anomaly in the South China Sea is found to be closely related to the EAWM and may persist to the following summer. Both the circulation at 850 hPa and the rainfall in China confirm the connection between the EAWM and the following East Asian summer monsoon. The possible reason for the recent 1998 summer flood in China is briefly discussed too.
Chen Z., R. G. Wu, and W. Chen, 2014: Distinguishing interannual variations of the northern and southern modes of the east Asian winter monsoon. J. Climate,27, 835-851, doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00314.1.
Cheung H. H. N., W. Zhou, 2015: Implications of Ural blocking for East Asian winter climate in CMIP5 GCMs. Part I: Biases in the historical scenario. J. Climate,28, 2203-2216, doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00308.1.10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00308.1f7627b9c38c17652d057b5f89f97e46fhttp%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2015JCli...28.2203Chttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JCli...28.2203CABSTRACT AbstractThis study assesses the ability of the 25 GCMs from the Couple Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) to simulate Ural blocking (UB) and its linkage with the East Asian winter climate (December through February, DJF) in a historical run (1950/51?2004/05). A Ural blocking index (UBI) is defined as the DJF-mean blocking frequency over 45-90E for each winter.Regression analyses suggest that the long-term mean bias of UBI is caused by the long-term mean circulation bias over the North Atlantic. On seasonal timescales, the GCMs simulating a positive bias of UBI are associated with a stronger Atlantic jet stream, as well as stronger westerly momentum fluxes from the North Atlantic to Europe. On synoptic timescales, however, these GCMs tend to be associated with weaker Siberian high and East Asian trough during the evolution of a UB event. Altogether, there is no apparent linkage between the long-term mean bias of UB and the East Asian winter climate. Further studies are needed to explore the teleconnection between UB and the East Asian winter climate in the GCMs.
Cheung H. N., W. Zhou, H. Y. Mok, and M. C. Wu, 2012: Relationship between Ural-Siberian blocking and the East Asian winter monsoon in relation to the Arctic oscillation and the El Niño-southern oscillation. J. Climate,25, 4242-4257, doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00225.1.
Cheung H. N., W. Zhou, Y. P. Shao, W. Chen, H. Y. Mok, and M. C. Wu, 2013: Observational climatology and characteristics of wintertime atmospheric blocking over Ural-Siberia. Climate Dyn., 41, 63- 79.10.1007/s00382-012-1587-6b9ce53c9-e805-4edc-a796-450c2134961fc8dd4703a9d91a97cd3c319ba55c076bhttp%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2Fs00382-012-1587-6refpaperuri:(6cf2a88252cf5b9660e12fe1c7935650)http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00382-012-1587-6This study investigates the climatological aspects and temporal characteristics of wintertime Ural-Siberian blocking (USB, centered over 30-100E), for the period 1980/1981-2009/2010. Sixty-eight events are identified and their physical structure is diagnosed using thermodynamic and geostrophic vorticity tendency equations. In climatology, horizontal advections play a fundamental role in constructing a USB event, in which the anticyclonic center is a warm core in the troposphere and a cold core in the lower stratosphere. The decay of the thermal structure is related to diabatic cooling along the vertical structure and warm advection in the lower stratosphere. Meanwhile, the collapse of the height structure is caused primarily by cyclonic vorticity advection. A strong interrelationship exists between the intensity and extension of USB events. The temporal characteristics of USB events are analyzed by examining strong and weak events, which are of high and low intensity. The strong events are probably preceded by an open ridge over Europe and a cyclogenesis over the Mediterranean Sea, and their formation is followed by the stronger amplification of a Rossby wave packet across Eurasia. On the other hand, the weak events are likely to be triggered by surface cold anomalies over Siberia. Overall, the evolution of a USB event forms a dynamic linkage with the Siberian high, in which the decay stage of the USB event is accompanied by a southeastward migration of the Siberian high and a subsequent cold air outbreak in East Asia. These results advance our understanding of USB and its relationship with East Asian winter monsoon activities.
Cheung H. H. N., W. Zhou, S. M. Lee, and H. W. Tong, 2015: Interannual and interdecadal variability of the number of cold days in Hong Kong and their relationship with large-scale circulation. Mon. Wea. Rev.,143, 1438-1454, doi: 10.1175/ MWR-D-14-00335.1.10.1175/MWR-D-14-00335.153ae0a1f2c174653bc4efd031aae4eebhttp%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2015MWRv..143.1438Chttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015MWRv..143.1438CNot Available
Cui X. P., Z. B. Sun, 1999: East Asian winter monsoon index and its variation analysis. Journal of Nanjing Institute of Meteorology, 22, 321- 325. (in Chinese).3d2d7304f548a4e984bde082bff11789http%3A%2F%2Fen.cnki.com.cn%2FArticle_en%2FCJFDTOTAL-njqx199903004.htmhttp://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-njqx199903004.htmBased on the EOF analysis of 500hPa height and the mean position of East Asian trough,an East Asian winter monsoon index( H 50 ) is defined. The relationships between H 50 and the general circulations, temperature in East Asia are studied,and the variations of H 50 from 1951 to 1992 is also analyzed.
Ding Y. H., 1994: Monsoon over China. Kluwer Academic Publishers,420 pp.
Gong D. Y., S. W. Wang, and J. H. Zhu, 2001: East Asian winter monsoon and Arctic oscillation. Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 2073- 2076.10.1029/2000GL012311ee7a9a22559572d0b1be38c869554613http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1029%2F2000GL012311%2Ffull%3FscrollTo%3Dreferenceshttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2000GL012311/full?scrollTo=referencesIn this study, the connection between Arctic Oscillation (AO) and variability of East Asian winter monsoon is investigated. Two indices are chosen to describe the winter monsoon. One is the intensity of the Siberian High, defined as the average SLP over the center region, and the other is the temperature of eastern China, averaged over 76 surface stations. These are two tightly related components, correlate at -0.62 for period 1951-99. Temperature drops by 0.64 degrees Celsius in association with a one standard deviation increase in Siberian High intensity. It is found that there are significant out-of-phase relationships between the AO and the East Asian winter monsoon. The correlation coefficient between the AO and the Siberian High intensity index is -0.48 for period 1958-98. AO is also significantly correlated with the temperature of eastern China at 0.34. However, when the linear trend is removed, the correlation between AO and temperature is no longer significant. But the strong connection between the AO and Siberian High, and between the Siberian High and temperature are still significant. These results reveal that the AO influences the East Asian winter monsoon through the impact on the Siberian High. Negative phase of the AO is concurrent with a stronger East Asian Trough and an anomalous anticyclonic flow over Urals at the middle troposphere (500hPa). Both the AO and the Eurasian pattern play important roles in changes of the Siberian High and/or East Asian winter monsoon. They account for 13.0% and 36.0% of the variance in the Siberian High respectively.
