doi:10.1007/s00376-016-5284-y

Asquith N. M., M. Mejía-Chang, 2005: Mammals, edge effects, and the loss of tropical forest diversity. Ecology, 86, 379- 390.10.1890/03-0575

13bbc2eb179de044c180970621a7342e

http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1890%2F03-0575%2Fpdf

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1890/03-0575/pdfRelative to the surrounding mainland forests, a subset of tree species dominates wind-exposed, forested islands in Gatún Lake, Panama. We explored how tree diversity in these fragments has been affected by (1) impoverishment of the mammal community and (2) changes in abiotic conditions following island formation ca. 90 years ago. To test effects of changes in the mammal community, we assessed seed and seedling survival for nine tree species in five forests: small islands with no mammals; small islands with spiny rats but no larger mammals; medium islands (intermediate mammal community); Barro Colorado Island (intermittently present puma and jaguar); and mainland forests (intact mammal community). To test effects of abiotic stress, we chose experimental sites at wind-exposed, wind-protected, and interior forest sites. We predicted that fragments with less diverse mammal communities would be characterized by (1) fewer seeds dispersed and cached, (2) lower long-term seed survival, and (3) higher rates of seedling herbivory by mammals. Where alteration of the environment has caused greater exposure to dry-season winds, we predicted that (4) germination and seedling establishment and (5) dry-season seedling survival would be low. Further, we expected that (6) dry-season seedling survival would increase if soil moisture levels were raised, but that (7) wet-season seedling survival is independent of wind exposure.

Baskin C. C., J. M. Baskin, 1998: Seeds: Ecology,Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, 666 pp.10.2135/cropsci2000.0009br

6ca24f6998a61164e775c6392a486339

http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cabdirect.org%2Fabstracts%2F19980707223.html

http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/19980707223.htmlThis book focuses on seed germination and dormancy from an ecological, biogeographical and evolutionary perspective. Chapters on dormancy include discussions of: types of dormancy; germination ecology of seeds with nondeep physiological dormancy, morphophysiological dormancy, or physical dormancy; causes of within-species variations in seed dormancy and germination characteristics; and biogeographical and evolutionary aspects of seed dormancy. Two chapters consider germination ecology in tropical and subtropical zones, or temperate and arctic zones. Other topics discussed include the germination ecology of seeds in persistent seed banks, and the germination ecology of plants with specialized life cycles and/or habitats. Each chapter includes an extensive list of references.

Bugmann H. K. M., 1996: A simplified forest model to study species composition along climate gradients. Ecology, 77, 2055- 2074.10.2307/2265700

9c244d31fc77ea635caf9cdfb5ff6e62

http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2265700

http://www.jstor.org/stable/2265700Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at

Bugmann H. K. M., 2001: A review of forest gap models. Climatic Change, 51, 259- 305.10.1023/A:1012525626267

62acd17aeac6f67f9e9f92353ec8e4cc

http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1012525626267

http://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1012525626267Forest gap models, initially conceived in 1969 as a special case of individual-tree based models, have become widely popular among forest ecologists for addressing a large number of applied research q

Bugmann H. K. M., X. D. Yan, M. T. Sykes, P. Martin, M. Lindner, P. V. Desanker, and S. G. Cumming, 1996: A comparison of forest gap models: Model structure and behaviour. Climatic Change, 34, 289- 313.10.1007/BF00224640

fef3c3f8f8ed4a48f7c718eb3f7afd42

http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2FBF00224640

http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00224640Forest gap models share a common structure for simulating tree population dynamics, and many models contain the same or quite similar ecological factors. However, a wide variety of formulations are being used to implement this general structure. The comparison of models incorporating different formulations is important for model validation, for assessing the reliability of model projections obtained under scenarios of climatic change, and for the development of models with a wide range of applicability. This paper reviews qualitative and quantitative comparisons of the structure and behaviour of forest gap models. As examples of qualitative model comparisons, the different formulations used for the height-diameter relationship, for the maximum growth equation, and for the effects of temperature and drought on tree growth are reviewed. The variety of formulations currently in use has the potential to influence simulation results considerably, but we conclude that little is known on the sensitivity of the models in this respect. The quantitative model comparisons performed so far allow us to draw the following conclusions: (1) Gap models are quite sensitive to the formulation of climate-dependent processes under current climate, and this sensitivity is even more pronounced under a changed climate. (2) Adaptations of forest gap models to specific regions have required detailed sub-models of species life history, thus complicating model comparison. (3) Some of the complex models developed for region-specific applications can be simplified without hampering the realism with which they simulate species composition. (4) Attempts to apply the models without modification beyond the area for which they were developed have produced controversial results. It is concluded that the sensitivity of forest gap models to the exact process formulations should be examined carefully, and that more systematic comparisons of model behaviour at a range of test sites would be desirable. Such studies could improve our understanding of forest dynamics considerably, and they would help to focus future research activities with gap models.

Chang X. Y., B. M. Chen, G. Liu, T. Zhou, X. R. Jia, and S. L. Peng, 2015: Effects of climate change on plant population growth rate and community composition change. PLoS One, 10,e0126228, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126228.10.1371/journal.pone.0126228

26039073

73ff1adb20b22bed45fcdb4c53a3d0a2

http%3A%2F%2Feuropepmc.org%2Farticles%2FPMC4454569

http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC4454569The impacts of climate change on forest community composition are still not well known. Although directional trends in climate change and community composition change were reported in recent years, further quantitative analyses are urgently needed. Previous studies focused on measuring population growth rates in a single time period, neglecting the development of the populations. Here we aimed to compose a method for calculating the community composition change, and to testify the impacts of climate change on community composition change within a relatively short period (several decades) based on long-term monitoring data from two plots—Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve, China (DBR) and Barro Colorado Island, Panama (BCI)—that are located in tropical and subtropical regions. We proposed a relatively more concise index, Slnλ, which refers to an overall population growth rate based on the dominant species in a community. The results indicated that the population growth rate of a majority of populations has decreased over the past few decades. This decrease was mainly caused by population development. The increasing temperature had a positive effect on population growth rates and community change rates. Our results promote understanding and explaining variations in population growth rates and community composition rates, and are helpful to predict population dynamics and population responses to climate change.

