doi:10.1007/s00376-016-5229-5

Barnes G. M., E. J. Zipser, D. P. Jorgensen, and F. D. Marks Jr., 1983: Mesoscale and convective structure of a hurricane rainband.J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 2125- 2137.10.1175/1520-0469(1983)0402.0.CO;2

1d86c9125e56ca4250b292af6fd9ff7e

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F1983JAtS...40.2125B

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983JAtS...40.2125BThe mesoscale thermodynamic, kinematic, and radar structure of a Hurricane Floyd rainband observed on 7 September 1981 is presented. Data are from 26 aircraft passes through the rainband from 150 to 6400 m. A composite technique which presents rainband structure as a function of distance from the storm circulation center reveals inflow from the outer edge of the band and a partial barrier to this flow below 3 km. In the direction parallel to rainband orientation, radar reveals cellular reflectivity structure on the upwind and central portions of the rainband; the frequency of cellular precipitation decreases in favor of stratiform precipitation further downwind as the band spirals gradually towards the eyewall. In the radial direction, a decrease of 12 K in , is observed across the rainband in the subcloud layer. Convective scale up- and downdrafts that are associated with cellular reflectivity structure are hypothesized to be responsible for the thermodynamic modification of the cloud and subcloud layers.

Böing, S. J., H. J. J. Jonker, A. P. Siebesma, W. W. Grabowski, 2012: Influence of the subcloud layer on the development of a deep convective ensemble.J. Atmos. Sci., 69, 2682- 2698.10.1175/JAS-D-11-0317.1

4c7c20d64cb798dce03d634083f25d7c

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2012JAtS...69.2682B

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JAtS...69.2682BThe rapid transition from shallow to deep convection is investigated using large-eddy simulations. The role of cold pools, which occur due to the evaporation of rainfall, is explored using a series of experiments in which their formation is suppressed. A positive feedback occurs: the presence of cold pools promotes deeper, wider, and more buoyant clouds with higher precipitation rates, which in turn lead to stronger cold pools. To assess the influence of the subcloud layer on the development of deep convection, the coupling between the cloud layer and the subcloud layer is explored using Lagrangian particle trajectories. As shown in previous studies, particles that enter clouds have properties that deviate significantly from the mean state. However, the differences between particles that enter shallow and deep clouds are remarkably small in the subcloud layer, and become larger in the cloud layer, indicating different entrainment rates. The particles that enter the deepest clouds also correspond to the widest cloud bases, which points to the importance of convective organization within the subcloud layer.

Chen S. S., R. A. Houze Jr., 1997: Diurnal variation and life-cycle of deep convective systems over the tropical Pacific warm pool.Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 123, 357- 388.10.1002/qj.49712353806

db67d70587a58ee7abd464540fb21d72

http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fqj.49712353806%2Fpdf

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49712353806/pdfNot Available

Dudhia J., 1989: Numerical study of convection observed during the winter monsoon experiment using a mesoscale two-dimensional model, J.Atmos. Sci., 46, 3077- 3107.10.1175/1520-0469(1989)0462.0.CO;2

34a0f338a8622d0aee3c3811d44d3450

http%3A%2F%2Fci.nii.ac.jp%2Fnaid%2F10013124897

http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/10013124897Not Available

Dunion J. P., C. D. Thorncroft, and C. S. Velden, 2014: The tropical cyclone diurnal cycle of mature hurricanes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 142, 3900- 3919.10.1175/MWR-D-13-00191.1

f0d4e26f2f9060d4545b127a2ce2f039

http%3A%2F%2Fconnection.ebscohost.com%2Fc%2Farticles%2F98403690%2Ftropical-cyclone-diurnal-cycle-mature-hurricanes

http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/98403690/tropical-cyclone-diurnal-cycle-mature-hurricanesAbstract The diurnal cycle of tropical convection and the tropical cyclone (TC) cirrus canopy has been described extensively in previous studies. However, a complete understanding of the TC diurnal cycle remains elusive and is an area of ongoing research. This work describes a new technique that uses infrared satellite image differencing to examine the evolution of the TC diurnal cycle for all North Atlantic major hurricanes from 2001 to 2010. The imagery reveals cyclical pulses in the infrared cloud field that regularly propagate radially outward from the storm. These diurnal pulses begin forming in the storm inner core near the time of sunset each day and continue to move away from the storm overnight, reaching areas several hundreds of kilometers from the circulation center by the following afternoon. A marked warming of the cloud tops occurs behind this propagating feature and there can be pronounced structural changes to a storm as it moves away from the inner core. This suggests that the TC diurnal cycle may be an important element of TC dynamics and may have relevance to TC structure and intensity change. Evidence is also presented showing the existence of statistically significant diurnal signals in TC wind radii and objective Dvorak satellite-based intensity estimates for the 10-yr hurricane dataset that was examined. Findings indicate that TC diurnal pulses are a distinguishing characteristic of the TC diurnal cycle and the repeatability of TC diurnal pulsing in time and space suggests that it may be an unrealized, yet fundamental TC process.

