Cai S. Q., H. L. Liu, W. Li, and X. M. Long, 2005: Application of LICOM to the numerical study of the water exchange between the South China Sea and its adjacent oceans. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 24, 10- 19.10.1029/2003JC002236c7a28553db91cc89b8e2ea39b4270b1dhttp%3A%2F%2Fd.wanfangdata.com.cn%2FPeriodical_hyxb-e200504002.aspxhttp://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical_hyxb-e200504002.aspxOn the basis of 900-year integration of a global ocean circulation model-LICOM driven by ECMWF reanalysis wind data with uniform 0.5°-grids, a quantitative estimate of the annual and monthly mean water exchange of the South China Sea (SCS) with its adjacent oceans through 5 straits is obtained. Among them, the annual transport is the largest in the Luzon Strait, then in the Taiwan Strait, and then in the Sunda Shelf, in the Balabac Strait and in the Mindoro Strait in turn, the largest monthly transport variation appears in the Luzon Strait and Sunda shelf. It is shown that the mass transport through the Taiwan Strait is affected by monsoon, while the transport through the Luzon Strait may be associated with the bifurcation position of the North Equatorial Current off the east Philippines shore;the transports in the Luzon Strait and Sunda Shelf are out of phase in direction but well correlated in magnitude. The annual and monthly mean heat and salinity exchange of the SCS through the straits are also calculated and shown to be in phase with the mass transport. The Kuroshio water carries about 0.43 PW heat transport and 151.33 kt/s salinity transport into the SCS, while most of them is carried out of the SCS through the Taiwan Strait and Sunda Shelf annually. The further model integration based on the 900-year integration for another 44 a from 1958 to 2001 driven by real wind data (ERA40 data) shows that the monthly mean mass transport via these straits varies annually with a large variation range, which may be associated with the seasonal and interannual variations in the current field and sea surface height in the SCS. The mean mass transport through the Taiwan Strait, Luzon Strait, Mindoro Strait, Balabac Strait and Sunda Shelf is 2.012 × 106, -4.063 × 106, -0.124 × 106, -0.083 × 106 and 2.258 × 106 m3/s, respectively.
Caruso M. J., G. G. Gawarkiewicz, and R. C. Beardsley, 2006: Interannual variability of the Kuroshio intrusion in the South China Sea. Journal of Oceanography, 62, 559- 575.10.1007/s10872-006-0076-06255d367-3cd6-4e25-ad04-c01253501f9cslarticleid_992175109c9aa3128ea0938ceedb1eab7a3a65http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnki.com.cn%2FArticle%2FCJFDTotal-SDYW200606012.htmrefpaperuri:(5bdd05ea405dc403b71052a047e62ecf)http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/sdlxyjyjz-e200606010<a name="Abs1"></a>The interannual variability of intrusions of the Kuroshio into the South China Sea (SCS) is investigated using satellite remote sensing data supported by in-situ measurements. The mesoscale circulation of the SCS is predominantly wind-forced by the northeast winter and southwest summer monsoons. Although the region has been studied extensively, considerable uncertainty remains about the annual and interannual mesoscale nature of the circulation. The frequency and characteristics of Kuroshio intrusions and their effect on circulation patterns in the northeast SCS are also not well understood. Satellite observations of Sea Surface Temperature (SST) from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) and Sea Surface Height Anomalies (SSHA) from TOPEX/ Poseidon for the period 1997&#8211;2005 are used here to analyze the annual and interannual variability in Kuroshio intrusions and their effects on the region. Analysis of SST and SSHA shows the formation and characteristics of intrusions vary considerably each year. Typically, the intrusion occurs in the central region of Luzon Strait and results in an anticyclonic circulation in the northeastern SCS. However, in some years, the intrusion is located in the northern portion of Luzon Strait and a cyclonic intrusion results. Wind stress and wind stress curl derived from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) QuikSCAT satellite scatterometer are used to evaluate the relationship between wind stress or wind stress curl and the presence of winter Kuroshio intrusions into the SCS.
