doi:10.1007/s00376-016-5247-3

Adler, R. F., Coauthors, 2003: The version-2 global precipitation climatology project (GPCP) monthly precipitation analysis (1979-Present). Journal of Hydrometeorology, 4, 1147- 1167.10.1175/1525-7541(2003)004<1147:TVGPCP>2.0.CO;2

53064fd724346e9bd7d78eab17550121

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2003JHyMe...4.1147A

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003JHyMe...4.1147AThe Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) Version-2 Monthly Precipitation Analysis is described. This globally complete, monthly analysis of surface precipitation at 2.517 latitude 17 2.517 longitude resolution is available from January 1979 to the present. It is a merged analysis that incorporates precipitation estimates from low-orbit satellite microwave data, geosynchronous-orbit satellite infrared data, and surface rain gauge observations. The merging approach utilizes the higher accuracy of the low-orbit microwave observations to calibrate, or adjust, the more frequent geosynchronous infrared observations. The dataset is extended back into the premicrowave era (before mid-1987) by using infrared-only observations calibrated to the microwave-based analysis of the later years. The combined satellite-based product is adjusted by the rain gauge analysis. The dataset archive also contains the individual input fields, a combined satellite estimate, and error estimates for each field. This monthly analysis is the foundation for the GPCP suite of products, including those at finer temporal resolution. The 23-yr GPCP climatology is characterized, along with time and space variations of precipitation.

Andrews T., 2014: Using an AGCM to diagnose historical effective radiative forcing and mechanisms of recent decadal climate change. J.Climate, 27, 1193- 1209.10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00336.1

e0f74ba869666a9b8ed2ffb962855e18

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2014JCli...27.1193A

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JCli...27.1193ANot Available

Bellouin N., G. W. Mann, M. T. Woodhouse, C. Johnson, K. S. Carslaw, and M. Dalvi, 2013: Impact of the modal aerosol scheme GLOMAP-mode on aerosol forcing in the Hadley Centre Global Environmental Model. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,13, 3027-3044, doi: 10.5194/acp-13-3027-2013.10.5194/acp-13-3027-2013

d11b19247b7424f3b504df57270a1ac8

http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oalib.com%2Fpaper%2F1369683

http://www.oalib.com/paper/1369683The Hadley Centre Global Environmental Model (HadGEM) includes two aerosol schemes: the Coupled Large-scale Aerosol Simulator for Studies in Climate (CLASSIC), and the new Global Model of Aerosol Processes (GLOMAP-mode). GLOMAP-mode is a modal aerosol microphysics scheme that simulates not only aerosol mass but also aerosol number, represents internally-mixed particles, and includes aerosol microphysical processes such as nucleation. In this study, both schemes provide hindcast simulations of natural and anthropogenic aerosol species for the period 2000-2006. HadGEM simulations of the aerosol optical depth using GLOMAP-mode compare better than CLASSIC against a data-assimilated aerosol re-analysis and aerosol ground-based observations. Because of differences in wet deposition rates, GLOMAP-mode sulphate aerosol residence time is two days longer than CLASSIC sulphate aerosols, whereas black carbon residence time is much shorter. As a result, CLASSIC underestimates aerosol optical depths in continental regions of the Northern Hemisphere and likely overestimates absorption in remote regions. Aerosol direct and first indirect radiative forcings are computed from simulations of aerosols with emissions for the year 1850 and 2000. In 1850, GLOMAP-mode predicts lower aerosol optical depths and higher cloud droplet number concentrations than CLASSIC. Consequently, simulated clouds are much less susceptible to natural and anthropogenic aerosol changes when the microphysical scheme is used. In particular, the response of cloud condensation nuclei to an increase in dimethyl sulphide emissions becomes a factor of four smaller. The combined effect of different 1850 baselines, residence times, and abilities to affect cloud droplet number, leads to substantial differences in the aerosol forcings simulated by the two schemes. GLOMAP-mode finds a present-day direct aerosol forcing of 0.49 W m 2 on a global average, 72% stronger than the corresponding forcing from CLASSIC. This difference is compensated by changes in first indirect aerosol forcing: the forcing of 1.17 W m 2 obtained with GLOMAP-mode is 20% weaker than with CLASSIC. Results suggest that mass-based schemes such as CLASSIC lack the necessary sophistication to provide realistic input to aerosol-cloud interaction schemes. Furthermore, the importance of the 1850 baseline highlights how model skill in predicting present-day aerosol does not guarantee reliable forcing estimates. Those findings suggest that the more complex representation of aerosol processes in microphysical schemes improves the fidelity of simulated aerosol forcings.