Franklin C. N., G. J. Holland , and P. T. May, 2006: Mechanisms for the generation of mesoscale vorticity features in tropical cyclone rainbands. Mon. Wea. Rev., 134, 2649- 2669.10.1175/MWR3222.1

f3b2a090378bc3b539509c610393f692

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2006MWRv..134.2649F

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006MWRv..134.2649FNot Available

Fudeyasu H., Y. Q. Wang, 2011: Balanced contribution to the intensification of a tropical cyclone simulated in TCM4: Outer-core spinup process.J. Atmos. Sci., 68, 430- 449.96c6d782ab7ccf9aad44a7b8d42dc451

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fnph-data_query%3Fbibcode%3D2011JAtS...68..430F%26db_key%3DPHY%26link_type%3DABSTRACT

http://xueshu.baidu.com/s?wd=paperuri%3A%28ae40618d077511581b39ff5f7fac8db1%29&filter=sc_long_sign&tn=SE_xueshusource_2kduw22v&sc_vurl=http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fnph-data_query%3Fbibcode%3D2011JAtS...68..430F%26db_key%3DPHY%26link_type%3DABSTRACT&ie=utf-8&sc_us=15792292735242510949

Ge X. Y., Y. Ma, S. W. Zhou, and T. Li, 2014: Impacts of the diurnal cycle of radiation on tropical cyclone intensification and structure. Adv. Atmos. Sci.,31, 1377-1385, doi: 10.1007/s00376-014-4060-0.10.1007/s00376-014-4060-0

d957ea4f86452896dd21f0206cd561ad

http%3A%2F%2Fd.wanfangdata.com.cn%2FPeriodical_dqkxjz-e201406012.aspx

http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical_dqkxjz-e201406012.aspx

Gray W. M., R. W. Jacobson, 1977: Diurnal variation of deep cumulus convection. Mon. Wea. Rev., 105, 1171- 1188.10.1175/1520-0493(1977)1052.0.CO;2

625462aec00c5dd43ded75cdc6060671

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F1977MWRv..105.1171G

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1977MWRv..105.1171GAbstract This paper presents observational evidence in support of the existence of a large diurnal cycle (one daily maximum and one daily minimum) of oceanic, tropical, deep cumulus convection. The more intense the deep convection and the more associated it is with organized weather systems, the more evident is a diurnal cycle with a maximum in the morning. At many places heavy rainfall is 23 times greater in the morning than in the late afternoon-evening. Many land stations also show morning maxima of heavy rainfall. The GATE observations show a similar diurnal range in heavy rainfall, but the time of maximum occurrence is in the afternoon. This occurrence is 67 h later than in most other oceanic regions and is probably a result of downwind influences from Africa and the fact that the GATE heavy rainfall was often associated with squall lines. Diurnal variations in low-level, layered and total cloudiness show a much smaller range. The variability of deep convection and heavy rainfall is not readily observable from those satellite pictures which cannot well resolve individual convective cells nor is it easily obtained from surface observations of the percent of sky coverage which are heavily weighted to the presence of low-level and layered clouds. A comparison of previous observational studies is made. It is hypothesized that the diurnal cycle in deep convection with a morning maximum is associated with organized weather disturbances. This diurnal cycle likely results from day versus night variations in tropospheric radiational cooling between the weather system and its surrounding cloud-free region.

Guinn T. A., W. H. Schubert, 1993: Hurricane spiral bands.J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 3380- 3403.10.1175/1520-0469(1993)050<3380:HSB>2.0.CO;2

4089ccba-814b-414c-a64b-6d5f04e8c32f

6365109b567fdfffcc399e9a0e0d8a5d

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F1993JAtS...50.3380G

refpaperuri:(b5204f8939d43f8256db154abfee235a)