Hu J. Y., H. Kawamura, H. S. Hong, and Y. Q. Qi, 2000: A review on the currents in the South China Sea: Seasonal circulation, South China Sea Warm Current and Kuroshio intrusion. Journal of Oceanography, 56, 607- 624.c4a0d2d14dc61a81e05ef3c9a13d60behttp%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1011117531252/s?wd=paperuri%3A%28216753d9ec148b2c815052a6f790e567%29&filter=sc_long_sign&tn=SE_xueshusource_2kduw22v&sc_vurl=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1011117531252&ie=utf-8
Lan J., X. W. Bao, and G. P. Gao, 2004: Optimal estimation of zonal velocity and transport through Luzon Strait using variational data assimilation technique. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 22, 335- 339.10.1007/BF028436267a8deba7248e9549ecad6262f7409cf6http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cqvip.com%2FMain%2FDetail.aspx%3Fid%3D11129925http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical_zghyhzxb200404002.aspxA P-vector method was optimized using variational data assimilation technique, with which the vertical structures and seasonal variations of zonal velocities and transports were investigated. The results showed that westward and eastward flowes occur in the Luzon Strait in the same period in a year. However the net volume transport is westward. In the upper level (0m - -500m),the westward flow exits in the middle and south of the Luzon Strait, and the eastward flow exits in the north. There are two centers of westward flow and one center of eastward flow. In the middle of the Luzon Strait, westward and eastward flowes appear alternately in vertical direction. The westward flow strengthens in winter and weakens in summer. The net volume transport is strong in winter (5.53 Sv) but weak in summer (0.29 Sv). Except in summer, the volume transport in the upper level accounts for more than half of the total volume transport (0m - bottom). In summer, the net volume transport in the upper level is eastward (1.01 Sv), but westward underneath.
Li L., B. Y. Wu, 1989: A Kuroshio loop in South China Sean circulations of the northeastern South China Sea. Journal of Oceanography in Taiwan Strait, 8, 89- 95. (in Chinese)
Li L., W. D. Nowlin Jr., and J. L. Su, 1998: Anticyclonic rings from the Kuroshio in the South China Sea. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers,45, 1469-1482, doi: 10.1016/S0967-0637(98)00026-0.10.1016/S0967-0637(98)00026-0321bda3ec855a8881c855077c7f92617http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0967063798000260http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967063798000260The Kuroshio is the western boundary current of the North Pacific Ocean. It flows north-ward east of Luzon and Taiwan islands. It is free to interact with the South China Sea through the Luzon Strait between these islands; intrusions of the Kuroshio as a loop into the northeastern South China Sea have been observed. However, no observed shedding of eddies from the Kuroshio into the South China Sea have previously been reported. In September 1994, a closed current ring of probable Kuroshio origin was observed in the northeastern South China Sea near the slope of the Chinese continent. The ring was a warm-core, anticyclone centered at about 21°N, 117.5°E just off the continental slope with a scale of 6515002km and a vertical expression as deep as 100002m. Near surface current speeds of about 102m02s -1 were estimated from ADCP measurements and from geostrophic calculations. T – S diagrams show water characteristics inside the ring different from those of the South China Sea and suggest an origin from the Kuroshio. At the time of observation, another anticyclone may have been in the process of detaching from the Kuroshio within the Luzon Strait.