Classen A. T., R. J. Norby, C. E. Campany, K. E. Sides, and J. F. Weltzin, 2010: Climate change alters seedling emergence and establishment in an old-field ecosystem. PLoS One, 5,e13476, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013476.10.1371/journal.pone.0013476

20976104

5af804efbfaa74705afd28316937bac6

http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fresolve%2Freference%2FPMED%3Fid%3D20976104

http://med.wanfangdata.com.cn/Paper/Detail/PeriodicalPaper_PM20976104Background Ecological succession drives large-scale changes in ecosystem composition over time, but the mechanisms whereby climatic change might alter succession remain unresolved. Here, we asked if the effects of atmospheric and climatic change would alter tree seedling emergence and establishment in an old-field ecosystem, recognizing that small shifts in rates of seedling emergence and establishment of different species may have long-term repercussions on the transition of fields to forests in the future. Methodology/Principal Findings We introduced seeds from three early successional tree species into constructed old-field plant communities that had been subjected for 4 years to altered temperature, precipitation, and atmospheric CO 2 regimes in an experimental facility. Our experiment revealed that different combinations of atmospheric CO 2 concentration, air temperature, and soil moisture altered seedling emergence and establishment. Treatments directly and indirectly affected soil moisture, which was the best predictor of seedling establishment, though treatment effects differed among species. Conclusions The observed impacts, coupled with variations in the timing of seed arrival, are demonstrated as predictors of seedling emergence and establishment in ecosystems under global change.

Dai, Y. J., Coauthors, 2003: The common land model. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 84, 1013- 1023.10.1175/BAMS-84-8-1013

4ec35d76-3852-483f-a426-b6051d2d504e

20771a7b6c6eb603520971725d92ee14

http%3A%2F%2Fci.nii.ac.jp%2Fnaid%2F80016174835

refpaperuri:(9322c11e3e9ec412be88573e84d889b7)

http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/80016174835Abstract The Common Land Model (CLM) was developed for community use by a grassroots collaboration of scientists who have an interest in making a general land model available for public use and further development. The major model characteristics include enough unevenly spaced layers to adequately represent soil temperature and soil moisture, and a multilayer parameterization of snow processes; an explicit treatment of the mass of liquid water and ice water and their phase change within the snow and soil system; a runoff parameterization following the TOPMODEL concept; a canopy photosynthesis-onductance model that describes the simultaneous transfer of CO 2 and water vapor into and out of vegetation; and a tiled treatment of the subgrid fraction of energy and water balance. CLM has been extensively evaluated in offline mode and coupling runs with the NCAR Community Climate Model (CCM3). The results of two offline runs, presented as examples, are compared with observations and with the simulation of three other land models [the Biosphere- tmosphere Transfer Scheme (BATS), Bonan's Land Surface Model (LSM), and the 1994 version of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Atmospheric Physics LSM (IAP94)].

Dai Y. J., R. E. Dickinson, and Y. P. Wang, 2004: A two-big-leaf model for canopy temperature, photosynthesis, and stomatal conductance. J.Climate, 17, 2281- 2299.80ac39fce31775c2e7114619a74615a3

http%3A%2F%2Faobpla.oxfordjournals.org%2Fexternal-ref%3Faccess_num%3D10.1175%2F1520-0442%282004%290172.0.CO%3B2%26link_type%3DDOI

http://aobpla.oxfordjournals.org/external-ref?access_num=10.1175/1520-0442(2004)0172.0.CO;2&link_type=DOI

De Jong, T. J., P. G. L. Klinkhamer, 1988: Seedling establishment of the biennials Cirsium vulgare and Cynoglossum officinale in a sand-dune area: The importance of water for differential survival and growth. Journal of Ecology, 76, 393- 402.10.2307/2260601

28b56e0343ef8fa01434cda9971c4f48

http%3A%2F%2Feuropepmc.org%2Fabstract%2FAGR%2FIND88021791

http://europepmc.org/abstract/AGR/IND88021791ABSTRACT In a sand-dune area at Meijendel, Netherlands, seedling survival was positively correlated with the water content of the top 10cm of the soil. Early seedling survival (April-May) in Cynoglossum officinale was also positively correlated with cover of shrubs and trees. Soil water content and cover of woody plants explained 74% of variance in the early mortality of Cynoglossum seedlings. Throughout most of the year the water content of the top 10cm of the soil was highest in thicket and lowest in open vegetation. Below 10cm the rank order of the vegetation types with respect to soil water content was not consistent, and the total soil water potential was always above the critical level for water uptake. Variation in rainfall probably causes yearly differences in survival and growth and affects distribution over shaded and exposed habitats. -from Authors

De Villalobos, A. E., D. V. Peláez, 2001: Influences of temperature and water stress on germination and establishment of Prosopis caldenia Burk. Journal of Arid Environments, 49, 321- 328.10.1006/jare.2000.0782

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http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0140196300907821

refpaperuri:(266744395f90e206c9a0b52f3ff79410)

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140196300907821Research was conducted to determine the effect of the temperature and the water stress on germination of Prosopis caldenia seeds, emergence and seedling survival, and early seedling growth. Water availability was most influential on germination of P. caldenia seeds when temperatures are either below (20C) or above (35C) optimum temperature. Radicle and hypocotyl lengths of P. caldenia seedlings were reduced by water stress in all temperature regimes. After 45 days, the effect of gradual dehydration of soil reduced emergence and seedling survival, and the growth (above- and underground) of surviving seedlings. The results suggest that P. caldenia seeds can apparently germinate and initiate early growth under conditions of water stress. However, water stress may reduce the probability of seedling establishment because of the effect of low soil water emergence, content on seedling survival, and growth of surviving seedlings.

Donath T. W., R. L. Eckstein, 2012: Litter effects on seedling establishment interact with seed position and earthworm activity. Plant Biology, 14, 163- 170.10.1111/j.1438-8677.2011.00490.x

21972886

385abad9f15dc6ccf1e01d61a8015a9a

http%3A%2F%2Fnew.med.wanfangdata.com.cn%2FPaper%2FDetail%3Fid%3DPeriodicalPaper_PM21972886

http://new.med.wanfangdata.com.cn/Paper/Detail?id=PeriodicalPaper_PM21972886Seedling establishment is influenced by litter cover and by seed predators, but little is known about interactions between these two factors. We tested their effects on emergence of five typical grassland species in a microcosm experiment. We manipulated the amounts of grass litter, seed sowing position and earthworm activity to determine whether: (i) the protective effect of litter against seed predation depends on cover amount and seed sowing position, i.e., on top or beneath litter; (ii) seed transport by earthworms changes the effect of seed sowing position on seedling emergence; and (iii) seeds transported into deeper soil layers by earthworms are still germinable. Litter cover and presence of earthworms lowered seedling emergence. The impact of seed position increased with seed size. Emergence of large-seeded species was reduced when sown on the surface. Additionally, we found an important seed position - earthworm interaction related to seed size. Emergence of large-seeded species sown on top of the litter was up to three times higher when earthworms were present than without earthworms. Earthworms also significantly altered the depth distribution of seeds in the soil and across treatments: on average 6% of seeds germinated after burial. In contrast to the seed position effect, we found no size effect on mobility and germinability of seeds after burial in the soil. Nevertheless, the fate of different-sized seeds may differ. While burial will remove large seeds from the regeneration pool, it may enhance seed bank build up in small-seeded species. Consequently, changes in the amount of litter cover and the invertebrate community play a significant role in plant community composition.