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993JAtS...50.3380GThe spiral bands that occur in tropical cyclones can be conveniently divided into two classes-outer bands and inner bands. Evidence is presented here that the outer bands form as the result of nonlinear effects during the breakdown of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) through barotropic instability. In this process a zonal strip of high potential vorticity (the ITCZ shear zone or monsoon trough) begins to distort in a varicose fashion, with the potential vorticity (PV) becoming pooled in local regions that are connected by filaments of high PV. As the pooled regions become more axisymmetric, the filaments become thinner and begin to wrap around the PV centers.It is argued that inner bands form in a different manner. As a tropical cyclone intensifies due to latent heat release, the PV field becomes nearly circular with the highest values of PV in the cyclone center. The radial gradient of PV provides a state on which PV waves (the generalization of Rossby waves) can propagate. The nonlinear breaking of PV waves then leads to an irreversible distortion of the PV contours and a downgradient flux of PV. The continuation of this proem tends to erode the high PV core of the tropical cyclone, to produce a surrounding surf zone, and hence to spread the PV horizontally. In a similar fashion, inner bands can also form by the merger of a vortex with a patch of relatively high PV air. As the merger proem occurs the patch of PV is quickly elongated and wrapped around the vortex. The resulting vortex is generally larger in horizontal extent and exhibits a spiral band of PV.When the formation of outer and inner bands is interpreted in the context of a normal-mode spectral model, they emerge as slow manifold phenomena; that is, they have both rotational and (balanced or slaved) gravitational mode aspects. In this sense, regarding them as simply gravity waves leads to an incomplete dynamical picture.

Hendricks E. A., M. T. Montgomery, and C. A. Davis, 2004: The role of "vortical" hot towers in the formation of Tropical Cyclone Diana (1984).J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 1209- 1232.84e5c14ce6f9ed7eee699eb545912170

http%3A%2F%2Fnldr.library.ucar.edu%2Frepository%2Fcollections%2FOSGC-000-000-019-361

http://nldr.library.ucar.edu/repository/collections/OSGC-000-000-019-361A high-resolution (3-km horizontal grid spacing) near-cloud-resolving numerical simulation of the formation of Hurricane Diana (1984) is used to examine the contribution of deep convective processes to tropical cyclone formation. This study is focused on the 3-km horizontal grid spacing simulation because this simulation was previously found to furnish an accurate forecast of the later stages of the observed storm life cycle. The numerical simulation reveals the presence of vortical hot towers, or cores of deep cumulonimbus convection possessing strong vertical vorticity, that arise from buoyancy-induced stretching of local absolute vertical vorticity in a vorticity-rich prehurricane environment. At near-cloud-resolving scales, these vortical hot towers are the preferred mode of convection. They are demonstrated to be the most important influence to the formation of the tropical storm via a two-stage evolutionary process: (i) preconditioning of the local environment via diabatic production of multiple small-scale lower-tropospheric cyclonic potential vorticity (PV) anomalies, and (ii) multiple mergers and axisymmetrization of these low-level PV anomalies. The local warm-core formation and tangential momentum spinup are shown to be dominated by the organizational process of the diabatically generated PV anomalies; the former process being accomplished by the strong vertical vorticity in the hot tower cores, which effectively traps the latent heat from moist convection. In addition to the organizational process of the PV anomalies, the cyclogenesis is enhanced by the aggregate diabatic heating associated with the vortical hot towers, which produces a net influx of low-level mean angular momentum throughout the genesis.

Jordan C. L., 1958: Mean soundings for the West Indies area.J. Atmos. Sci., 15, 91- 97.10.1175/1520-0469(1958)0152.0.CO;2

eaa4245d2bfb5ee655b3cc9f030f4716

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F1958JAtS...15...91J

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1958JAtS...15...91JMean aerological data for the West Indies area have been prepared from ten-year records for three stations. Mean monthly height, temperature and relative humidity data are tabulated for constant pressure surfaces. More detailed information, including density, potential temperature and specific humidity, is shown for the mean annual and the mean `hurricane season' soundings. The mean data are compared with those previously presented and some of the interesting climatological features are discussed.

Li Q. Q., Y. Q. Wang, 2012: Formation and quasi-periodic behavior of outer spiral rainbands in a numerically simulated tropical cyclone.J. Atmos. Sci., 69, 997- 1020.10.1175/2011JAS3690.1

e3618091513cf7c813619c8182d73f14

http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dbpia.co.kr%2Fjournal%2Farticledetail%2F1558880