Lu J. Y., Q. Y. Liu, 2013: Gap-leaping Kuroshio and blocking westward-propagating Rossby wave and eddy in the Luzon Strait. J. Geophys. Res.,118, 1170-1181, doi: 10.1002/jgrc. 20116.10.1002/jgrc.20116de85529e-0809-4a1f-9e8e-4ee1c08104a0f7b6c3c459f24e6024db33df5de5abf0http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fjgrc.20116%2Fpdfrefpaperuri:(40ad8adc94de7fd44bfb76bfdc27b923)http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jgrc.20116/pdf[1] &nbsp;Based on analysis of both observational data and data-assimilation model product, it is shown that there exists a gap-leaping path of the Kuroshio in the Luzon Strait. Numerical results of two sets of Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model twin experiments indicate that bottom topography and islands in Luzon Strait exert control of Kuroshio's gap-leaping behavior, especially existence of sharp northeast cape of Philippine Island is one of the most important factors for the gap-leaping Kuroshio path in model simulation. Corresponding to the gap-leaping Kuroshio, there is steep westward shoaling of thermocline in Luzon Strait. The enhanced upper-layer stratification in South China Sea due to westward shoaling thermocline results in strong zonal potential vorticity (PV) gradient (one order higher than &szlig;-induced planetary PV gradient), and PV isolines are always parallel to the gap-leaping path of the Kuroshio. This PV front acts as a dynamic barrier in the Luzon Strait, blocking the westward propagating Rossby waves and eddies from Pacific. This blocking effect is verified through sea-surface height anomaly spectrum analysis, Radon Transform based Feature-Tracking method, and eddy identification and tracking method. Numerical twin experiments demonstrate from another point of view that the gap-leaping Kuroshio can efficiently block the westward propagating Rossby wave and eddy energy, while the fluctuating Kuroshio is less efficient for blocking.
Metzger E. J., H. E. Hurlburt, 1996: Coupled dynamics of the South China Sea, the Sulu Sea, and the Pacific Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 12 331- 12 352.10.1029/95JC038611cc789d3aad9e48a55a46a9c41b22cf9http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1029%2F95JC03861%2Ffullhttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/95JC03861/fullThe complex geometry, the seasonally reversing monsoon winds, and the connectivity with the Pacific Ocean all contribute to the coupled dynamics of the circulation in the South China Sea (SCS), the Sulu Sea, and the region around the Philippine Islands. The 1/2掳, 1.5-layer global reduced gravity thermodynamic Navy layered ocean model (NLOM) is used to separate these components and to investigate the role of each one. When forced by the Hellerman and Rosenstein [1983] (HR) monthly wind stress climatology, the basic features of the model solution compare well with observations, and with higher-resolution NLOM versions. The dynamics of the flow from the Pacific Ocean into the SCS via the Luzon Strait are emphasized. The effects of Ekman suction/pumping due to wind curl are examined by forming monthly spatial averages of the winds over the SCS/Sulu Sea basins. This maintains a monthly varying stress but with a region of zero curl. Forcing the model with these modified winds leaves the mean Luzon Strait transport unchanged, and the variability actually increases slightly. These results suggest that it is the pressure head created by the pileup of water from the monsoonal wind stress that controls the variability of the Luzon Strait transport. The forcing for wind stress pileup effects could be either internal or external to the SCS/Sulu Sea basin. The effects of internal forcing are studied by applying monthly winds within this basin but annual HR winds outside the region. With this forcing the mean Luzon Strait transport is essentially unchanged, but the variability is only 44% of the standard case value. The external forcing is defined as zero stress in the SCS/Sulu Sea basins and HR monthly winds outside. Again, the mean Luzon Strait transport is unchanged, and here the variability is 60% of the standard case. The mean Luzon Strait transport is largely a function of the model geometry. When the Sulu archipelago is opened, a net cyclonic flow develops around the Philippines, which is essentially an extension of the northern tropical gyre. The bifurcation latitude of the North Equatorial Current (NEC) at the Philippine coast is also affected by the amount of transport through the Sulu archipelago. Opening this archipelago causes the NEC split point to move southward and increases the transport of the Kuroshio east of Luzon while decreasing the Mindanao Current. Opening or closing the Sunda Shelf/Java Sea or the Sulu archipelago does not affect the transport of the Pacific to Indian Ocean throughflow.