Guo Q. W., 1994: Relationship between the variations of East Asian winter monsoon and temperature anomalies in China. Quarterly Journal of Applied Meteorology, 5, 218- 225. (in Chinese).ceb749255317b4cbdb0c64b35fcc9d30http%3A%2F%2Fen.cnki.com.cn%2FArticle_en%2FCJFDTOTAL-YYQX402.012.htmhttp://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-YYQX402.012.htmThe variations of East Asian winter monsoon during the last 40 years period(1951-1990)were studied,the relationship between winter monsoon activities andtemperature anomalies in China was examined.The winter monsoon was characterizedby two indices:I_(ws) and l_(wE).I_(ws) represents the intensitv of winter monsoon. I_(wE)reflectsthe extent of southward extension of winter monsoon along the eastern coast of Asiancontinent.The power spectrum analysis shows 11.0 a and 2.2 a periodicity in thevariations of I_(ws),and 7.3 a and 3.1 a periodicity for IwE, respectively. Iws negativelycorrelates to the winter temperatures over China except in the south-west highlandregions。I_(wE) also negatively correlates with the winter tempertures in China,butsignificant correlations were concentrated in a region shaped like U capital,which beginsfrom the eastern coast, goes to the south, then turns to the west and goes to the upperreaches of the Changjiang River. But IwE does not always vary parallely to the Iws. Forexample,the mean anomaly of Iwxin 1950’s was positive,but negative for Iwe。So,thetemperatures were lower in North China, and higher in the U-shape region than thenormal in 1950’s. On the contrary,in 1980’s the mean anomaly was negative for I_(wE),and positive for lws. Therefore,the general warming covered the whole North China,but the temperatures were relatively low in the U-shape region.
Hsu H.-H., J. M. Wallace, 1985: Vertical structure of wintertime teleconnection patterns. J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 1693- 1710.10.1175/1520-0469(1985)042<1693:VSOWTP>2.0.CO;259b86ec07824dbc7586b21f8cef2a02ehttp%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F1985JAtS...42.1693Hhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985JAtS...42.1693HABSTRACT Orthogonal rotated principal component analysis of the wintertime, Northern Hemisphere, 5-day mean sea level pressure field yielded five modes which are of some dynamical interest. One can be identified with the well-known North Atlantic Oscillation and another with the Pacific/North American pattern. Three of the other modes are highly baroclinic in the sense that their sea level pressure patterns and their associated 500 mb height patterns are different in shape and opposite in polarity over substantial areas. These more baroclinic patterns attain their largest amplitudes in the vicinity of the Himalayas and Rockies. Their spatial patterns evolve very differently in the lower and middle troposphere: the sea level pressure patterns exhibit a distinctive eastward and/or equatorward phase propagation, parallel to contours of surface elevation, along the northern and/or eastern side of the mountain ranges, while the corresponding 500 mb patterns evolve in a manner consistent with the concept of Rossby wave dispersion. It is hypothesized that the phase propagation of the sea level pressure pattern is due, in part, to the equivalent-beta effect responsible for the terrain slope.These highly baroclinic patterns appear to be associated with the low-temporal correlations between 1000 and 500 mb height and for the deep equatorward penetration of wintertime cold air outbreaks observed along the lee slopes of the major mountain ranges.
Hu C. D., S. Yang, and Q. G. Wu, 2015: An optimal index for measuring the effect of East Asian winter monsoon on China winter temperature. Climate Dyn.,45, 2751-2589, doi: 10.1007/ s00382-015-2493-5.10.1007/s00382-015-2493-5faf4a7befca7e6db8d410463609d95b8http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fresolve%2Freference%2FXREF%3Fid%3D10.1007%2Fs00382-015-2493-5http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/reference/XREF?id=10.1007/s00382-015-2493-5Extreme cold events occur frequently in China. The authors define a representative yet simple index to reveal the monthly changes in China winter temperature associated with the East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM), which is represented by both the leading empirical orthogonal function (EOF) mode and the country-mean temperature index of Chinese 160 gauge stations. A combined technique of correlation and multivariate EOF (Corr-MVEOF) analyses is applied to capture the dominant coupled patterns of EAWM circulation system. Based on the atmospheric circulation features captured by the leading Corr-MVEOF mode, a new EAWM index referred to as CNWMI is derived by using a stepwise regression analysis. The CNWMI highlights the importance of (1) the Mongolia-Siberian High (MSH) and its southward expansion and (2) the Asia-wide meridional dipole anomaly of 500 hPa geopotential height. Compared with the 27 existing EAWM indices, the CNWMI not only best represents the leading modes of both EAWM circulation system and China winter temperature, but also reasonably tracks the intraseasonal-to-interdecadal variations of EAWM so that the monthly intensity of EAWM can be monitored conveniently. In particular, the Aleutian low (AL) is not strongly related to the MSH and may not be responsible for the variability of EAWM/MSH. Moreover, the indices that are highly correlated with the temperature over southern East Asia do not show significant relationships with the AL, which is different from the conventional concept that a strong EAWM/MSH is linked to a deepened AL. In contrast, the anomalous Australia-Maritime Continent low is in good agreement with the variation of EAWM/MSH.
Hu Z.-Z., L. Bengtsson, and K. Arpe, 2000: Impact of global warming on the Asian winter monsoon in a coupled GCM. J. Geophys. Res.,105, 4607-4624, doi: 10.1029/1999JD 901031.10.1029/1999JD901031ce1d1d41027c4c8a036225b32322675ahttp%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1029%2F1999JD901031%2Fcitedbyhttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/1999JD901031/citedbyThe Asian winter monsoon (AWM) response to the global warming was investigated through a long-term integration of the transient greenhouse warming with the ECHAM4/OPYC3 CGCM. The physics of the response was studied through analyses of the impact of the global warming on the variations of the ocean and land contrast near the ground in the Asian and western Pacific region and the east Asian trough and jet stream in the middle and upper troposphere. Forcing of transient eddy activity on the zonal circulation over the Asian and western Pacific region was also analyzed. It is found that in the global warming scenario the winter northeasterlies along the Pacific coast of the Eurasian continent weaken systematically and significantly, and intensity of the AWM reduces evidently, but the AWM variances on the interannual and interdecadal scales are not affected much by the global warming. It is suggested that the global warming makes the climate over the most part of Asia to be milder with enhanced moisture in winter. In the global warming scenario the contrasts of the sea level pressure and the near-surface temperature between the Asian continent and the Pacific Ocean become significantly smaller, northward and eastward shifts and weakening of the east Asian trough and jet stream in the middle and upper troposphere are found. As a consequence, the cold air in the AWM originating from the east Asian trough and high latitudes is less powerful. In addition, feedback of the transient activity also makes a considerable contribution to the higher-latitude shift of the jet stream over the North Pacific in the global warming scenario.