http://www.dbpia.co.kr/journal/articledetail/1558880Abstract The formation and quasi-periodic behavior of outer spiral rainbands in a tropical cyclone simulated in the cloud-resolving tropical cyclone model version 4 (TCM4) are analyzed. The outer spiral rainbands in the simulation are preferably initiated near the 60-km radius, or roughly about 3 times the radius of maximum wind (RMW). After initiation, they generally propagate radially outward with a mean speed of about 5 m s 1 . They are reinitiated quasi-periodically with a period between 22 and 26 h in the simulation. The inner spiral rainbands, which form within a radius of about 3 times the RMW, are characterized by the convectively coupled vortex Rossby waves (VRWs), but the formation of outer spiral rainbands (i.e., rainbands formed outside a radius of about 3 times the RMW) is much more complicated. It is shown that outer spiral rainbands are triggered by the inner-rainband remnants immediately outside the rapid filamentation zone and inertial instability in the upper troposphere. The preferred radial location of initiation of outer spiral rainbands is understood as a balance between the suppression of deep convection by rapid filamentation and the favorable dynamical and thermodynamic conditions for initiation of deep convection. The quasi-periodic occurrence of outer spiral rainbands is found to be associated with the boundary layer recovery from the effect of convective downdrafts and the consumption of convective available potential energy (CAPE) by convection in the previous outer spiral rainbands. Specifically, once convection is initiated and organized in the form of outer spiral rainbands, it will produce strong downdrafts and consume CAPE. These effects weaken convection near its initiation location. As the rainband propagates outward farther, the boundary layer air near the original location of convection initiation takes about 10 h to recover by extracting energy from the underlying ocean. Convection and thus new outer spiral rainbands will be initiated near a radius of about 3 times the RMW. This will be followed by a similar outward propagation and the subsequent boundary layer recovery, leading to a quasi-periodic occurrence of outer spiral rainbands. In response to the quasi-periodic appearance of outer spiral rainbands, the storm intensity experiences a similar quasi-periodic oscillation with its intensity or intensification rate starting to decrease after about 4 h of the initiation of an outer spiral rainband. The results provide an alternative explanation or one of the mechanisms that are responsible for the quasi-periodic (quasi-diurnal) variation in the intensity and in the area of outflow-layer cloud canopy of observed tropical cyclones.

Li Q. Q., Y. Q. Wang, and Y. H. Duan, 2015: Impacts of evaporation of rainwater on tropical cyclone structure and intensity-revisit.J. Atmos. Sci., 72, 1323- 1345.

Liu C. H., M. W. Moncrieff, 1998: A numerical study of the diurnal cycle of tropical oceanic convection.J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 2329- 2344.10.1175/1520-0469(1998)055<2329:ANSOTD>2.0.CO;2

dc426c6f4253d73dcf2f130368a4ecf8

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F1998JAtS...55.2329L

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998JAtS...55.2329LAbstract Idealized two-dimensional cloud-resolving numerical modeling was conducted to investigate the diurnal variability of deep tropical oceanic convection. The model was initialized with a horizontally homogeneous atmosphere upon which a uniform and time-independent large-scale forcing was imposed. The underlying surface was assumed to be an open ocean with a constant sea surface temperature. Emphasis was on two distinct regimes:(a) highly organized squall-line-like convection in strong ambient shear and (b) less organized nonsquall cloud clusters without ambient shear. A pronounced diurnal cycle was simulated for the highly organized case; convective activity and intensity attained a maximum around predawn and a minimum in the late afternoon. A similar diurnal variability was obtained for the less organized case and was characterized by more precipitation during the night and early morning and less precipitation in the afternoon and evening. The modeled diurnal variation was primarily attributed to the direct interaction between radiation and convection, whereas the cloud loud-free differential heating mechanism played a secondary role. When the radiative effect of clouds was excluded, a diurnal cycle was still present. Moreover, the cloud radiative forcing had a negative influence on precipitation/convective activity, in contrast with general circulation modeling results.

Mapes B. E., R. A. Houze, 1993: Cloud clusters and superclusters over the oceanic warm pool. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 1398- 1415.10.1175/1520-0493(1993)1212.0.CO;2

ebf2f8b9e96ef8e182979ac9d88e1f23

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F1993MWRv..121.1398M

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993MWRv..121.1398MNot Available

May P. T., G. J. Holland, 1999: The role of potential vorticity generation in tropical cyclone rainbands.J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 1224- 1228.94ad92b698a13d5a0d95dc45e3bab1ec

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fnph-data_query%3Fbibcode%3D1999JAtS...56.1224M%26db_key%3DPHY%26link_type%3DABSTRACT

http://xueshu.baidu.com/s?wd=paperuri%3A%282b8f9e13f60e5a61a316633dd87e6978%29&filter=sc_long_sign&tn=SE_xueshusource_2kduw22v&sc_vurl=http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fnph-data_query%3Fbibcode%3D1999JAtS...56.1224M%26db_key%3DPHY%26link_type%3DABSTRACT&ie=utf-8&sc_us=6803202935118477071

Melhauser C., F. Q. Zhang, 2014: Diurnal radiation cycle impact on the pregenesis environment of hurricane Karl (2010).J. Atmos. Sci., 71, 1241- 1259.10.1175/JAS-D-13-0116.1

653aa8097d08490bd6cb8a7901cc4167

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2014JAtS...71.1241M

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JAtS...71.1241MNot Available