Nan F., H. J. Xue, F. Chai, L. Shi, M. C. Shi, and P. F. Guo, 2011a: Identification of different types of Kuroshio intrusion into the South China Sea. Ocean Dynamics,61, 1291-1304, doi: 10.1007/s10236-011-0426-3.10.1007/s10236-011-0426-311f8bfb3-6a2a-40c5-baa3-7f65e0e01754slarticleid_93345595199650cc48066fdea7d7726db06b8bhttp%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2Fs10236-011-0426-3refpaperuri:(fd6008ce04a9181ff26e20a2c3eece65)http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10236-011-0426-3Kuroshio intrusion into the South China Sea (SCS) has different forms. In this study, a Kuroshio SCS Index (KSI) is defined using the integral of geostrophic vorticity from 118° to 121° E and from 19° to 23° N. Three typical paths (the looping path, the leaking path, and the leaping path) were identified based on the KSI derived from the weekly satellite Absolute Dynamic Topography from 1993 to 2008. The KSI has a near normal distribution. Using ±1 standard deviation (<i>&#963;</i>) as the thresholds, the leaking path is the most frequent form with the probability of occurrence at 68.2%, while the probabilities of occurrence for the looping path and the leaping path are 16.4% and 15.4%, respectively. Similar analysis is also conducted on the daily Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) Global Analysis from 2004 to 2008. The results are generally consistent with the KSI analysis of the satellite data. The HYCOM data are further analyzed to illustrate patterns of inflows/outflows and the maximum/minimum salinity as representatives of the subsurface/intermediate waters. The Kuroshio bending and the net inflow through the Luzon Strait reduce from the looping path to the leaking path to the leaping path. However, the Kuroshio subsurface water intrudes farthest into the SCS for the leaking path. Vorticity budget associated with the different intrusion types is then analyzed. The tilting of the relative vorticity, the stretching of the absolute vorticity, and the advection of planetary vorticity are important for the change of vorticity, whereas the baroclinic and frictional contributions are three orders smaller.
Nan F., H. J. Xue, P. Xiu, F. Chai, M. C. Shi, and P. F. Guo, 2011b: Oceanic eddy formation and propagation southwest of Taiwan. J. Geophys. Res., 116,C12045, doi: 10.1029/2011JC 007386.10.1029/2011JC0073869c7db089-afda-4205-86eb-f31b6a18d2dbc70c85f7eb054ca1931494ba16d4aae3http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1029%2F2011JC007386%2Fcitedbyrefpaperuri:(05f9ff759d6164a63f6e6d3425ac7eb2)http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2011JC007386/citedby[1] Oceanic eddies are active and energetic southwest of Taiwan. The formation and propagation of eddies in this area were investigated using 17 year satellite altimeter data. Cyclonic eddies (CEs) and anticyclonic eddies (ACEs) often coexisted, but there were more CEs than ACEs generated during the period from October 1992 to October 2009. ACEs were stronger and, in general, lived longer than CEs. ACEs occurred more often in winter than in other seasons, while CEs were more frequent in summer. Compared with the direct local wind forcing, the Kuroshio path variability appears to be a dominant factor for eddy formation in this area. A conceptual model of an eddy-Kuroshio interaction is proposed. In summer, there exists an outflow northwest of Luzon Island, and the Kuroshio likely leaps across the Luzon Strait. To the north of the outflow and left of the Kuroshio axis, CEs are often formed, which in turn induce ACEs to the west of CEs. In winter, under the influence of northeasterly monsoon, the Kuroshio Current Loop (KCL) appears southwest of Taiwan more frequently than in other seasons, and ACEs are frequently shed from the KCL. Most of the ACEs propagate westward, and, as a result, CEs are often spun up to the east of the ACEs. The surface South China Sea outflow in summer and the KCL in winter are, however, likely related to the monsoons. Therefore, the indirect effects of monsoon winds are also evident in the seasonal variations of eddy occurrence.