Jhun J. G., E. J. Lee, 2004: A new East Asian winter monsoon index and associated characteristics of the winter monsoon. J. Climate,17, 711-726, doi: 10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017 <0711:ANEAWM>2.0.CO;2.
Ji L. R., S. Q. Sun, K. Arpe, and L. Bengtsson, 1997: Model study on the interannual variability of Asian winter monsoon and its influence. Adv. Atmos. Sci.,14, 1-22, doi: 10.1007/s00376-997-0039-4.10.1007/s00376-997-0039-4ab40361a-168e-4fc7-8a31-d96206b12a71148ac9bff8f622438847adcb79648ac9http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2Fs00376-997-0039-4refpaperuri:(d44f505c86e485be24a62c14cd9d7e79)http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-DQJZ701.000.htmModelStudyontheInterannualVariabilityofAsianWinterMonsoonandItsInfluenceJiLiren(纪立人),SunShuqing(孙淑清)InstituteofAtmosphericPhy...
Joung C. H., M. H. Hitchman, 1982: On the role of successive downstream development in East Asian polar air outbreaks. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 1224- 1237.10.1175/1520-0493(1982)110<1224:OTROSD>2.0.CO;2f7db9973b58ea90f36a26e4bf07e1255http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F1982MWRv..110.1224Jhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982MWRv..110.1224JAbstract A composite of 16 strong East Asian polar outbreak occurrences, widely separated in time, reveals a clear sequence of events: beginning over the western North Atlantic six or seven days in advance of the key day (as defined by the cold frontal passage over Korea) troughs and ridges are seen to form, develop and decay successively downstream of one another across the Eurasian continent until the polar outbreak occurs. These troughs and ridges reach their maximum amplitude in much the same location and at the same time relative to the key day in the majority of the 16 cases. The center of the wave packet moves along a curved trajectory approximating the mean 300 mb flow at a nearly constant rate of 30 longitude per day. The perturbation moves as an essentially barotropic dispersive wave across most of Eurasia, but its evolution becomes highly baroclinic as it approaches the East Asian coast. The wavetrain nature of this perturbation breaks down as it propagates out over the Pacific Ocean. This breakdown coincides in 8 of the 16 cases with the formation of a large amplitude ridge of great meridional extent.
Kim Y., K. Y. Kim, and S. Park, 2014: Seasonal scale variability of the East Asian winter monsoon and the development of a two-dimensional monsoon index. Climate Dyn. ,42, 2159-2172, doi:10.1007/s00382-013-1724-x.10.1007/s00382-013-1724-x323bd7f5b0245a3fdc1ca33150e57993http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs00382-013-1724-xhttp://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-013-1724-xThis study investigates the seasonal scale variability of the East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM), which is distinguished from the seasonal cycle with temporal variation throughout winter. Winters lastin
Lau N.-C., K.-M. Lau, 1984: The structure and energetics of midlatitude disturbances accompanying cold-air outbreaks over East Asia. Mon. Wea. Rev.,112, 1309-1327, doi: 10.1175/1520-0493(1984)112<1309:TSAEOM>2.0.CO;2.10.1175/1520-0493(1984)112<1309:TSAEOM>2.0.CO;2117c1150c495eb0e339e4dd6d46ceaf3http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F1984MWRv..112.1309Lhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984MWRv..112.1309LNot Available
Lee H. S., J. G. Jhun, 2006: Two types of the Asian continental blocking and their relation to the east Asian monsoon during the boreal winter. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33,L22707, doi: 10.1029/2006GL027948.10.1029/2006GL027948ec77791430513cf836c57f6b108c705chttp%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1029%2F2006GL027948%2Ffullhttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2006GL027948/fullAbstract Top of page Abstract 1.Introduction 2.Data and Methods 3.Results 4.Summary and Discussion Acknowledgments References [1] The relationships between two types of blocking over the Asian continent (60E–140E) during northern winter are examined by using both the NCEP-NCAR and the ECMWF reanalysis data for the period 1958–2005. Both the Ω-type blocking occurring over the region of 60E–100E and the dipole-type blocking occurring over the region of 100E–140E contribute to a stronger than normal east Asian winter monsoon (EAWM). However, their blocking frequency shows rather different interannual variation. In addition, the dipole-type blocking frequency is negatively correlated with ENSO activity. While the blocking frequency of the Ω type is positively correlated with the snow cover during the preceding autumn over the Siberian High region and far eastern Russia, that of the dipole type is negatively correlated with the Eurasian snow cover. Thus, the combination of the variation in tropical SST and snow cover may exert a favorable influence on a relatively strong EAWM by the generation and maintenance of blocking patterns.
Lee S.-S., S.-H. Kim, J.-G. Jhun, K.-J. Ha, and Y.-W. Seo, 2013: Robust warming over East Asia during the boreal winter monsoon and its possible causes. Environ. Res. Lett., 8,034001, doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/8/3/034001.10.4018/978-1-60960-521-6.ch0141317b9b92b91065a7285ee0e0a0233cahttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fiop%2Ferl%2F2013%2F00000008%2F00000003%2Fart034001http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/iop/erl/2013/00000008/00000003/art034001An analysis of the interannual variability of surface air temperature during the boreal winter in the East Asian (EA) region from 1960 to 2009 reveals that the East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM) significantly weakens after the mid-1980s. The robust warming over the EA region in the lower and middle troposphere as well as at the surface is caused mainly by changes in circulations over the North Pacific and Eurasian continent. The 300 hPa East Asian jet and 500 hPa trough over the EA region, which are closely linked to cold surges, significantly weaken after the mid-1980s. The weakened northerly wind in the Siberian high region and north of the EA region interfere with cold advection toward the EA region. The anomalous southeasterlies over the East China Sea due to an enhanced North Pacific oscillation (NPO)-like sea level pressure (SLP) pattern lead to anomalous warm advection over the EA region. It is also found that the advection of mean temperature by anomalous wind and the advection of anomalous temperature by mean wind mainly contribute to the anomalous warm advection in the EA region after the mid-1980s. Consequently, these anomalous circulations provide a more favorable environment for weakening of the EAWM.