Mlawer E. J., S. J. Taubman, P. D. Brown, M. J. Iacono, and S. A. Clough, 1997: Radiative transfer for inhomogeneous atmospheres: RRTM, a validated correlated-k model for the longwave. . J.Geophys. Res., 102, 16 663- 16 682.10.1029/97JD00237

cd97feda-8613-4507-b607-8e01cbc0152a

bf5f762e845a497b1ec8058223fb6df8

http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1029%2F97JD00237%2Fpdf

refpaperuri:(98daaed043b544401196cd274fa354f5)

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/97JD00237/pdfABSTRACT A rapid and accurate radiative transfer model (RRTM) for climate applications been developed and the results extensively evaluated. The current version of RRTM calculates fluxes and cooling rates for the longwave spectral region (10-3000 cm-1) for an arbitrary clear atmosphere. The molecular species treated in the model are water vapor, carbon dioxide, ozone, methane, nitrous oxide, and the common halocarbons. The radiative transfer in RRTM is performed using the correlated-k method: the k distributions are attained directly from the LBLRTM line-by-line model, which connects the absorption coefficients used by RRTM to high-resolution radiance validations done with observations. Refined methods have been developed for treating bands containing gases with overlapping absorption, for the determination of values of the Planck function appropriate for use in the correlated-k approach, and for the inclusion of minor absorbing species in a band. The flux and cooling rate results of RRTM are linked to measurement through the use of LBLRTM, which has been substantially validated with observations. Validations of RRTM using LBLRTM have been performed for the midlatitude summer, tropical, midlatitude winter, subarctic winter, and four atmospheres from the Spectral Radiance Experiment campaign. On the basis of these validations the longwave accuracy of RRTM for any atmosphere is as follows: 0.6 W m-2 (relative to LBLRTM) for net flux in each band at all altitudes, with a total (10-3000 cm-1) error of less than 1.0 W m-2 at any altitudes; 0.07 K d-1 for total cooling rate error in the troposphere and lower stratosphere, and 0.75 K d-1 in the upper stratosphere and above. Other comparisons have been performed on RRTM using LBLRTM to gauge its sensitivity to changes in the abundance of specific species, including the halocarbons and carbon dioxide. The radiative forcing due to doubling the concentration of carbon dioxide is attained with an accuracy of 0.24 W m-2, an error of less than 5%. The speed of execution of RRTM compares favorably with that of other rapid radiation models, indicating that the model is suitable for use in general circulation models.

Montgomery M. T., R. J. Kallenbach, 1997: A theory for vortex Rossby-waves and its application to spiral bands and intensity changes in hurricanes.Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 123, 435- 465.10.1002/qj.49712353810

8d6b256fc7fd0c64e2fb2557476d7b05

http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fqj.49712353810%2Ffull

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49712353810/fullAbstract In this paper we examine further the physics of vortex axisymmetrization, with the goal of elucidating the dynamics of outward-propagating spiral bands in hurricanes. the basic shysics is illustrated most simply for stable vorticity monopoles on an f-plane. Unlike the dynamics of sheared disturbances in rectilinear shear flow, axisymmetrizing disturbances on a vortex are accompanied by outward-propagating vortex Rossby-waves whose restoring mechanism is associated with the radial gradient of storm vorticity. Expressions for both phase and group velocities are derived and verified; they confirm earlier speculations on the existence of vortex Rossbywaves in hurricanes. Effects of radially propagating vortex Rossby-waves on the mean vortex are also analysed. In conjunction with sustained injection of vorticity near the radius of maximum winds, these results reveal a new mechanism of vortex intensification. the basic theory is then applied to a hurricane-like vortex in a shallow-water asymmetric-balance model. the wave mechanics developed here shows promise in elucidating basic mechanisms of hurricane evolution and structure changes, such as the formation of secondary eye-walls. Radar observations possessing adequate temporal resolution are consistent with the predictions of this work, though more refined observations are needed to quantify further the impact of mesoscale banded disturbances on the evolution of the hurricane vortex.

Moon Y., D. S. Nolan, 2015: Spiral rainbands in a numerical simulation of Hurricane Bill (2009). Part I: Structures and comparisons to observations.J. Atmos. Sci., 72, 164- 190.10.1175/JAS-D-14-0058.1

c80a8e4436c20a557f7f555c0dd76a87

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2015JAtS...72..164M

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JAtS...72..164MAbstract This study examines spiral rainbands in a numerical simulation of Hurricane Bill (2009). This paper, the first part of the study, evaluates the structures of spiral rainbands and compares them to previous observations. Four types of spiral rainbands are identified: principal, secondary, distant, and inner rainbands. Principal rainbands tend to be stationary relative to the storm center, while secondary rainbands are more transient and move around the storm center. Both principal and secondary rainbands are tilted radially outward with height and have many of the commonly observed kinematic features, such as overturning secondary circulation and enhanced tangential velocity on their radially outward sides. Principal rainbands are bounded by very dry air on their radially outward sides. Distant rainbands are radially inward-tilting convective features that have dense cold pools near the surface. Inner rainbands are made of shallow convection that appears to have originated from near the eyewall. Differences in the structures of spiral rainbands between observations and the Hurricane Bill simulation are noted. The second part of the study investigates how inner rainbands propagate and makes comparison with previously proposed hypotheses such as vortex Rossby waves.