Dong M., G. M. Jiang, F. Z. Kong, Y. F. Wang, and Z. B. Zhang, 1997: The observation and analysis standards of the Chinese Ecosystem Research Network. The Investigations, Observation and Analysis about Terrestrial Biomes. Standards Press of China, Beijing, 290 pp. (in Chinese)

Ehrlèn J., W. F. Morris, 2015: Predicting changes in the distribution and abundance of species under environmental change. Ecology Letters, 18, 303- 314.10.1111/ele.12410

25611188

868b8a1ea740c0cdbd846664e16fb0d4

http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fele.12410%2Ffull

http://med.wanfangdata.com.cn/Paper/Detail/PeriodicalPaper_PM25611188Abstract Environmental changes are expected to alter both the distribution and the abundance of organisms. A disproportionate amount of past work has focused on distribution only, either documenting historical range shifts or predicting future occurrence patterns. However, simultaneous predictions of abundance and distribution across landscapes would be far more useful. To critically assess which approaches represent advances towards the goal of joint predictions of abundance and distribution, we review recent work on changing distributions and on effects of environmental drivers on single populations. Several methods have been used to predict changing distributions. Some of these can be easily modified to also predict abundance, but others cannot. In parallel, demographers have developed a much better understanding of how changing abiotic and biotic drivers will influence growth rate and abundance in single populations. However, this demographic work has rarely taken a landscape perspective and has largely ignored the effects of intraspecific density. We advocate a synthetic approach in which population models accounting for both density dependence and effects of environmental drivers are used to make integrated predictions of equilibrium abundance and distribution across entire landscapes. Such predictions would constitute an important step forward in assessing the ecological consequences of environmental changes. 2015 The Authors. Ecology Letters published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd and CNRS.

Fu B. J., S. G. Li, X. B. Yu, P. Yang, G. R. Yu, R. G. Feng, and X. L. Zhuang, 2010: Chinese ecosystem research network: Progress and perspectives. Ecological Complexity, 7, 225- 233.10.2307/603521

7724cb5c5fce092f443854bc91659bc2

http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS1476945X10000097

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1476945X10000097As a national innovative scientific and technological facility that integrates monitoring, research and demonstrations, the Chinese Ecosystem Research Network (CERN) has become one of the largest networks in the world that consists of 40 field stations, 5 sub-centers and 1 synthesis center, covering almost all typical ecosystems in China: cropland, forest, grassland, desert, marshes, lakes, bays and urban ecosystem. Its unique features are the emphasis on understanding long-term structure and function, patterns and processes of ecosystems, combination of the inter-site comprehensive research or cross-site comparison research and the voluntary site-based exploration, and the data sharing both for domestic institutions and international networks at different levels. This paper provides a brief review of CERN by introducing its developing history, objectives and missions, summarizing its progress with the long-term ecological research in China including monitoring, scientific accomplishments in carbon cycle, ecosystem structure and functions, ecosystem restoration and data management. The paper also describes CERN's strategic plan to 2020 and its development perspectives in the future with focus on six core thematic areas.

Gavin D. G., W. W. Oswald, E. R. Wahl, and J. W. William, 2003: A statistical approach to evaluating distance metrics and analog assignments for pollen records. Quaternary Research, 60, 356- 367.10.1016/S0033-5894(03)00088-7

2b1903d5b94f9faf44b70f3c6daf4045

http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0033589403000887

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0033589403000887The modern analog technique typically uses a distance metric to determine the dissimilarity between fossil and modern biological assemblages. Despite this quantitative approach, interpretation of distance metrics is usually qualitative and rules for selection of analogs tend to be ad hoc . We present a statistical tool, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, which provides a framework for identifying analogs from distance metrics. If modern assemblages are placed into groups (e.g., biomes), this method can (1) evaluate the ability of different distance metrics to distinguish among groups, (2) objectively identify thresholds of the distance metric for determining analogs, and (3) compute a likelihood ratio and a Bayesian probability that a modern group is an analog for an unknown (fossil) assemblage. Applied to a set of 1689 modern pollen assemblages from eastern North America classified into eight biomes, ROC analysis confirmed that the squared-chord distance (SCD) outperforms most other distance metrics. The optimal threshold increased when more dissimilar biomes were compared. The probability of an analog vs no-analog result (a likelihood ratio) increased sharply when SCD decreased below the optimal threshold, indicating a nonlinear relationship between SCD and the probability of analog. Probabilities of analog computed for a postglacial pollen record at Tannersville Bog (Pennsylvania, USA) identified transitions between biomes and periods of no analog.

Haeussler S., J. C. Tappeiner II, and B. J. Greber, 1995: Germination, survival, and early growth of red alder seedlings in the central Coast Range of Oregon. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 25, 1639- 1651.10.1139/x95-178

02ab6469bab826e97e59b37d0fcfff92

http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fmacp.1984.021851206%2Fpdf

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/macp.1984.021851206/pdfEffects of forest disturbance and soil moisture levels on establishment of red alder (Bong.) seedlings were studied at four sites representing a climatic moisture gradient within the central Coast Range of Oregon. On average, there was no difference in seedling emergence between recent clearcuts and second-growth forests, but emergence was much higher on mineral soil than on organic seedbeds. Emergence, on both types of seedbed, was positively correlated with spring soil moisture conditions (68=680.60). Seedling survival, on the other hand, differed greatly between clearcut and forest. In clearcuts, heat and drought injuries were the primary causes of seedling mortality. In the forest, seedlings had poor vigour and quickly succumbed to pathogens, herbivores, and rain splash. First-year survival rates were strongly correlated with minimum summer soil moisture levels (68=680.71). Height growth of seedlings on clearcuts (2–568cm after 1 year; 8–2368cm after 2 years) was much slower than rates typically described for red alder. Best establishment occurred on skid trails and landings, suggesting that young seedlings may suffer less from heat or moisture stress on these heavily disturbed microenvironments.