Leung M. Y.-T., W. Zhou, 2015: Variation of circulation and East Asian climate associated with anomalous strength and displacement of the East Asian trough. Climate Dyn. ,45, 2731-2732, doi:10.1007/s00382-015-2504-6.10.1007/s00382-015-2504-60847ce22e6fee3cd8c98ad90cfe7a172http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2Fs00382-015-2504-6http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00382-015-2504-6Variations of the East Asian trough (EAT) and its relationship with the East Asian climate are documented in this study. The variations investigated include the trough's strength and its meridional and zonal displacements. Anomalous cold (warmth) in Southeast Asia is concurrent with the southward (northward) displacement of the EAT. The southward displacement of the EAT is likely associated with an anomalous strong Siberian high and Aleutian low, which manipulate anomalous northerly wind between them. On the other hand, the temperature in northeast Asia is influenced by both the strength and the zonal displacement of the trough. These properties of the EAT are closely linked to temperatures in the northern and southern portions of East Asia. The relation between variations of the EAT and the East Asian winter monsoon is also examined. In addition, the relation between the EAT and transient eddies is studied. Anomalous transient eddies concurrent with variations of the EAT are contributed by a localized anomalous meridional gradient due to the variation of stationary eddies and zonal symmetric structure. Variations in the polar vortex are significant for variations in the strength of the EAT. To investigate the role of eddies in the anomalous evolution of the EAT, we also study stationary and transient eddy forcing on the evolution of anomalous EAT and zonal symmetric structures using wave activity flux and extended E-vectors.
Li C. Y., 1990: Interaction between anomalous winter monsoon in East Asia and El Niño events. Adv. Atmos. Sci.,7, 36-46, doi: 10.1007/BF02919166.
Li Y. Q., S. Yang, 2010: A dynamical index for the East Asian winter monsoon. J. Climate,23, 4255-4262, doi: 10.1175/ 2010JCLI3375.1.10.1175/2010JCLI3375.165cc1c35d06842b2791e5f9105085225http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cabdirect.org%2Fabstracts%2F20103295342.html%3Bjsessionid%3DAAF27C699BD0B0BB66A4095C3FFAA39B%3Bjsessionid%3D8E0CD544B2AA63B211D42DB63F554E24%3Bjsessionid%3D43255B9FECE96191B379A3036C22C0BAhttp://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/20103295342.html;jsessionid=AAF27C699BD0B0BB66A4095C3FFAA39B;jsessionid=8E0CD544B2AA63B211D42DB63F554E24;jsessionid=43255B9FECE96191B379A3036C22C0BAA new index measuring the East Asian winter monsoon is defined using the mean wind shears of upper-tropospheric zonal wind based on the belief that the physical processes of both higher and lower latitudes, and at both lower and upper troposphere, should be considered to depict the variability of monsoon. When the index is high (low), the westerly jet is strong (weak), the East Asian trough is ...
Lim Y. K., H. D. Kim, 2013: Impact of the dominant large-scale teleconnections on winter temperature variability over East Asia. J. Geophys. Res.,118, 7835-7848, doi: 10.1002/ jgrd.50462.b266413d-6d7f-4e06-9088-14cab1ba20d3120010e210c9c8e495375f8efa9c1dc5http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fjgrd.50462%2Fpdfrefpaperuri:(b515e6861bbffd490a4d17162be6a164)/s?wd=paperuri%3A%28b515e6861bbffd490a4d17162be6a164%29&filter=sc_long_sign&tn=SE_xueshusource_2kduw22v&sc_vurl=http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fjgrd.50462%2Fpdf&ie=utf-8
Lim Y.-K., H.-D. Kim, 2015: Comparison of the impact of the Arctic Oscillation and Eurasian teleconnection on interannual variation in East Asian winter temperatures and monsoon. Theor. Appl. Climatol.,1-13, doi: 10.1007/s00704-015-1418-x.
Liu Y. Y., L. Wang, W. Zhou, and W. Chen, 2014: Three Eurasian teleconnection patterns: Spatial structures,temporal variability, and associated winter climate anomalies. Climate Dyn. , 42, 2817-2839, doi:10.1007/s00382-014-2163-z.10.1007/s00382-014-2163-zd90d0c33-4668-4f75-853c-7f5c4813dbbbb537b625ebf8bf3927c8b371df0c7acdhttp%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2Fs00382-014-2163-zrefpaperuri:(ce1f43b30ce745d9e09e7b1c24807389)http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/reference/XREF?id=10.1007/s00382-014-2163-zThe Eurasian (EU) pattern is a distinct teleconnection pattern observed in boreal winter. Since the EU pattern was first identified, three types have been reported in the literature: the conventional EU pattern; the type 1 EU pattern, or Scandinavian (SCAND) pattern; and the type 2 EU pattern, or East Atlantic/West Russia (EATL/WRUS) pattern. Based on several reanalysis and observational datasets, the three EU patterns are extracted using the rotated empirical orthogonal function method. In order to provide a further distinction and understanding of the three EU patterns, a comprehensive side-by-side comparison is performed among them including their temporal variability, horizontal and vertical structure, related stationary Rossby wave activity, impact on climate, and possible driving factors associated with external forcing. The results reveal that all three EU patterns are characterised by a clear quasi-barotropic wave-train structure, but each has a distinct source and centre of action. Accordingly, their impacts on the precipitation and surface air temperature also differ from one other. Further evidence suggests that the conventional EU pattern is likely driven by anomalous sea surface temperatures (SST) over the North Atlantic, in which process the transient eddies are actively involved. The SCAND pattern is partly maintained by the vorticity source over Western Europe, which arises from the anomalous convergence/divergence over the Mediterranean and is efficiently driven by the tropical and southern Indian Ocean SST via divergent circulation. The EATL/WRUS pattern shows some linkage to the North American snow cover, and the involved process remains unclear and needs further investigation.