Nan F., H. J. Xue, and F. Yu, 2014: Kuroshio intrusion into the South China Sea: A review. Progress in Oceanography,137, 314-333, doi: 10.1016/j.pocean.2014.05.012.10.1016/j.pocean.2014.05.01219092d9e62204a1a2399ffe68de1383dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0079661114000986http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0079661114000986The Kuroshio carrying the northwestern Pacific water intrudes into the South China Sea (SCS) through the Luzon Strait, significantly affecting the temperature, salinity, circulation, and eddy generation in the SCS. Thus, the Kuroshio intrusion makes important contributions to the momentum, heat and salt budgets in the SCS. In the past decades, much work has been done on the Kuroshio intrusion. This paper reviews past efforts and summarizes our current understanding of the Kuroshio intruding processes from observational evidence, laboratory results, theoretical analyses, and a range of numerical model simulations. In addition, discrepancies between results simulated by models, as well as those between simulations and observations, are presented. Specifically, this paper addresses the following topics: (1) different types of the Kuroshio intrusion into the SCS and their identification, (2) vertical structure of the Kuroshio in the Luzon Strait, (3) an overview of the Luzon Strait transport resulting from observations and numerical model simulations, (4) seasonal and interannual variations of the Kuroshio intrusion, as well as eddy generation due to the Kuroshio path variation, and (5) dynamical mechanisms ( e.g. , wind forcing, interbasin pressure gradient, effect and hysteresis, potential vorticity, eddy activity) controlling the Kuroshio intrusion into the SCS. Finally, several future research topics for gaining a better understanding of the Kuroshio intruding processes are suggested.
Qiu D. Z., T. H. Yang, and Z. X. Guo, 1984: A west-flowing current in the northern part of the South China Sea in summer. Journal of Tropical Oceanography, 3, 65- 73. (in Chinese)d5ded205fa764fe505879c45783e4367http%3A%2F%2Fen.cnki.com.cn%2FArticle_en%2FCJFDTOTAL-RDHY198404008.htmhttp://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-RDHY198404008.htmBased on the actual measured current data obtained in the waters around 114°E, 20°N and 113°E, 19°30'N and the drift bottle data obtained in the northern part of the South China Sea in recent years (in the summers of 1979 and 1982, as well as in the spring of 1981), the present paper illustrates that in the northern part of the South China Sea nearby the continental slope there exists a west-flowing current with relatively high speed and steady direction. Calculation results of geostrophic current also show the existence of this west-flowing current. As it is related to a branch of Kuroshio, which passes through Bashi Channel and enters the South China Sea, so it is called South China Sea Branch of Kuroshio. It is originated from the vicinity of Bashi Channel and flows across the waters nearby the continental slope of the northern part of the South China Sea.
Qu T. D., 2000: Upper-layer circulation in the South China Sea. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 30, 1450- 1460.d401549a640bc138fc583d8360889205http%3A%2F%2Ficesjms.oxfordjournals.org%2Fexternal-ref%3Faccess_num%3D10.1175%2F1520-0485%282000%290302.0.CO%3B2%26link_type%3DDOIhttp://icesjms.oxfordjournals.org/external-ref?access_num=10.1175/1520-0485(2000)0302.0.CO;2&amp;link_type=DOI
Qu T. D., Y. Y. Kim, M. Yaremchuk, T. Tozuka, A. Ishida, and T. Yamagata, 2004: Can Luzon Strait transport play a role in conveying the impact of ENSO to the South China Sea? J.Climate, 17, 3644- 3657.
Sheremet V. A., 2001: Hysteresis of a western boundary current leaping across a gap. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 31, 1247- 1259.10.1175/1520-0485(2001)031<1247:HOAWBC>2.0.CO;2be0a13a42d529461156e074b61845d73http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2001JPO....31.1247Shttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001JPO....31.1247SNot Available
Tian J. W., Q. X. Yang, X. F. Liang, L. L. Xie, D. X. Hu, F. Wang, and T. D. Qu, 2006: Observation of Luzon Strait transport. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33,L19607, doi: 10.1029/2006GL 026272.10.1029/2006GL026272183ef6e1199a2233b7a41600ad5a83f4http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1029%2F2006GL026272%2Fpdfhttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2006GL026272/pdf[1] Using recently collected current and hydrographic data, we provide a high resolution picture of the subinertial flow and estimate the volume transport through the Luzon Strait. The distribution of the subinertial flow shows a strong westward flow around 100 m in the northern part of the Luzon Strait, while the eastward flow is confined to the deeper layers, mostly at depths around 1000 m. The total volume transport is estimated to be 6 卤 3 Sv during the period of observations from October 4 to 16, 2005. The observations also confirm that the Luzon Strait transport has a sandwiched vertical structure. The net westward volume transport in the deep (>1500 m) layer of the Luzon Strait reaches 2 Sv.