Rotunno R., J. B. Klemp, and M. L. Weisman, 1988: A theory for strong, long-lived squall lines. J.Atmos. Sci., 45, 463- 485.10.1175/1520-0469(1988)045<0463:ATFSLL>2.0.CO;2

7340669ce79a156a8c5d08b0f5e87b54

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F1988JAtS...45..463R

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988JAtS...45..463RNot Available

Sawada M., T. Iwasaki, 2010: Impacts of evaporation from raindrops on tropical cyclones. Part II: Features of rainbands and asymmetric structure.J. Atmos. Sci., 67, 84- 96.10.1175/2009JAS3195.1

87ad754c3305250af9f503cb0e479ec3

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2010JAtS...67...84S

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010JAtS...67...84SIn this study, the impacts of evaporative cooling from raindrops on a tropical cyclone (TC) are examined using cloud-resolving simulations under an idealized condition. Part I of this study showed that evaporative cooling greatly increases the kinetic energy of a TC and its size because rainbands provide a large amount of condensation heating outside the eyewall. Part II investigates characteristics of simulated rainbands in detail. Rainbands are actively formed, even outside the eyewall, in the experiment including evaporative cooling, whereas they are absent in the experiment without evaporative cooling. Rainbands propagate in the counterclockwise and radially outward direction, and such behaviors are closely related to cold pools. New convective cells are successively generated at the upstream end of a cold pool, which is referred to here as the upstream development. The upstream development organizes spiral-shaped rainbands along a low-level streamline that is azimuthally averaged and propagates them radially outward. Asymmetric flows from azimuthally averaged low-level wind advance cold pool fronts in the normal direction to rainbands, which are referred to here as cross-band propagation. The cross-band propagation deflects the movement of each cell away from the low-level streamlines and rotates it in the counterclockwise direction. Cross-band propagation plays an essential role in the maintenance of rainbands. Advancement of cold pool fronts lifts up the warm and moist air mass slantwise and induces heavy precipitation. Evaporative cooling from raindrops induces downdrafts and gives feedback to the enhancement of cold pools.

Schlemmer L., C. Hohenegger, 2014: The formation of wider and deeper clouds as a result of cold-pool dynamics.J. Atmos. Sci., 71, 2842- 2858.3284665453527878919881292223222212112052813853264670038083739

483aa0344ce3eb1fc5b71c1a4c48c5fb

http%3A%2F%2Fbrain.oxfordjournals.org%2Flookup%2Fexternal-ref%3Faccess_num%3D12112052%26link_type%3DMED%26atom%3D%252Fbrain%252Fearly%252F2014%252F11%252F06%252Fbrain.awu313.atom

http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/lookup/external-ref?access_num=12112052&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fbrain%2Fearly%2F2014%2F11%2F06%2Fbrain.awu313.atom

Tang X. W., W. C. Lee, and M. Bell, 2014: A squall-line-like principal rainband in typhoon Hagupit (2008) observed by airborne doppler radar.J. Atmos. Sci., 71, 2733- 2746.10.1175/JAS-D-13-0307.1

347fc1346d135a10b0016fffdc8fdcc9

http%3A%2F%2Fconnection.ebscohost.com%2Fc%2Farticles%2F96699941%2Fsquall-line-like-principal-rainband-typhoon-hagupit-2008-observed-by-airborne-doppler-radar

http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/96699941/squall-line-like-principal-rainband-typhoon-hagupit-2008-observed-by-airborne-doppler-radarAbstract This study examines the structure and dynamics of Typhoon Hagupit’s (2008) principal rainband using airborne radar and dropsonde observations. The convection in Hagupit’s principal rainband was organized into a well-defined line with trailing stratiform precipitation on the inner side. Individual convective cells had intense updrafts and downdrafts and were aligned in a wavelike pattern along the line. The line-averaged vertical cross section possessed a slightly inward-tilting convective core and two branches of low-level inflow feeding the convection. The result of a thermodynamic retrieval showed a pronounced cold pool behind the convective line. The horizontal and vertical structures of this principal rainband show characteristics that are different than the existing conceptual model and are more similar to squall lines and outer rainbands. The unique convective structure of Hagupit’s principal rainband was associated with veering low-level vertical wind shear and large convective instability in the environment. A quantitative assessment of the cold pool strength showed that it was quasi balanced with that of the low-level vertical wind shear. The balanced state and the structural characteristics of convection in Hagupit’s principal rainband were dynamically consistent with the theory of cold pool dynamics widely applied to strong and long-lived squall lines. The analyses suggest that cold pool dynamics played a role in determining the principal rainband structure in addition to storm-scale vortex dynamics.