Chen M. Y., P. P. Xie, J. E. Janowiak, and P. A. Arkin, 2002: Global land precipitation: a 50-yr monthly analysis based on gauge observations. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 3, 249- 266.512e7d920e229b40ae10e6c9f4942d23

http%3A%2F%2Fjpe.oxfordjournals.org%2Fexternal-ref%3Faccess_num%3D10.1175%2F1525-7541%282002%290032.0.CO%3B2%26link_type%3DDOI

http://jpe.oxfordjournals.org/external-ref?access_num=10.1175/1525-7541(2002)0032.0.CO;2&link_type=DOI

Chen W., R.Y. Lu, 2014: A decadal shift of summer surface air temperature over the Northeast Asia around the mid-1990s. Adv. Atmos. Sci.,31, 735-742, doi: 10.1007/s00376-013-3154-4.10.1007/s00376-013-3154-4

7c9840c8420b5f78929d1d8f9ba871a3

http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnki.com.cn%2FArticle%2FCJFDTotal-DQJZ201404001.htm

http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical_dqkxjz-e201404001.aspx

Christidis, N., Coauthors, 2013: A new HadGEM3-A-based system for attribution of weather and climate-related extreme events. J.Climate, 26, 2756- 2783.10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00169.1

f6602159c505bd756b10caeae9e953a3

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2013JCli...26.2756C

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JCli...26.2756CAbstract A new system for attribution of weather and climate extreme events has been developed based on the atmospheric component of the latest Hadley Centre model. The model is run with either observational data of sea surface temperature and sea ice or estimates of what their values would be without the effect of anthropogenic climatic forcings. In that way, ensembles of simulations are produced that represent the climate with and without the effect of human influences. A comparison between the ensembles provides estimates of the change in the frequency of extremes due to anthropogenic forcings. To evaluate the new system, reliability diagrams are constructed, which compare the model-derived probability of extreme events with their observed frequency. The ability of the model to reproduce realistic distributions of relevant climatic variables is another key aspect of the system evaluation. Results are then presented from analyses of three recent high-impact events: the 2009/10 cold winter in the United Kingdom, the heat wave in Moscow in July 2010, and floods in Pakistan in July 2010. An evaluation assessment indicates the model can provide reliable results for the U.K. and Moscow events but not for Pakistan. It is found that without anthropogenic forcings winters in the United Kingdom colder than 2009/10 would be 7-10 times (best estimate) more common. Although anthropogenic forcings increase the likelihood of heat waves in Moscow, the 2010 event is found to be very uncommon and associated with a return time of several hundred years. No reliable attribution assessment can be made for high-precipitation events in Pakistan.

Cowan T., W. Cai, 2011: The impact of Asian and non-Asian anthropogenic aerosols on 20th century Asian summer monsoon. Geophys. Res. Lett., 38,L11703, doi: 10.1029/2011gl 047268.10.1029/2011GL047268

7ff32a63d56f681ec4537dd4020e15e1

http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1029%2F2011GL047268%2Fabstract

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2011GL047268/abstract[1] Studies into the impact of anthropogenic aerosols on regional summer monsoon rainfall have focused on a black carbon-induced enhancement and a sulfate-induced suppression. The latter encompasses significant Asian and non-Asian sources, but their relative roles in forcing historical global and regional monsoon trends are largely unexplored. Using targeted 20th century coupled climate simulations, designed to isolate the impact from anthropogenic aerosols, we show that Asian aerosols induce a weak suppression of global summer monsoon, confined to the East Asian region. The addition of non-Asian aerosols generates an enhancement and broadening of cooler temperatures over Europe and Asia relative to the ambient oceans, supporting stronger northerly flows that further suppress Asian monsoon rainfall. Furthermore, atmospheric convection is directed away from the Asian monsoon regions, resulting in an equatorward shift in rainfall. Our results highlight the importance of the non-Asian aerosols in exacerbating the impact of Asian aerosols on global monsoon rainfall, particularly across Asia.