Higgins S. I., D. M. Richardson, and R. M. Cowling, 2001: Validation of a spatial simulation model of a spreading alien plant population. Journal of Applied Ecology, 38, 571- 584.10.1046/j.1365-2664.2001.00616.x

50beb9bc75cc31b7e7369610dcfda4f7

http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1365-2664.2001.00616.x%2Ffull

http://med.wanfangdata.com.cn/viewHTMLEn/PeriodicalPaper_JJ0214072750.aspx1. Process-based models, and spatially explicit models in particular, will play an important role in predicting the impacts of future environmental change. Enthusiasm for the rich potential of these models, however, is tempered by the realization that their parameterization is often challenging and time consuming. Moreover, these models are seldom validated; this makes their predictive value in applied contexts uncertain. 2. In this paper we describe the process of parameterizing and validating a spatial demographic model of a spreading alien plant population. The model, a spatially explicit individual-based simulation, has modest data requirements (for a spatial simulation model) in that it concentrates on simulating recruitment, dispersal, mortality and disturbance and ignores the environmental and biotic heterogeneity of the receiving environment. 3. We tested the model using the invasion of Acacia cyclops and Pinus pinaster into fynbos, the mediterranean shrublands of South Africa, as a case study. Dispersal, recruitment and mortality data were collected for each species at six different sites. Aerial photographs from six independent sites (two sites for A. cyclops and four sites for P. pinaster) were used to reconstruct the invasion histories of the two species between 1938 and 1989. Demographic data were used to parameterize the model, and the 1938 distribution of alien plants, derived from aerial photography, was used to initialize the model. 4. The empirically estimated indices of rate and pattern of invasion fell within the range of model predictions made at all six sites studied. The indices of rate and pattern of invasion predicted by the model did not differ significantly from the empirically estimated indices for 76% of the model data comparisons made. These analyses suggested that the model predictions are good, given the variance in parameter estimates. 5. The proportion of grid locations where the model correctly predicted alien plant distribution wa

Holmsgaard E., 1956: Effects of seed-bearing on the increment of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst). Proc. Int. Univ. For. Res. Org., 12th Congr. Oxford.

Ibnez I., J. S. Clark, S. LaDeau, J. H. R. Lambers, 2007: exploiting temporal variability to understand tree recruitment response to climate change. Ecological Monographs, 77, 163- 177.10.1890/06-1097

77932efb91ba3b833d736d9637ddc9bd

http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1890%2F06-1097%2Fpdf

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1890/06-1097/pdfPredicting vegetation shifts under climate change is a challenging endeavor, given the complex interactions between biotic and abiotic variables that influence demographic rates. To determine how current trends and variation in climate change affect seedling establishment, we analyzed demographic responses to spatiotemporal variation to temperature and soil moisture in the southern Appalachian Mountains. We monitored seedling establishment for 10 years in five plots located along an elevational gradient of five dominant tree species: Acer rubrum, Betula spp., Liriodendron tulipifera, Nyssa sylvatica, and Quercus rubra. A hierarchical Bayes model allowed us to incorporate different sources of information, observation errors, and the inherent variability of the establishment process. From our analysis, spring temperatures and heterogeneity in soil moisture emerge as key drivers, and they act through nonlinear population demographic processes. We found that all species benefited from warmer springs, in parti...

Lamont B. B., E. T. F. Witkowski, and N. J. Enright, 1993: Post-fire litter microsites: safe for seeds, unsafe for seedlings. Ecology, 74, 501- 512.10.2307/1939311

c97443d4494a5e896b011e5c550fb49c

http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1939311

http://www.jstor.org/stable/1939311ABSTRACT We explore the effect of post-fire microsites on seed and seedling distribution and hence their potential role in community restoration. A summer wildfire and control burn in a sclerophyll shrubland in mediterranean Australia produced mosaics of physically and chemically contrasting microsites of litter and sand. Most seeds (>75%) of all species released from the burnt canopies fell, or were redispersed by wind, into the litter patches after both fires. Data on microsite characteristics and wind exposure (fire intensity), height of fruits, time of release, and seed properties were required to interpret relative distribution between the litter and sand patches. Seeds remained equally viable (up to 100%) over summer-autumn in the litter and sand and had equally high rates and levels (up to 100%) of subsequent winter germination. However, seedlings were 2-3 times less likely to survive in the litter and survivors were 35% smaller than those in the sand by the end of the first summer. Banksia hookeriana was particularly vulnerable to microsite properties, whereas the needle-leaved Hakea polyathema showed only minor responses. Pre-summer thinning of seedlings in the litter increased survival of the remainder by 2 times and size of the survivors by 31%. The fire-sensitive, small-seeded B. hookeriana had 17 times more seeds in the backburn litter than the resprouting, larger-seeded B. attenuata, which more than compensated for its 3 times greater seedling mortality levels over the dry summer. Recruitment of species prone to density-dependent mortality in the litter was enhanced by the retention of some seeds in the sand where competition for water was minimal, as indicated by the 2.2 times greater stomal conductance of their seedlings in early summer.

Levis S., G. B. Bonan, M. Vertenstein, and K. W. Oleson, 2004: The Community Land Model's Dynamic Global Vegetation Model (CLM-DGVM): Technical description and user's guide. NCAR Technical Note,NCAR/TN-459+IA, 50 pp.b1c1ab63181bd666ed809591eddcafa3

http%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F255655012_The_Community_Land_Models_Dynamic_Global_Vegetation_Model_%28CLM-DGVM%29_Technical_Description_and_Users_Guide

http://www.researchgate.net/publication/255655012_The_Community_Land_Models_Dynamic_Global_Vegetation_Model_(CLM-DGVM)_Technical_Description_and_Users_GuideWe coupled LPJ to the CLM following the IBIS approach (Foley et al. 1996; Ku- charik et al. 2000). 6) where A and the respiration terms have units of 08mol CO2 m-2 pft area s-1; r is a pft- dependentcoefficient in grams of carbon per gram of nitrogen (g C g N-1) (Table 2); k is

Oleson, K. W., Coauthors, 2004: Technical Description of the Community Land Model (CLM). NCAR Technical Note,NCAR/TN-461+STR, 174 pp.