Tao W. K., S. Lang, J. Simpson, C. H. Sui, B. Ferrier, and M. D. Chou, 1996: Mechanisms of cloud-radiation interaction in the tropics and midlatitudes.J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 2624- 2651.f033efe01c0a577ef84b2818cf1db141

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fnph-data_query%3Fbibcode%3D1996JAtS...53.2624T%26db_key%3DPHY%26link_type%3DEJOURNAL

http://xueshu.baidu.com/s?wd=paperuri%3A%284a95cd040bbe2f2402b893a9ea87f038%29&filter=sc_long_sign&tn=SE_xueshusource_2kduw22v&sc_vurl=http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fnph-data_query%3Fbibcode%3D1996JAtS...53.2624T%26db_key%3DPHY%26link_type%3DEJOURNAL&ie=utf-8&sc_us=16205333056580971151

Webster P. J., G. L. Stephens, 1980: Tropical upper-tropospheric extended clouds: Inferences from winter MONEX.J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 1521- 1541.10.1175/1520-0469-37.7.1521

05ada939690d54a5bd2c6fb0064f8fb5

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F1980JAtS...37.1521W

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980JAtS...37.1521WThe most common cloud species observed during the Winter Monsoon Experiment (WMONEX) wasthick (optically black) middle and upper tropospheric extended cloud. Data from the GeostationaryMeteorological Satellite (GMS) showed the extended cloud to occupy half the near-equatorial SouthChina Sea and Indonesia on some days with tops in the vicinity of the 200 mb level. Detailed observations from the WMONEX composite observing array indicated that the clouds extended up to 750 kmfrom the convective source regions, possessed bases in the vicinity of the freezing level and lay above agenerally suppressed and subsident lower troposphere. The observation of widespread precipitation fromthe extended cloud and the encountering of ice particles during the cloud penetrations suggest that theextended clouds are active in a diabatic heating sense.Calculations using a radiative transfer model and cloud and atmospheric states derived from WMONEXdata indicate substantial net heating at the base of the cloud (-20 K day) and cooling at the top(-5 to -15 K day), resulting in a heating rate differential between the base and top of the cloud of upto 35 K day". Net heating or cooling occurs depending upon the diurnal cycle. It is conjectured thatthe effect of the radiative heating is to destabilize the cloud layer. As the magnitude of the radiativeheating at the base of the cloud is at least within a factor of 2 of estimates of the cooling at the cloudbase due to melting for moderate disturbances and relatively greater for weak disturbances or in locationswell removed from the convective source in any disturbance, it is argued that radiative effects cannotbe ignored in the calculation of the total diabatic heating fields in tropical cloud systems.

Willoughby H. E., 1978: A possible mechanism for the formation of hurricane rainbands.J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 838- 848.10.1175/1520-0469(1978)0352.0.CO;2

b38bc9de2f858ba62e171997206b7df1

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F1978JAtS...35..838W

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978JAtS...35..838WIn a model of hurricane rainbands as linear waves on a barotropic mean vortex, it is possible to derive two conservation laws for the perturbations: both the azimuthally integrated Reynolds torque exerted by the waves and the ratio of the azimuthally integrated radial wave energy flux to the intrinsic frequency are constant with radius for a steady wave field without dissipation or cumulus heating. The latter of these conditions can be invoked to explain the amplification of a class of waves that sustains a flux of energy directed into the vortex center and one of angular momentum directed out of it. The intrinsic phase propagation in the tangential direction is against the mean flow, but it is not fast enough to prevent the waves from being advected slowly downwind in the cyclonic sense. The Doppler shift leads to an increase in the intrinsic frequency toward the center and, in consequence of the second conservation law, to an amplification of the wave energy flux, as well as a large increase in the wave amplitude.For a sufficiently intense mean vortex, the waves are absorbed in the eye wall when their intrinsic frequency reaches the buoyancy frequency. If the initial frequency at the storm's periphery is near the inertia frequency, the maximum possible amplification of the energy flux is then slightly less than the ratio of the buoyancy frequency to the Coriolis frequency.