Tsui I.-F., C.-R. Wu, 2012: Variability analysis of Kuroshio intrusion through Luzon Strait using growing hierarchical self-organizing map. Ocean Dynamics,62, 1187-1194, doi: 10.1007/s10236-012-0558-0.10.1007/s10236-012-0558-0f89f1e3a79837b8b6e8dadcf50bded4ahttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fh8q42246625v1831%2Fhttp://www.springerlink.com/content/h8q42246625v1831/An advanced artificial neural network classification algorithm is applied to 18 years of gridded mean geostrophic velocity multi-satellite data to study the Kuroshio intrusion into the South China Sea through the Luzon Strait. The results suggest that the Kuroshio intrusion may occur year round. However, intrusion is not the major characteristic of the region. The intrusion mode occurs only 25.8 % of the time. Winter intrusion events are more frequent than summer events. Both stronger intrusion (which is related to wind speed) and weaker intrusion (which may be related to the upstream Kuroshio transport) may occur during winter, but stronger intrusion is dominant. In summer, the Kuroshio intrusion is almost the weaker type. The Kuroshio intrusion through the Luzon Strait usually occurs when the Pacific decadal oscillation index is positive (72.1 % of the time). This study shows that growing hierarchical self-organizing map is a useful tool for analyzing Kuroshio intrusion through the Luzon Strait.
Wyrtki K., 1961: Physical oceanography of the Southeast Asian waters. Naga Report, Volume 2. The University of California, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 1- 195.be5fd9e8d8ac06b44deee781385014a0http%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F236846954_Physical_Oceanography_of_the_Southeast_Asian_Watershttp://www.researchgate.net/publication/236846954_Physical_Oceanography_of_the_Southeast_Asian_WatersThis book is the outcome of my analysis of all available knowledge of the Southeast Asian Waters. It is hoped that workers in the region, whether in oceanography or other branches of science may find it a source of information and a stimulus to undertake further research in these waters. Some chapters in this book are summaries and condensations of already known facts, but others offer new ideas and interpretations, particularly those chapters on monsoon circulations and their dynamics, on deep circulation and its relation to surface circulation, on the energy exchange between sea and atmosphere, and on the quantitative description of the exchange of water in the deep sea basins.
Xue H. J., F. Chai, N. Pettigrew, D. Y. Xu, M. C. Shi, and J. P. Xu, 2004: Kuroshio intrusion and the circulation in the South China Sea. J. Geophys. Res., 109,C02017, doi: 10.1029/2002JC001724.10.1029/2002JC0017247fb5f9a6003a240d3f620a9c00193290http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1029%2F2002JC001724%2Fpdfhttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2002JC001724/pdfInfliximab, a TNF-α inhibitor, is a potent anti-inflammatory drug in the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases. Recent studies have investigated the effect of infliximab treatment on postoperative complications such as anastomotic leakage, however, with conflicting results and conclusions. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether a single dose infliximab has an adverse effect on the anastomotic healing process, observed as reduced anastomotic breaking strength and histopathologically verified lower grade of inflammatory response, in the small intestine of a rabbit.Thirty New Zealand rabbits (median weight 2.5kg) were allocated to treatment with an intravenous bolus of either 10mg/kg infliximab (n65=6515) or placebo (n65=6515). One week later all rabbits underwent two separate end-to-end anastomoses in the jejunum under general anesthesia. At postoperative day three, the anastomotic breaking strength was determined and histopathological changes were examined.The mean value of anastomotic breaking strength in the placebo group was 1.8965±650.36N and the corresponding value was 1.8165±650.33N in the infliximab treated rabbits. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups (p65=650.51). The infliximab-treated rabbits had a significant lower degree of inflammatory infiltration response compared to the placebo group (p65=650.047).Our conclusion, limited by the small sample sizes in both groups, is that a single dose of infliximab, given one week prior to surgery, does not have an impact on the anastomotic breaking strength on the third postoperative day in the small intestine of rabbits.