Lu E., J. C. L. Chan, 1999: A unified monsoon index for South China. J. Climate,12, 2375-2385, doi: 10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012<2375:AUMIFS>2.0.CO;2.10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012<2375:AUMIFS>2.0.CO;24d01380aa95bd364161756dfc1db345ehttp%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F1999JCli...12.2375Lhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999JCli...12.2375LAbstract A unified index for both the summer and winter monsoons over south China (SC) is proposed for the purpose of studying their interannual variability. By examining the monthly distribution of the meridional flow υ over the Asia–Pacific region from 20 yr (1976–95) of the reanalysis data of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction, the area of the South China Sea (SCS) is identified as an important segment of the planetary-scale east Asia monsoon circulation. The monthly υ fields at 1000 and 200 hPa over the SCS show the most significant reversal in direction between summer and winter. The summer rainfall over SC is found to correlate well with these two fields as well as their differences averaged over the northern part of the SCS (7.5°–20°N, 107.5°–120°E). Winter temperatures over SC are, however, only related to the υ field at 1000 hPa within the same region. It is therefore proposed to define a unified monsoon index for SC as the value of υ at 1000 hPa averaged over this region within the period of June through August for summer and November through February for winter.
Lu M. M., C.-P. Chang, 2009: Unusual late-season cold surges during the 2005 Asian winter monsoon: Roles of Atlantic blocking and the central Asian anticyclone. J. Climate,22, 5205-5217, doi: 10.1175/2009JCLI2935.1.10.1175/2009JCLI2935.17bb723ca-2d85-4ced-8c1f-4fd46bde41710143244869004d5286d3639c9c35012chttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.cabdirect.org%2Fabstracts%2F20093316931.htmlrefpaperuri:(70ebcc48f60d4eb136f0cbf9ad168dfa)http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/20093316931.htmlAbstract The highest frequency of late-winter cold-air outbreaks in East and Southeast Asia over 50 years was recorded in 2005, when three strong successive cold surges occurred in the South China Sea within a span of 30 days from mid-February to mid-March. These events also coincided with the first break of 18 consecutive warm winters over China. The strong pulsation of the surface Siberian Mongolia high (SMH) that triggered these events was found to result from the confluence of several events. To the east, a strong Pacific blocking with three pulses of westward extension intensified the stationary East Asian major trough to create a favorable condition for cold-air outbreaks. To the west, the dominance of the Atlantic blocking and an anomalous deepened trough in the Scandinavian/Barents Sea region provided the source of a succession of Rossby wave activity fluxes for the downstream development. An upper-level central Asian anticyclone that is often associated with a stronger SMH was anomalously strong and provided additional forcing. In terms of the persistence and strength, this central Asian anticyclone was correlated with the Arctic Oscillation (AO) and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) only when SMH is weak (warm winters). During strong SMH seasons (cold winters) the correlation vanishes. However, during late winter 2005 the central Asian anticyclone was strengthened by the Atlantic blocking through both the downstream wave activities and a circulation change that affected the Atlantic and west Asian jets. As a result, the period from mid-February to mid-March of 2005 stands out as a record-breaking period in the Asian winter monsoon.
Shi N., 1996: Features of the East Asian winter monsoon intensity on multiple time scale in recent 40 years and their relation to climate. Journal of Applied Meteorological Science, 7, 175- 182. (in Chinese).1cd22ddaffa2666e898ee7bb6eaa2055http%3A%2F%2Fen.cnki.com.cn%2FArticle_en%2FCJFDTOTAL-YYQX602.006.htmhttp://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-YYQX602.006.htmUtilizing the East Asian monsoon intensity indexes the features of their trend,interannual and interdecadal changes of the monsoon in January during the period of 1950锟1989 and their relation to the China's winter weather-climate are studied.It is found that the interannual and interdecadal changes of the East Asian winter monsoon were closely related to the weather in China.It was cold/dry when the winter monsoon was strong,and warm/moist weather when the monsoon was weak.However,the relationship between the monsoon and China's climate change trend was not as good as that of the interannual and interdecadal changes.During the past 40 years,the air temperature experienced a remarkable increase,while the monsoon underwent a pronounced reduction.Since the mid-1980s,however,the winter monsoon has become rather weakened.It is also found that when the East Asian winter monsoon was strong,the atmospheric circulation showed the strong WP pattern and the EU teleconnection pattern.
Sohn S.-J., C.-Y. Tam, and C.-K. Park, 2011: Leading modes of East Asian winter climate variability and their predictability: An assessment of the APCC multi-model ensemble. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan,89, 455-474, doi: 10.2151/jmsj.2011-504.10.2151/jmsj.2011-5049ae2d2d5f4362c377450c3489262ad0fhttp%3A%2F%2Fci.nii.ac.jp%2Fnaid%2F130004788728%2Fhttp://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/130004788728/The variability and predictability of the East Asian (EA) winter climate has been studied, based on observed datasets and multi-model ensemble (MME) hindcast experiments archived at the APEC Climate Center (APCC). The focus is on the leading modes of wintertime variability over the eastern to northeastern part of Asia, which are identified based on multivariate EOF analysis of the monthly 850 hPa wind and temperature. The leading EA climate mode is characterized by continental-scale temperature anomalies covering a broad region from the northwestern flank of the Siberian high to northeast Asia. The second mode is associated with fluctuations of temperature and monsoon northerlies over the EA locations of Korea, Japan and eastern coastal China. Moreover, the first mode is found to be influenced by the Scandinavian (SCA) pattern, while the second mode is closely associated with the Eurasia (EU) pattern. In general, the dominant circulation patterns of the EA wintertime variability from each MME member model compare well with their observational counterparts. However, the temporal variations of these modes are difficult to reproduce in the model simulations. The variation of the leading mode is found to be better predicted by most models, which leads to better predictions of the winter climate over continental northeast Asia, compared to the second mode. The MME performance is further assessed in the context of circulation changes during ENSO. It is found that most models have difficulty in capturing both the timing and strength of the observed second EA climate mode variations. Analysis based on observations shows that there is Rossby wave activity from Eurasia in early boreal winter during ENSO years. The Eurasian wave train, however, is either too weak or absent in the model simulations. Overall, these results highlight the difficulties in forecasting EA winter climate in the current framework of seasonal climate prediction.