10.5065/D6N877R0

c0bf2d65e07e1fe236b6296d03ab985c

http%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F200041856_Technical_description_of_the_Community_Land_Model_%28CLM%29

http://www.researchgate.net/publication/200041856_Technical_description_of_the_Community_Land_Model_(CLM)The Technical Notes series provides an outlet for a variety of NCAR Manuscripts that contribute in specialized ways to the body of scientific knowledge but that are not suitable for journal, monograph, or book publication. Reports in this series are issued by the NCAR scientific divisions. Designation symbols for the series include: EDD – Engineering, Design, or Development Reports Equipment descriptions, test results, instrumentation, and operating and maintenance manuals. IA – Instructional Aids Instruction manuals, bibliographies, film supplements, and other research or instructional aids. PPR – Program Progress Reports Field program reports, interim and working reports, survey reports, and plans for experiments. PROC – Proceedings Documentation or symposia, colloquia, conferences,

Oleson, K. W., Coauthors, 2010: Technical Description of version 4.0 of the Community Land Model (CLM). NCAR Technical Note,NCAR/TN-478+STR, 266 pp.

10.1029/2010GL042430

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http%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F277114326_Technical_Description_of_version_4.0_of_the_Community_Land_Model_%28CLM%29

http://www.researchgate.net/publication/277114326_Technical_Description_of_version_4.0_of_the_Community_Land_Model_(CLM)The Technical Notes series provides an outlet for a variety of NCAR Manuscripts that contribute in specialized ways to the body of scientific knowledge but that are not suitable for journal, monograph, or book publication. Reports in this series are issued by the NCAR scientific divisions. Designation symbols for the series include: EDD – Engineering, Design, or Development Reports Equipment descriptions, test results, instrumentation, and operating and maintenance manuals. IA – Instructional Aids Instruction manuals, bibliographies, film supplements, and other research or instructional aids. PPR – Program Progress Reports Field program reports, interim and working reports, survey reports, and plans for experiments. PROC – Proceedings Documentation or symposia, colloquia, conferences,

Peláez, D. V., R. M. Bõo, O. R. Elia, 1992: Emergence and seedling survival of caldèn in the semiarid region of Argentina. Journal of Range Management, 45, 564- 568.10.2307/4002573

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http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4002573

refpaperuri:(b8c068b40dd8ce984128fa2879c8a8a7)

http://www.jstor.org/stable/4002573

Prentice I. C., M. T. Sykes, and W. Cramer, 1993: A simulation model for the transient effects of climate change on forest landscapes. Ecological Modelling, 65, 51- 70.10.1016/0304-3800(93)90125-C

8f2a736f11cf73efd0f8f40132b8510c

http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2F030438009390126D

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/030438009390126DForests are likely to show complex transient responses to rapid changes in climate. The model described here simulates the dynamics of forest landscapes in a changing environment with simple phenomenological equations for tree growth processes and local environmental feedbacks. Tree establishment and growth rates are modified by species-specific functions describing the effects of winter and summer temperature limitations, accumulated annual foliage net assimilation and sapwood respiration as functions of temperature, CO 2 fertilization, and growing-season drought. These functions provide external conditions for the simulation of patch-scale forest dynamics by a forest succession model, FORSKA, in which all of the trees on each 0.1 ha patch interact by competition for light and nutrients. The landscape is simulated as an array of such patches. The probability of disturbance on a patch is a power function of time since disturbance. Forest structure, composition and biomass simulated for the landscape average in boreal and temperate deciduous forests approach reasonable equilibrium values in 200-400 years. A climatic warning scenario is applied to central Sweden, where temperature and precipitation increases are shown to interact with each other and with soil water capacity in determining the transient and equilibrium responses of the forest landscape to climate change.

Price, D. T., Coauthors, 2001: Regeneration in gap models: Priority issues for studying forest responses to climate change. Climatic Change, 51, 475- 508.10.1023/A:1012579107129

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http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1012579107129

http://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1012579107129Recruitment algorithms in forest gap models are examined withparticular regard to their suitability for simulating forestecosystem responses to a changing climate. The traditional formulation of recruitment is found limiting in three areas. First, the aggregation of different regeneration stages (seedproduction, dispersal, storage, germination and seedling establishment) is likely to result in less accurate predictionsof responses as compared to treating each stage separately. Second, the related assumptions that seeds of all species are uniformly available and that environmental conditions arehomogeneous, are likely to cause overestimates of future speciesdiversity and forest migration rates. Third, interactions between herbivores (ungulates and insect pests) and forest vegetation are a big unknown with potentially serious impactsin many regions. Possible strategies for developing better gapmodel representations for the climate-sensitive aspects of eachof these key areas are discussed. A working example of a relatively new model that addresses some of these limitations is also presented for each case. We conclude that better modelsof regeneration processes are desirable for predicting effectsof climate change, but that it is presently impossible to determine what improvements can be expected without carrying outrigorous tests for each new formulation.

Qian T. T., A. G. Dai, K. E. Trenberth, and K. W. Oleson, 2006: Simulation of global land surface conditions from 1948 to 2004. Part I: Forcing data and evaluations. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 7, 953- 975.10.1175/JHM540.1

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http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2006JHyMe...7..953Q

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006JHyMe...7..953QNot Available

Ramankutty N., A. T. Evan, C. Monfreda, and J. A. Foley, 2008: Farming the planet: 1. Geographic distribution of global agricultural lands in the year 2000. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 22,GB1003, doi: 10.1029/2007GB002952.10.1029/2007GB002952

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http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2007GB002952/citedbyAgricultural activities have dramatically altered our planet's land surface. To understand the extent and spatial distribution of these changes, we have developed a new global data set of croplands and pastures circa 2000 by combining agricultural inventory data and satellite-derived land cover data. The agricultural inventory data, with much greater spatial detail than previously available, is used to train a land cover classification data set obtained by merging two different satellite-derived products (Boston University's MODIS-derived land cover product and the GLC2000 data set). Our data are presented at 5 min (~10 km) spatial resolution in longitude by longitude, have greater accuracy than previously available, and for the first time include statistical confidence intervals on the estimates. According to the data, there were 15.0 (90% confidence range of 12.2-17.1) million kmof cropland (12% of the Earth's ice-free land surface) and 28.0 (90% confidence range of 23.6-30.0) million kmof pasture (22%) in the year 2000.

Silvertown J. W., 1982: Introduction to Plant Population Ecology. Longman Group Limited,London, United Kingdom and New York, USA, 199 pp.