Yang Q. X., J. W. Tian, and W. Zhao, 2010: Observation of Luzon Strait transport in summer 2007. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers,57, 670-676, doi: 10.1016/ j.dsr.2010.02.004.10.1016/j.dsr.2010.02.004fe68ab5ce4862f92944b89cfa185af19http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0967063710000427http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967063710000427A field experiment was conducted across the Luzon Strait in July 2007, and a total of 51 profiles covering variables of horizontal velocity, temperature, salinity, and pressure were collected at 11 stations. Using this observation, the volume transport through the Luzon Strait, its differences between July 2007 and October 2005, and the distribution of subtidal flow and geostrophic flow have been investigated. The net transport has a two-layer vertical structure, which is eastward both in the upper layer (<26kgm 613 σ 0 ), and in the intermediate layer (26–27.3kgm 613 σ 0 ), while it is westward in the deeper layer (>27.3kgm 613 σ 0 ), with respective values of 3.0, 4.0, and 611.5Sv. The net transport is eastward, and estimated to be 5.5Sv. The distribution of the subtidal flow in the intermediate layer shows that a westward flow exists in the northern part, countered by an eastward flow existing in the southern part of the strait. This distribution is in direct contrast to the previous results obtained in October 2005, in which a westward flow occurs in the south countered by an eastward flow in the north in the intermediate layer. This suggests that the flow pattern varies greatly from October 2005 to July 2007 not only in the upper layer but also in the intermediate layer. The deep layer, on the other hand, shows few changes between the two observation periods.
Yuan D. L., W. Q. Han, and D. X. Hu, 2006: Surface Kuroshio path in the Luzon Strait area derived from satellite remote sensing data. J. Geophys. Res., 111, C11007, doi: 10.1029/ 2005JC003412.10.1029/2005JC003412eaa013775a32d369628ed7a4184337f9http%3A%2F%2Fen.cnki.com.cn%2FArticle_en%2FCJFDTotal-KJQB200619172.htmhttp://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-KJQB200619172.htmSatellite ocean color, sea surface temperature, and altimeter data are used to study the surface Kuroshio path in the Luzon Strait area. The results suggest that the dominant path of surface Kuroshio intrusion in winter is a direct route from northeast of Luzon to southwest of Taiwan and then westward along the continental slope of northern South China Sea. Anticyclonic intrusions of the Kuroshio in the Luzon Strait area are observed during less than 30% of the time on average and in all four seasons of the year. Winter is the most favorable season for the formation of the anticyclonic intrusions. However, the Kuroshio is observed to deviate from the dominant path during only a little over one third of the wintertime on average. The loop currents of the Kuroshio, which feature prominent inflow-outflow currents in the Luzon Strait during the anticyclonic intrusions, are observed only occasionally, with more episodes in summer than in winter. The observation of more frequent loop currents of the Kuroshio in summer than in winter is a revision to the existing conclusion. These results demonstrate that the anticyclonic intrusion of the Kuroshio is a transient phenomenon rather than a persistent circulation pattern in the Luzon Strait area as suggested by some of the existing numerical model simulations. The growth and decay of the anticyclonic intrusions of the Kuroshio are closely related to the passages and evolution of mesoscale eddies in the Luzon Strait area. Each anticyclonic intrusion event lasts for a few weeks. Its termination sometimes results in a detached anticyclonic eddy propagating to the western basin along the continental slope of the northern South China Sea.