Song J., C. Y. Li, and W. Zhou, 2014: High and low latitude types of the downstream influences of the North Atlantic Oscillation. Climate Dyn.,42, 1097-1111, doi: 10.1007/s00382-013-1844-3.10.1007/s00382-013-1844-3d3a2b770967d24bb8441486e08be155chttp%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2Fs00382-013-1844-3http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00382-013-1844-3Using reanalysis data, we find that the downstream-propagating quasi-stationary Rossby wave train associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) generally propagates along a high (low)-latitude pathway during warm (cold) El Ni09o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) boreal winters. Consistent with the different propagation directions of the NAO-related downstream wave train, during the warm (cold) ENSO winters, the NAO is associated with significant 30002hPa geopotential height anomalies over eastern Siberia (the Arabian Sea, the east coast of Asia at around 40°N, and the North Pacific), and the near-surface air temperature perturbations associated with the NAO over the high latitudes of Asia are relatively strong (weak). Based on these differences, we argue that the NAO has two distinct types of downstream influence: a high-latitude type and a low-latitude type. Furthermore, we argue that the two types of NAO’s downstream influence are modulated by the intensity of the subtropical potential vorticity (PV) meridional gradient over Africa. When this gradient is weak (strong), as in the warm (cold) ENSO winters, the NAO’s downstream influence tends to be of the high (low)-latitude type. These results are further supported by analysis of intraseasonal NAO events. We separate NAO events into two categories in terms of the intensity of the subtropical PV gradient over Africa. Composites of the NAO events accompanied by a weak (strong) subtropical PV gradient show that the NAO-related downstream wave train tends to propagate along a high (low)-latitude pathway.
Sun B.-M., C.-Y. Li, 1997: Relationship between the disturbances of East Asian trough and tropical convective activity in boreal winter. Chinese Science Bulletin, 42, 500- 504. (in Chinese).
Takaya K., H. Nakamura, 2005: Mechanisms of intraseasonal amplification of the cold Siberian high. J. Atmos. Sci.,62, 4423-4440, doi: 10.1175/JAS3629.1.10.1175/JAS3629.106959d9e8f42a2cd70f0fe44aa17d004http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2005JAtS...62.4423Thttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005JAtS...62.4423TAbstract Mechanisms of intraseasonal amplification of the Siberian high are investigated on the basis of composite anomaly evolution for its strongest events at each of the grid points over Siberia. At each location, the amplification of the surface high is associated with formation of a blocking ridge in the upper troposphere. Over central and western Siberia, what may be called ave-train (Atlantic-origin) type is common, where a blocking ridge forms as a component of a quasi-stationary Rossby wave train propagating across the Eurasian continent. A cold air outbreak follows once anomalous surface cold air reaches the northeastern slope of the Tibetan Plateau. It is found through the potential vorticity (PV) inversion technique that interaction between the upper-level stationary Rossby wave train and preexisting surface cold anomalies is essential for the strong amplification of the surface high. Upper-level PV anomalies associated with the wave train reinforce the cold anticyclonic anomalies at the surface by inducing anomalous cold advection that counteracts the tendency of the thermal anomalies themselves to migrate eastward as surface thermal Rossby waves. The surface cold anomalies thus intensified, in turn, act to induce anomalous vorticity advection aloft that reinforces the blocking ridge and cyclonic anomalies downstream of it that constitute the propagating wave train. The baroclinic development of the anomalies through this vertical coupling is manifested as a significant upward flux of wave activity emanating from the surface cold anomalies, which may be interpreted as dissipative destabilization of the incoming external Rossby waves.
Takaya K., H. Nakamura, 2013: Interannual variability of the East Asian winter monsoon and related modulations of the planetary waves. J. Climate ,26, 9445-9461, doi:10.1175/ JCLI-D-12-00842.1.10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00842.1cabd0c9e44a23a79ecf7013b7284f5f8http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fresolve%2Freference%2FXREF%3Fid%3D10.1175%2FJCLI-D-12-00842.1http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/reference/XREF?id=10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00842.1Not Available
Tao S. Y., 1957: A study of activities of cold airs in East Asian winter. Handbook of Short-Term Forecast, China Meteorological Administration, Ed., Meteorology Press, 60- 92.
Wallace J. M., D. S. Gutzler, 1981: Teleconnections in the geopotential height field during the northern hemisphere winter. Mon. Wea. Rev., 109, 784- 812.3544b322a43213a44a5bb1db36c9aad9http%3A%2F%2Ficesjms.oxfordjournals.org%2Fexternal-ref%3Faccess_num%3D10.1175%2F1520-0493%281981%29109%3C0784%3ATITGHF%3E2.0.CO%3B2%26link_type%3DDOI/s?wd=paperuri%3A%280e55abb1142dfa51fadeb8554d09d495%29&filter=sc_long_sign&tn=SE_xueshusource_2kduw22v&sc_vurl=http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fnph-data_query%3Fbibcode%3D1981MWRv..109..784W%26db_key%3DPHY%26link_type%3DABSTRACT&ie=utf-8
Wang B., R. G. Wu, and X. H. Fu, 2000: Pacific-East Asian teleconnection: how does ENSO affect East Asian climate? J. Climate,13, 1517-1536, doi: 10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013 <1517:PEATHD>2.0.CO;2.18f21fbb-faa6-4ef8-8444-c9fe66bb1cae5dc62d69fc115b6acbc741e3911fc4f7http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2000JCli...13.1517Wrefpaperuri:(c25afe041658a4f704de554223c4d38e)/s?wd=paperuri%3A%28c25afe041658a4f704de554223c4d38e%29&filter=sc_long_sign&tn=SE_xueshusource_2kduw22v&sc_vurl=http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2000JCli...13.1517W&ie=utf-8
Wang B., Z. W. Wu, C.-P. Chang, J. Liu, J. P. Li, and T. J. Zhou, 2010a: Another look at interannual-to-interdecadal variations of the east Asian winter monsoon: The northern and southern temperature modes. J. Climate,23, 1495-1512, doi: 10.1175/2009JCLI3243.1.10.1175/2009JCLI3243.1bb45b1f9c58df48288eb1535190f8ebahttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.cabdirect.org%2Fabstracts%2F20103125480.htmlhttp://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/20103125480.htmlThis study investigates the causes of interannual-to-interdecadal variability of the East Asian (EA; 0°–60°N, 100°–140°E) winter monsoon (EAWM) over the past 50 yr (1957–2006). The winter mean surface air temperature variations are dominated by two distinct principal modes that together account for 74% of the total temperature variance. The two modes have notably different circulation structures and sources of variability. The northern mode, characterized by a westward shift of the EA major trough and enhanced surface pressure over central Siberia, represents a cold winter in the northern EA resulting from cold-air intrusion from central Siberia. The southern mode, on the other hand, features a deepening EA trough and increased surface pressure over Mongolia, representing a cold winter south of 40°N resulting from cold-air intrusion from western Mongolia. The cold northern mode is preceded by excessive autumn snow covers over southern Siberia–Mongolia, whereas the cold southern mode is preceded by development of La Ni09a episodes and reduced snow covers over northeast Siberia. These remarkably different spatiotemporal structures and origins are primarily associated with interannual variations. On the decadal or longer time scale their structures are somewhat similar and are preceded by similar autumn sea surface temperature anomalies over the North Atlantic and tropical Indian Ocean. The two modes found for the EA region also represent the winter temperature variability over the entire Asian continent. Thus, study of the predictability of the two modes may shed light on understanding the predictable dynamics of the Asian winter monsoon.