Sitch S., Coauthors, 2003: Evaluation of ecosystem dynamics, plant geography and terrestrial carbon cycling in the LPJ Dynamic Global Vegetation Model. Global Change Biology, 9, 161- 185.10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00569.x

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http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1365-2486.2003.00569.x%2Fabstract

http://med.wanfangdata.com.cn/Paper/Detail?id=PeriodicalPaper_JJ029144024Abstract The Lund–Potsdam–Jena Dynamic Global Vegetation Model (LPJ) combines process-based, large-scale representations of terrestrial vegetation dynamics and land-atmosphere carbon and water exchanges in a modular framework. Features include feedback through canopy conductance between photosynthesis and transpiration and interactive coupling between these ‘fast’ processes and other ecosystem processes including resource competition, tissue turnover, population dynamics, soil organic matter and litter dynamics and fire disturbance. Ten plants functional types (PFTs) are differentiated by physiological, morphological, phenological, bioclimatic and fire-response attributes. Resource competition and differential responses to fire between PFTs influence their relative fractional cover from year to year. Photosynthesis, evapotranspiration and soil water dynamics are modelled on a daily time step, while vegetation structure and PFT population densities are updated annually.Simulations have been made over the industrial period both for specific sites where field measurements were available for model evaluation, and globally on a 0.5°°65650.5°° grid. Modelled vegetation patterns are consistent with observations, including remotely sensed vegetation structure and phenology. Seasonal cycles of net ecosystem exchange and soil moisture compare well with local measurements. Global carbon exchange fields used as input to an atmospheric tracer transport model (TM2) provided a good fit to observed seasonal cycles of COconcentration at all latitudes. Simulated inter-annual variability of the global terrestrial carbon balance is in phase with and comparable in amplitude to observed variability in the growth rate of atmospheric CO. Global terrestrial carbon and water cycle parameters (pool sizes and fluxes) lie within their accepted ranges. The model is being used to study past, present and future terrestrial ecosystem dynamics, biochemical and biophysical interactions between ecosystems and the atmosphere, and as a component of coupled Earth system models.

Sitch, S., Coauthors, 2008: Evaluation of the terrestrial carbon cycle, future plant geography and climate-carbon cycle feedbacks using five Dynamic Global Vegetation Models (DGVMs). Global Change Biology, 14, 2015- 2039.10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01626.x

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refpaperuri:(83194e7870f7f709aa91b757bb3fe3c8)

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01626.x/citedbyThis study tests the ability of five Dynamic Global Vegetation Models (DGVMs), forced with observed climatology and atmospheric CO 2 , to model the contemporary global carbon cycle. The DGVMs are also coupled to a fast `climate analogue model', based on the Hadley Centre General Circulation Model (GCM), and run into the future for four Special Report Emission Scenarios (SRES): A1FI, A2, B1, B2. Results show that all DGVMs are consistent with the contemporary global land carbon budget. Under the more extreme projections of future environmental change, the responses of the DGVMs diverge markedly. In particular, large uncertainties are associated with the response of tropical vegetation to drought and boreal ecosystems to elevated temperatures and changing soil moisture status. The DGVMs show more divergence in their response to regional changes in climate than to increases in atmospheric CO 2 content. All models simulate a release of land carbon in response to climate, when physiological effects of elevated atmospheric CO 2 on plant production are not considered, implying a positive terrestrial climate-carbon cycle feedback. All DGVMs simulate a reduction in global net primary production (NPP) and a decrease in soil residence time in the tropics and extra-tropics in response to future climate. When both counteracting effects of climate and atmospheric CO 2 on ecosystem function are considered, all the DGVMs simulate cumulative net land carbon uptake over the 21st century for the four SRES emission scenarios. However, for the most extreme A1FI emissions scenario, three out of five DGVMs simulate an annual net source of CO 2 from the land to the atmosphere in the final decades of the 21st century. For this scenario, cumulative land uptake differs by 494-among DGVMs over the 21st century. This uncertainty is equivalent to over 50 years of anthropogenic emissions at current levels.

Smith B., I. C. Prentice, and M. T. Sykes, 2001: Representation of vegetation dynamics in the modelling of terrestrial ecosystems: Comparing two contrasting approaches within European climate space. Global Ecology & Biogeography, 10, 621- 637.dfcf0445-9e33-4969-a42a-aedd66d4bd80

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refpaperuri:(65336bd47758af7bb7b6f44eb72f9945)

http://pubman.mpdl.mpg.de/pubman/item/escidoc:16911191 Advances in dynamic ecosystem modelling have made a number of different approaches to vegetation dynamics possible. Here we compare two models representing contrasting degrees of abstraction of the processes governing dynamics in real vegetation. 2 Model (a) (GUESS) simulates explicitly growth and competition among individual plants. Differences in crown structure (height, depth, area and LAI) influence relative light uptake by neighbours. Assimilated carbon is allocated individually by each plant to its leaf, fine root and sapwood tissues. Carbon allocation and turnover of sapwood to heartwood in turn govern height and diameter growth. 3 Model (b) (LPJ) incorporates a 'dynamic global vegetation model' (DGVM) architecture, simulating growth of populations of plant functional types (PFTs) over a grid cell, integrating individual-level processes over the proportional area (foliar projective cover, FPC) occupied by each PFT. Individual plants are not simulated, but are replaced by explicit parameterizations of their growth and interactions. 4 The models are identical in their representation of core physiological and biogeochemical processes. Both also use the same set of PFTs, corresponding to the major woody plant groups in Europe, plus a grass type. 5 When applied at a range of locations, broadly spanning climatic variation within Europe, both models successfully predicted PFT composition and succession within modern natural vegetation. However, the individual-based model performed better in areas where deciduous and evergreen types coincide, and in areas subject to pronounced seasonal water deficits, which would tend to favour grasses over drought-intolerant trees. 6 Differences in model performance could be traced to their treatment of individual-level processes, in particular light competition and stress-induced mortality. 7 Our results suggest that an explicit individual-based approach to vegetation dynamics may be an advantage in modelling of ecosystem structure and function at the resolution required for regional-to continental-scale studies.