Yamasaki M., 1983: A further study of the tropical cyclone without parameterizing the effects of cumulus convection. Pap. Meteor. Geophys., 34, 307- 324.10.2467/mripapers.34.221

62c02a18e542da7d91362301797552ff

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F1983PMG....34..307Y

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983PMG....34..307YEruption cloud images of the Alaid Volcano and the Pagan Volcano, on the Kurile and the Mariana Islands, were recorded between April and May 1981, by GMS-1. The eruption clouds' maximum altitudes, estimated from eruption cloud isotherms based on GMS infrared data and radio sounding observations, were 11.7 km at 06 Z on April 30 at Alaid, and 16.5 km at 03 Z on May 15 at Pagan. Eruption cloud moving velocities, 4-6 m/s faster than surrounding wind speeds, were 19-32 m/s at Alaid and 14-15 m/s at Pagan. Horizontal eddy diffusivity values for both volcanos were in the range of 10 to the 9th to 10 to the 10th sq cm/s, and total thermal energy releases were 7 x 10 to the 22nd erg at Alaid and 4 x 10 to the 22nd erg at Pagan.

Yamasaki M., 1986: A three-dimensional tropical cyclone model with parameterized cumulus convection. Pap. Meteor. Geophys., 37, 205- 234.10.2467/mripapers.37.205

725298976e27dc7d53ce3172b9f70b4b

http%3A%2F%2Fci.nii.ac.jp%2Fnaid%2F130004484825

http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/130004484825A three-dimensional tropical cyclone model is developed with a new parameterization of cumulus convection, based on the results from the non-parameterized model of Yamasaki (1977, 83). In order to simulate the important features and mechanisms of tropical cyclones obtained in the non-parameterized model, cloud water and rainwater are included as predicted variables. The effects of evaporation of rainwater and convective downdrafts are taken into account. Heating due to parameterized convection is assumed to depend on the vertical velocity at a low level and the degree of the conditional instability.Results from a numerical experiment indicate that the present model is capable of describing mesoscale convections which are pronounced in the non-parameterized model. Mesoscale convections behave in different ways, depending on the stage (or intensity) of a simulated tropical cyclone and on the location relative to the tropical cyclone center. Simulated spiral rainbands consist of mesoscale convections which form around the trailing edge of a rainband in many cases and move on the spiral band cyclonically towards the eyewall. In the case of spiral bands which are strongly affected by frictional inflow, mesoscale convections are maintained for a long period of time by successive formation of convective elements at the outer edge of the band in which warm moist air flows. The spiral bands do not behave like gravity waves. Most of the properties of mesoscale convections (including those at the pre-typhoon stage) and the tropical cyclone simulated in this study are similar to those obtained from the non-parameterized model. The essential aspects of the parameterization scheme which leads to such results and its shortcomings are also discussed.

Yang G. Y., J. Slingo, 2001: The diurnal cycle in the tropics. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 784- 801.10.1175/1520-0493(2001)129<0784:TDCITT>2.0.CO;2

d001dd476f79bd9e12c886bd6021acbb

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2001MWRv..129..784Y

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001MWRv..129..784YNot Available

Yu C. K., Y. Chen, 2011: Surface fluctuations associated with tropical cyclone rainbands observed near Taiwan during 2000-08.J. Atmos. Sci., 68, 1568- 1585.10.1175/2011JAS3725.1

7171f76dedd8a4646a55b505a18c66f1

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2011JAtS...68.1568Y

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JAtS...68.1568YAbstractWith radar measurements and temporally high-resolution surface observations, this study investigates surface fluctuations associated with tropical cyclone rainbands (TCRs) observed in the vicinity of Taiwan during 200008. A total of 263 TCRs identified from 37 typhoon events during the study period were analyzed to show the mean and common nature of perturbations of various meteorological variables associated with the passage of TCRs.The main patterns of surface thermodynamic fluctuations, as revealed from the composite analysis of all identified TCRs, include a persistent decrease in temperature, dewpoint temperature, and equivalent potential temperature e from the outer to inner edge of the rainband. A wavelike variation of pressure perturbations associated with the rainband was evident, with a minimum coincident with the outer edge and a maximum located inside the inner edge. The kinematics of the rainband was characterized by an obvious decrease in cross-band wind component, relatively minor...

Yu C. K., C. L. Tsai, 2013: Structural and surface features of arc-shaped radar echoes along an outer tropical cyclone rainband.J. Atmos. Sci., 70, 56- 72.e301aed8025cd44bb086ca8cb6de36da

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fnph-data_query%3Fbibcode%3D2013JAtS...70...56Y%26db_key%3DPHY%26link_type%3DABSTRACT

http://xueshu.baidu.com/s?wd=paperuri%3A%28a2bd764861edf012163c8e4e84599dae%29&filter=sc_long_sign&tn=SE_xueshusource_2kduw22v&sc_vurl=http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fnph-data_query%3Fbibcode%3D2013JAtS...70...56Y%26db_key%3DPHY%26link_type%3DABSTRACT&ie=utf-8&sc_us=6446083501509990463