Wang L., W. Chen, 2010: How well do existing indices measure the strength of the East Asian winter monsoon? Adv. Atmos. Sci.,27, 855-870, doi: 10.1007/s00376-009-9094-3.10.1007/s00376-009-9094-3ffeab33f9fc854e9614ad59e6212cc5bhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.cqvip.com%2FMain%2FDetail.aspx%3Fid%3D34348236http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical_dqkxjz-e201004012.aspxDefining the intensity of the East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM) with a simple index has been a difficult task. This paper elaborates on the meanings of 18 existing EAWM strength indices and classifies them into four categories: low level wind indices, upper zonal wind shear indices, east-west pressure contrast indices, and East Asian trough indices. The temporal/spatial performance and prediction potential of these indices are then analyzed for the 1957--2001 period. It reveals that on the decadal timescale, most indices except the east--west pressure contrast indices can well capture the continuous weakening of the EAWM around 1986. On the interannual timescale, the low level wind indices and East Asian trough indices have the best predictability based on knowledge of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation and Arctic Oscillation, respectively. All the 18 existing indices can well describe the EAWM-related circulation, precipitation, and lower tropospheric air temperature anomalies. However, the variations of surface air temperature over large areas of central China cannot be well captured by most indices, which is possibly related to topographic effects. The results of this study may provide a possible reference for future studies of the EAWM.
Wang L., W. Chen, 2014a: The East Asian winter monsoon: re-amplification in the mid-2000s. Chinese Science Bulletin,59, 430-436, doi: 10.1007/s11434-013-0029-0.10.1007/s11434-013-0029-0a503d7ba-8c9d-42a2-b12f-ed9ec47045aa3a7b323a6ca23666077d4d7a433de4fehttp%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2Fs11434-013-0029-0refpaperuri:(283b10346284a869c9a8518b8a229abb)http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-JXTW201404010.htm
Wang L., W. Chen, 2014b: An intensity index for the East Asian winter monsoon. J. Climate ,27, 2361-2374, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00086.1.10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00086.1466c99df-03fc-41b6-aaf5-bd6cf4946f6de676d15b40decc40caa522aff2bf180chttp%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2014JCli...27.2361Wrefpaperuri:(aa5885592c4463827ffb009c9e0335c2)http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JCli...27.2361WAbstract The thermal contrast between the Asian continent and the adjacent oceans is the primary aspect of the East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM) that can be well represented in the sea level pressure (SLP) field. Based on this consideration, a new SLP-based index measuring the intensity of the EAWM is proposed by explicitly taking into account both the east–west and the north–south pressure gradients around East Asia. The new index can delineate the EAWM-related circulation anomalies well, including the deepened (shallow) midtropospheric East Asian trough, sharpened and accelerated (widened and decelerated) upper-tropospheric East Asian jet stream, and enhanced (weakened) lower-tropospheric northerly winds in strong (weak) EAWM winters. Compared with previous indices, the new index has a very good performance describing the winter-mean surface air temperature variations over East Asia, especially for the extreme warm or cold winters. The index is strongly correlated with several atmospheric teleconnections including the Arctic Oscillation, the Eurasian pattern, and the North Pacific Oscillation/western Pacific pattern, implying the possible internal dynamics of the EAWM variability. Meanwhile, the index is significantly linked to El Ni09o–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the sea surface temperature (SST) over the tropical Indian Ocean. Moreover, the SST anomalies over the tropical Indian Ocean are more closely related to the index than ENSO as an independent predictor. This adds further knowledge to the prediction potentials of the EAWM apart from ENSO. The predictability of the index is high in the hindcasts of the Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques (CNRM) model from Development of a European Multimodel Ensemble System for Seasonal-to-Interannual Prediction (DEMETER). Hence, it would be a good choice to use this index for the monitoring, prediction, and research of the EAWM.
Wang L., W. Chen, and R. H. Huang, 2008: Interdecadal modulation of PDO on the impact of ENSO on the east Asian winter monsoon. Geophys. Res. Lett.,35, doi: 10.1029/2008GL 035287.
Wang L., W. Chen, W. Zhou, and R. H. Huang, 2009a: Interannual variations of East Asian trough axis at 500 hPa and its association with the East Asian winter monsoon pathway. J. Climate,22, 600-614, doi: 10.1175/2008JCLI2295.1.10.1175/2008JCLI2295.19e3c4ed38c22578c2760be83f013e998http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cabdirect.org%2Fabstracts%2F20093117307.htmlhttp://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/20093117307.htmlInterannual variations of the East Asian trough (EAT) axis at 500 hPa are studied with the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts 40-yr reanalysis data. The associated circulation pattern and pathway of the East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM) with the EAT axis tilt are specially investigated with a trough axis index, which is closely related to the midlatitude baroclinic process and mainly represents the intensity of the eddy-driven jet over the East Asia09orth Pacific sector. When the tilt of EAT is smaller than normal, the EAWM prefers to take the southern pathway and less cold air moves to the central North Pacific. However, the EAWM prefers the eastern pathway and brings more cold air to the North Pacific when the tilt of EAT is larger than normal. These differences induce pronounced changes in both the precipitation and the surface air temperature over East and Southeast Asia. Furthermore, the tilt status of the EAT has a significant modulation effect on the regional climate anomalies related to the intensity of the EAWM. The findings suggest an increase in the temperature anomaly associated with the EAWM intensity and a clear northward09outhward shift in its pattern in anomalous tilt phase of the EAT. In addition, the modulation tends to be confined mainly to East Asia and expanded to a larger area during the weak and the strong EAWM winters, respectively. The possible reasons for interannual variations of the EAT tilt are discussed, and it is speculated that the midlatitude air09ea interaction in the North Pacific plays a dominant role. This study on the EAT tilt may enrich knowledge of the East Asian winter monsoon beyond the conventional intensity index and may be helpful to improve regional climate prediction in East Asia.