Song X., 2012: The research on population dynamics in Dynamic Global Vegetation Model. Ph.D. dissertation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 102 pp. (in Chinese)

Song X., X. D. Zeng, 2014: Investigation of uncertainties of establishment schemes in Dynamic Global Vegetation Models. Adv. Atmos. Sci.,31, 85-94, doi: 10.1007/s00376-013-3031-1.10.1007/s00376-013-3031-1

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http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnki.com.cn%2FArticle%2FCJFDTotal-DQJZ201401009.htm

http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical_dqkxjz-e201401009.aspxIn Dynamic Global Vegetation Models(DGVMs), the establishment of woody vegetation refers to flowering, fertilization, seed production, germination, and the growth of tree seedlings. It determines not only the population densities but also other important ecosystem structural variables. In current DGVMs, establishments of woody plant functional types(PFTs) are assumed to be either the same in the same grid cell, or largely stochastic. We investigated the uncertainties in the competition of establishment among coexisting woody PFTs from three aspects: the dependence of PFT establishments on vegetation states; background establishment; and relative establishment potentials of different PFTs. Sensitivity experiments showed that the dependence of establishment rate on the fractional coverage of a PFT favored the dominant PFT by increasing its share in establishment. While a small background establishment rate had little impact on equilibrium states of the ecosystem, it did change the timescale required for the establishment of alien species in pre-existing forest due to their disadvantage in seed competition during the early stage of invasion. Meanwhile, establishment purely from background(the scheme commonly used in current DGVMs) led to inconsistent behavior in response to the change in PFT specification(e.g., number of PFTs and their specification). Furthermore, the results also indicated that trade-off between individual growth and reproduction/colonization has significant influences on the competition of establishment. Hence, further development of establishment parameterization in DGVMs is essential in reducing the uncertainties in simulations of both ecosystem structures and successions.

Song X., X. D. Zeng, and J. W. Zhu, 2013: Evaluating the tree population density and its impacts in CLM-DGVM. Adv. Atmos. Sci.,30, 116-124, doi: 10.1007/s00376-012-1271-0.10.1007/s00376-012-1271-0

ae00f32f64b3893800308c96a7f82572

http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2Fs00376-012-1271-0

http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical_dqkxjz-e201301012.aspxVegetation population dynamics play an essential role in shaping the structure and function of terrestrial ecosystems. However, large uncertainties remain in the parameterizations of population dynamics in current Dynamic Global Vegetation Models (DGVMs). In this study, the global distribution and probability density functions of tree population densities in the revised Community Land Model-Dynamic Global Vegetation Model (CLM-DGVM) were evaluated, and the impacts of population densities on ecosystem characteristics were investigated. The results showed that the model predicted unrealistically high population density with small individual size of tree PFTs (Plant Functional Types) in boreal forests, as well as peripheral areas of tropical and temperate forests. Such biases then led to the underestimation of forest carbon storage and incorrect carbon allocation among plant leaves, stems and root pools, and hence predicted shorter time scales for the building/recovering of mature forests. These results imply that further improvements in the parameterizations of population dynamics in the model are needed in order for the model to correctly represent the response of ecosystems to climate change.

Urbieta I. R., I. M. Pèrez-Ramos, M. A. Zavala, T. Mara\ nõn, and R. K. Kobe, 2008: Soil water content and emergence time control seedling establishment in three co-occurring Mediterranean oak species. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 38, 2382- 2393.10.1139/X08-089

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http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrcresearchpress.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1139%2FX08-089

http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/X08-089Tree species can differ in their responses to resource availability during the critical phase of establishment, which could influence forest dynamics. In Mediterranean forests, most of the attention has focused on the effects of shade and summer drought on seedling survival, but little is known about the effect of autumn to spring rains on earlier stages of recruitment. A sowing experiment was set up along natural light and water gradients with three co-occurring oak species (Quercus suber L. (cork oak), Quercus canariensis Willd. (Algerian oak), and Quercus pyrenaica Willd. (Pyrenean oak)) that show limited natural regeneration in southern Spain. Recruitment stages were monitored for 1 year. Models of seed germination, seedling emergence, and seedling survival as well as of overall recruitment patterns were developed as functions of light, soil moisture, and soil compaction. The influence of intraspecific variation in seed mass and emergence time were also tested. Excess soil water levels during the winter reduced germination and emergence and lengthened time to emergence (in waterlogged open areas), which in turn decreased seedling survival during the dry season. Seedlings from larger seeds were more likely to germinate and emerge. The results suggest that temporal and spatial variability of soil water content, mediated by emergence time and seed size, play a crucial role in the regeneration dynamics of Mediterranean oak forests.

Vand erwel, M. C., V. S. Lyutsarev, D. W. Purves, 2013: Climate-related variation in mortality and recruitment determine regional forest-type distributions. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 22, 1192- 1203.10.1111/geb.12081

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http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fgeb.12081%2Ffull

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/geb.12081/fullAbstract Top of page Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion Acknowledgements References Supporting Information Aim The geographic distributions of different forest types are expected to shift in the future under altered climatic conditions. At present, the nature, magnitude and timing of these shifts are uncertain because we lack a quantitative understanding of how forest distributions emerge from climate- and competition-related variation in underlying demographic processes. Forest dynamics result primarily from the manner in which the physical environment and competition for limiting resources affect tree growth, mortality and recruitment. We sought to uncover the relative importance of these processes in controlling the geographic limits of different forest types. Location Eastern USA. Methods We parameterized a climate-dependent forest dynamics model with extensive observations of tree growth, mortality and recruitment from forest inventory data. We then implemented the resulting demographic models in simulations of joint population dynamics for seven plant functional types (PFTs) across the region. By removing various climate effects in a series of simulation experiments, we assessed the importance of climate-dependent demography and competition in limiting forest distributions. Results Distributions that emerged from simulated population dynamics approximated the current distributions for all seven PFTs well and captured several known patterns of succession. Temperature-related increases in mortality determined the southern boundaries of three out of four boreal and northern temperate PFTs, whereas temperature-related decreases in recruitment controlled the northern limit of all three southern temperate PFTs. Changes in growth rates and competitor performance had only minor effects on the distribution limits of most PFTs. Main conclusions Our results imply that dynamic global vegetation models, which are widely used to predict future vegetation distributions under climate change, should seek to more appropriately capture the observed climate sensitivity of mortality and recruitment. Understanding the mechanisms controlling forest distributions will enable better predictions of their future responses to climate change.

Vázquez-Yanes C., A. Orozco-Segovia, 1992: Effects of litter from a tropical rainforest on tree seed germination and establishment under controlled conditions. Tree Physiology, 11, 391- 400.10.1093/treephys/11.4.391

14969944

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http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F14969944

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14969944The interpretation of sentences with focus-sensitive elements like 'only' de-pends on context to restrict the domain of relevant alternatives for evaluating the focused expression. But what kinds of contextually available information do listeners actually use to restrict interpretive domains? Three visual world eye-tracking experiments show that listeners use at least previous mention (Experiment 1), real-world knowledge about specific scenarios (Experiment 2), and conceptual similarity to recently mentioned items (Experiment 3).