Yuan D. L., Z. Wang, 2011: Hysteresis and dynamics of a western boundary current flowing by a gap forced by impingement of mesoscale eddies. J. Phys. Oceanogr.,41, 878-888, doi: 10.1175/2010JPO4489.1.10.1175/2010JPO4489.1a808d12bdcba0cb136dc2a0438a64e55http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2011JPO....41..878Yhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JPO....41..878YHysteresis of a western boundary current (WBC) flowing by a wide gap of a western boundary and the dynamics of the WBC variations associated with the impingement of mesoscale eddies from the eastern side of the gap are studied using a 1.5-layer reduced-gravity quasigeostrophic ocean model. The study focuses on two issues not covered by existing studies: the effects of finite baroclinic deformation radii and time dependence perturbed by mesoscale eddies. The results of the study show that the hysteresis of the WBC of finite baroclinic deformation radii is not controlled by multiple steady-state balances of the quasigeostrophic vorticity equation. Instead, the hysteresis is controlled by the periodic penetrating and the leaping regimes of the vorticity balance. The regime of the vorticity balance inside the gap is dependent on the history of the WBC evolution, which gives rise to the hysteresis of the WBC path. Numerical experiments have shown that the parameter domain of the hysteresis is not sensitive to the baroclinic deformation radius. However, the domain of the periodic solution, which is determined by the lower Hopf bifurcation of the nonlinear system. is found to be sensitive to the magnitude of the baroclinic deformation radius. The lower Hopf bifurcation from steady penetration to periodic penetration is found to occur at lower Reynolds numbers for larger deformation radii. In general, the lower Hopf bifurcation stays outside the hysteresis domain of the Reynolds number. However, for very small deformation radii, the lower Hopf bifurcation falls inside the hysteresis domain, which results in the transition from the leaping to the penetrating regimes of the WBC to skip the periodic regime and hence the disappearance of the upper Hopf bifurcation. Mesoscale eddies approaching the gap from the eastern basin are found to have significant impact on the WBC path inside the gap when the WBC is at a critical state along the hysteresis loop. Cyclonic (anticyclonic) eddies play the role of reducing (enhancing) the inertial advection of vorticity in the vicinity of the gap so that transitions of the WBC path from the leaping (periodic penetrating) to the periodic penetrating (leaping) regimes are induced. In addition. cyclonic eddies are able to induce transitions of the WBC from the periodic penetrating to the leaping regimes through enhancing the meridional advection by its right fling. The transitions are irreversible because of the nonlinear hysteresis and are found to be sensitive to the strength. size, and approaching path of the eddy.
Zhao J., D.-H. Luo, 2010: Response of the Kuroshio current to eddies in the Luzon Strait. Atmos. Oceanic Sci. Lett. , 3, 160- 164.820fecdbf1ffcb818ec8590121c80fd4http%3A%2F%2Fd.wanfangdata.com.cn%2FPeriodical_dqhhykxkb201003007.aspxhttp://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical_dqhhykxkb201003007.aspxThe impact of eddies on the Kuroshio Current in the Luzon Strait (LS) area is investigated by using the sea surface height anomaly (SSHA) satellite observation data and the sea surface height (SSH) assimilation data. The influence of the eddies on the mean current depends upon the type of eddies and their relative position. The mean current is enhanced (weakened) as the cyclonic (anticyclonic) eddy becomes slightly far from it, whereas it is weakened (enhanced) as the cyclonic (anticyclonic) eddy moves near or within the position of the mean current; this is explained as the eddy-induced meridional velocity and geostrophic flow relationship. The anticyclonic (cyclonic) eddy can increase (decrease) the mean meridional flow due to superimposition of the eddy-induced meridional flow when the eddy is within the region of the mean current. However, when the eddy is slightly far from the mean current region, the anticyclonic (cyclonic) eddy tends to decrease (increase) the zonal gradient of the SSH, which thus results in weakening (strengthening) of the mean current in the LS region.