Wang L., R. H. Huang, L. Gu, W. Chen, and L. H. Kang, 2009b: Interdecadal variations of the East Asian winter monsoon and their association with quasi-stationary planetary wave activity. J. Climate,22, 4860-4872, doi: 10.1175/2009JCLI 2973.1.10.1175/2009JCLI2973.13ba911f2db5f64c6f916237b46eb8d57http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cabdirect.org%2Fabstracts%2F20093283578.htmlhttp://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/20093283578.htmlInterdecadal variations of the East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM) and their association with the quasi-stationary planetary wave activity are analyzed by using the 40-yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Re-Analysis dataset and the National Centers for Environmental Prediction-National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis dataset. It is found that the EAWM experienced a sig...
Wang L., W. Chen, W. Zhou, J. C. L. Chan, D. Barriopedro, and R. H. Huang, 2010b: Effect of the climate shift around mid 1970s on the relationship between wintertime Ural blocking circulation and East Asian climate. Int. J. Climatol.,30, 153-158, doi: 10.1002/joc.1876.10.1002/joc.187690be1dd44eff9d5e0f60b9e6c882df17http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fjoc.1876%2Ffullhttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/joc.1876/fullAbstract Blocking variability over the Ural Mountain region in the boreal winter and its relationship with the East Asian winter climate is investigated. The climate shift around mid 1970s has been shown to exert a significant influence on the blocking pattern. In contrast with the years before 1976/1977, the Ural blocking signal after 1976/1977 is found to propagate less into the stratosphere and more eastward in the troposphere to East Asia, which therefore exerts more influence on the East Asian winter climate. This enhanced Ural blocking揈ast Asian climate relationship amplifies the impact of Ural blocking on East Asia and, with the background of decreasing Ural blocking, contributes to the higher frequency of warm winters in this region. Further analyses suggest that the NAM-related stratospheric polar vortex strength and its modulation on the propagation of atmospheric stationary waves can account for this change, with the key area being located in the North Atlantic region. Copyright 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Wu B. Y., J. Wang, 2002: Winter Arctic oscillation, Siberian high and East Asian winter monsoon. Geophys. Res. Lett., 29,1897, doi: 10.1029/2002GL015373.10.1029/2002GL015373485e98de81085dd0a747eba569327d77http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1029%2F2002GL015373%2Fsuppinfohttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2002GL015373/suppinfoIn this note, we investigate the impacts of the winter Arctic Oscillation (AO) and Siberian High (SH) on the East Asia winter monsoon (EAWM). It is found that the winter AO and the SH are relatively independent of each other in influencing the EAWM. The winter AO influences directly surface air temperature (SAT), sea level pressure (SLP) and the East Asian Trough at 500 hPa over the region northwards of 35N in East Asia rather than through its impact on the SH. Compared with influences of the winter AO, the SH shows more direct and significant influences on the EAWM, particularly on SLP and northerly wind along the East Asian Coast. Impacts of the SH on the SAT occur primarily in the southwards of 50N over East Asia, the northwestern Pacific and the South China Sea, because the AO suppresses the SH's influences in high latitudes of Asian Continent and the some subarctic regions.
Xu S. Y., J. J. Ji, 1965: The climate and weather features during the outbreak period of China's winter monsoon. Geographical Symposium, 9, 85- 101. (in Chinese).
Yang S., K.-M. Lau, and K.-M. Kim, 2002: Variations of the East Asian jet stream and Asian-Pacific-American winter climate anomalies. J. Climate,15, 306-325, doi: 10.1175/1520-0442 (2002)015<0306:VOTEAJ>2.0.CO;2.10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<0306:VOTEAJ>2.0.CO;2a7f71303-0872-4fe4-86f1-be42d928ad0360a4024a518ba1e3a1b378ac23df3d4ehttp%3A%2F%2Fci.nii.ac.jp%2Fnaid%2F10013127551%2Frefpaperuri:(7d1aef2fb8c22e98233a0725c604d3a4)http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/10013127551/Variations of the East Asian jet stream and Asian-Pacific-American winter climate anomalies YANG S. J. Climate 15, 307-325, 2002
Yeh T.-C., S. Y. Tao, and B. Z. Zhu, 1962: Studies on the Blocking Situation in the Northern Hemisphere in Winter. Science Press, 130 pp. (in Chinese).
Zhou W., X. Wang, T. J. Zhou, C. Li, and J. C. L. Chan, 2007: Interdecadal variability of the relationship between the East Asian winter monsoon and ENSO. Meteor. Atmos. Phys.,98, 283-293, doi: 10.1007/s00703-007-0263-6.10.1007/s00703-007-0263-6dbd15233eb130367d6d5ef714e08c2f9http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs00703-007-0263-6http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00703-007-0263-6The authors examine relationships between the East Asian winter monsoon and the ENSO, particularly on the interdecadal timescales. Based on the analyses of SLP data from 1899 to 1997, the East-Asian winter monsoon index (WMI) is defined as the zonal difference of SLP between 65120°65E and 65160°65E. It is found that 18 out of 28 strong winter monsoon years are either before the development of an El Ni09o or during the decaying La Ni09a event, 12 out of 28 weak winter monsoon are before the development of a La Ni09a or during the decaying El Ni09o event. There is a significant positive correlation coefficient value of about 0.49 between the normalized 11-yr running mean of WMI and ENSO index, however, the WMI-ENSO relationship is not consistently highly correlated. The temporal evolution of correlation between WMI and ENSO indices in both 11-yr and 21-yr moving window shows that the WMI-ENSO relationship clearly undergo low-frequency oscillation. Obviously, both observational and IPSL air-sea coupled modeling WMI index has a near-decadal peak with PDO timescales and internal peaks with ENSO timescales by applying the Multitaper method. Moreover, the cross wavelet and wavelet coherence analysis of WMI/ENSO indicate that there is a larger significant sections with an in phase behavior between WMI and ENSO at period of 20–30 yrs, suggesting that the interdecadal variation of the WMI-ENSO relationship might exist.
Zhou W., J. C. L. Chan, W. Chen, J. Ling, J. G. Pinto, and Y. P. Shao, 2009: Synoptic-scale controls of persistent low temperature and icy weather over southern China in January 2008. Mon. Wea. Rev.,137, 3978-3991, doi: 10.1175/2009MWR 2952.1.10.1175/2009MWR2952.1d9b407fb4b1b62b6ff39473041586094http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2009MWRv..137.3978Zhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009MWRv..137.3978ZNot Available