Vieira D. L. M., A. Scariot, 2006: Principles of natural regeneration of tropical dry forests for restoration. Restoration Ecology, 14, 11- 20.10.1111/j.1526-100X.2006.00100.x

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http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1526-100X.2006.00100.x%2Fabstract

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1526-100X.2006.00100.x/abstractAbstract Tropical dry forests are the most threatened tropical terrestrial ecosystem. However, few studies have been conducted on the natural regeneration necessary to restore these forests. We reviewed the ecology of regeneration of tropical dry forests as a tool to restore disturbed lands. Dry forests are characterized by a relatively high number of tree species with small, dry, wind-dispersed seeds. Over small scales, wind-dispersed seeds are better able to colonize degraded areas than vertebrate-dispersed plants. Small seeds and those with low water content are less susceptible to desiccation, which is a major barrier for establishment in open areas. Seeds are available in the soil in the early rainy season to maximize the time to grow. However, highly variable precipitation and frequent dry spells are important sources of mortality in seeds and seedlings. Collecting seeds at the end of the dry season and planting them when soil has sufficient moisture may increase seedling establishment and reduce the time they are exposed to seed predators. Germination and early establishment in the field are favored in shaded sites, which have milder environment and moister soil than open sites during low rainfall periods. Growth of established seedlings, however, is favored in open areas. Therefore, clipping plants around established seedlings may be a good management option to improve growth and survival. Although dry forests have species either resistant to fire or that benefit from it, frequent fires simplify community species composition. Resprouting ability is a noticeable mechanism of regeneration in dry forests and must be considered for restoration. The approach to dry-forest restoration should be tailored to this ecosystem instead of merely following approaches developed for moister forests.

Wramneby A., B. Smith, S. Zaehle, and M. T. Sykes, 2008: Parameter uncertainties in the modelling of vegetation dynamics-effects on tree community structure and ecosystem functioning in European forest biomes. Ecological Modelling, 216, 277- 290.

Yang H. L., Z. Y. Huang, Y. Z. Ye, X. W. Zhu, M. Dong, and H. B. Weng, 2010: Effects of soil moisture profile on seedling establishment in the psammophyte Hedysarum laeve in the semiarid Otindag Sandland, China. Journal of Arid Environments, 74, 350- 354.10.1016/j.jaridenv.2009.09.014

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http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0140196309002948

refpaperuri:(2b3706673a0e6c2ad53edb43fcf22edb)

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140196309002948<h2 class="secHeading" id="section_abstract">Abstract</h2>In the Otindag Sandland of China, the moist soil layer from which plants can absorb water moves down gradually after rain. Thus, to absorb water from the moist soil layer, the rate of root extension may exceed the rate at which the moist soil layer moves downward. Responses of seedling survival of Hedysarum laeve to different soil water content (SWC) were studied. In the field, seeds of H. laeve, a dominant semi-shrub and major sand-binding species in the Otindag Sandland, were artificially sowed at five microsites on a sand dune, and then root depth of seedlings and SWC were monitored. The minimum SWC for seedling survival was 3%. Seedlings of H. laeve could successfully establish on lower and middle slope of windward side of sand dunes, but they had difficultly doing so on the top of dunes and on the middle and base of the leeward slope, since rate of root extension did not keep up with decreased moist SWC layer. The results suggested that rapid root extension rate of early seedling stages of H. laeve is an adaptation that may explain why this psammophyte can establish and dominate the windward side of sand dunes of semiarid Otindag Sandland.

Zeng X. D., 2010: Evaluating the dependence of vegetation on climate in an improved Dynamic Global Vegetation Model. Adv. Atmos. Sci.,27, 977-991, doi: 10.1007/s00376-009-9186-0.10.1007/s00376-009-9186-0

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http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs00376-009-9186-0

http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/dqkxjz-e201005002The capability of an improved Dynamic Global Vegetation Model (DGVM) in reproducing the impact of climate on the terrestrial ecosystem is evaluated. The new model incorporates the Community Land ModelDGVM (CLM3.0-DGVM) with a submodel for temperate and boreal shrubs, as well as other revisions such as the "two-leaf" scheme for photosynthesis and the definition of fractional coverage of plant functional types (PFTs). Results show that the revised model may correctly reproduce the global distribution of temperate and boreal shrubs, and improves the model performance with more realistic distribution of different vegetation types. The revised model also correctly reproduces the zonal distributions of vegetation types. In reproducing the dependence of the vegetation distribution on climate conditions, the model shows that the dominant regions for trees, grasses, shrubs, and bare soil are clearly separated by a climate index derived from mean annual precipitation and temperature, in good agreement with the CLM4 surface data. The dominant plant functional type mapping to a two dimensional parameter space of mean annual temperature and precipitation also qualitatively agrees with the results from observations and theoretical ecology studies.

Zeng X. D., F. Li, and X. Song, 2014: Development of the IAP Dynamic Global Vegetation Model. Adv. Atmos. Sci.,31, 505-514, doi: 10.1007/s00376-013-3155-3.10.1007/s00376-013-3155-3

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http%3A%2F%2Fd.wanfangdata.com.cn%2FPeriodical_dqkxjz-e201403001.aspx

http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical_dqkxjz-e201403001.aspxThe IAP Dynamic Global Vegetation Model(IAP-DGVM) has been developed to simulate the distribution and structure of global vegetation within the framework of Earth System Models. It incorporates our group's recent developments of major model components such as the shrub sub-model, establishment and competition parameterization schemes, and a process-based fire parameterization of intermediate complexity. The model has 12 plant functional types, including seven tree, two shrub, and three grass types, plus bare soil. Different PFTs are allowed to coexist within a grid cell, and their state variables are updated by various governing equations describing vegetation processes from fine-scale biogeophysics and biogeochemistry, to individual and population dynamics, to large-scale biogeography. Environmental disturbance due to fire not only affects regional vegetation competition, but also influences atmospheric chemistry and aerosol emissions.Simulations under observed atmospheric conditions showed that the model can correctly reproduce the global distribution of trees, shrubs, grasses, and bare soil. The simulated global dominant vegetation types reproduce the transition from forest to grassland(savanna) in the tropical region, and from forest to shrubland in the boreal region, but overestimate the region of temperate forest.

Zhu J. W., X. D. Zeng, F. Li, and X. Song, 2014: Preliminary assessment of the Common Land Model coupled with the IAP Dynamic Global Vegetation Model. Atmos. Oceanic Sci. Lett., 7, 505- 509.10.3878/AOSL20140043

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http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical_dqhhykxkb201406005.aspx