Dai A. G., K. E. Trenberth, and T. R. Karl, 1999: Effects of clouds, soil moisture, precipitation, and water vapor on diurnal temperature range. J.Climate, 12, 2451- 2473.d30d854faf1beae9a340e87ba13b9265

http%3A%2F%2Fintl-icb.oxfordjournals.org%2Fexternal-ref%3Faccess_num%3D10.1175%2F1520-0442%281999%290122.0.CO%3B2%26link_type%3DDOI

http://intl-icb.oxfordjournals.org/external-ref?access_num=10.1175/1520-0442(1999)0122.0.CO;2&link_type=DOI

Ding Y. H., Z. Y. Wang, and Y. Sun, 2008: Inter-decadal variation of the summer precipitation in East China and its association with decreasing Asian summer monsoon. Part I: Observed evidences. International Journal of Climatology,28, 1139-1161, doi: 10.1002/joc.1615.10.1002/joc.1615

9cdf407839f313cb5748e3fed4f537e1

http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fjoc.1615%2Ffull

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/joc.1615/fullAbstract In recent two decades, North and Northeast China have suffered from severe and persistent droughts while the Yangtze River basin and South China have undergone much more significant heavy rainfall/floods events. This long-term change in the summer precipitation and associated large-scale monsoon circulation features have been examined by using the new dataset of 740 surface stations for recent 54 years (1951�2004) and about 123-yr (1880�2002) records of precipitation in East China. The following new findings have been highlighted: (1) One dominating mode of the inter-decadal variability of the summer precipitation in China is the near-80-yr oscillation. Other modes of 12-yr and 30�40-yr oscillations also play an important role in affecting regional inter-decadal variability. (2) In recent 54 years, the spatial pattern of the inter-decadal variability of summer precipitation in China is mainly structured with two meridional modes: the dipole pattern and the positive-negative-positive (�+ 61 + � pattern). In this period, a regime transition of meridional precipitation mode from �+ 61 + � pattern to dipole pattern has been completed. In the process of southward movement of much precipitation zone, two abrupt climate changing points that occurred in 1978 and 1992, respectively, were identified. (3) Accompanying the afore-described precipitation changes, the East Asian summer monsoon have experienced significant weakening, with northward moisture transport and convergence by the East Asian summer monsoon greatly weakened, thus leading to much deficient moisture supply for precipitation in North China. (4) The significant weakening of the component of the tropical upper-level easterly jet (TEJ) has made a dominating contribution to the weakening of the Asian summer monsoon system. The cooling in the high troposphere at mid- and high latitudes and the possible warming at low latitude in the Asian region is likely to be responsible for the inter-decadal weakening of the TEJ. Copyright 08 2007 Royal Meteorological Society

Ding Y. H., Y. Sun, Z. Y. Wang, Y. X. Zhu, and Y. F. Song, 2009: Inter-decadal variation of the summer precipitation in China and its association with decreasing Asian summer monsoon Part II: Possible causes. International Journal of Climatology,29, 1926-1944, doi: 10.1002/joc.1759.10.1002/joc.1759

ac68044916b1c4a2c47f1bba71dd71b4

http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fjoc.1759%2Ffull

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/joc.1759/fullNot Available

Donat, M. G., Coauthors, 2013: Updated analyses of temperature and precipitation extreme indices since the beginning of the twentieth century: the HadEX2 dataset. J. Geophys. Res.,118, 2098-2118, doi: 10.1002/jgrd.50150.10.1002/jgrd.50150

51e2afafb72d05c318e9fd73f7a56768

http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fjgrd.50150%2Fabstract

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jgrd.50150/abstractIn this study, we present the collation and analysis of the gridded land-based dataset of indices of temperature and precipitation extremes: HadEX2. Indices were calculated based on station data using a consistent approach recommended by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices, resulting in the production of 17 temperature and 12 precipitation indices derived from daily maximum and minimum temperature and precipitation observations. High-quality in situ observations from over 7000 temperature and 11,000 precipitation meteorological stations across the globe were obtained to calculate the indices over the period of record available for each station. Monthly and annual indices were then interpolated onto a 3.75-- 2.5 longitude-latitude grid over the period 1901-2010. Linear trends in the gridded fields were computed and tested for statistical significance. Overall there was very good agreement with the previous HadEX dataset during the overlapping data period. Results showed widespread significant changes in temperature extremes consistent with warming, especially for those indices derived from daily minimum temperature over the whole 110 years of record but with stronger trends in more recent decades. Seasonal results showed significant warming in all seasons but more so in the colder months. Precipitation indices also showed widespread and significant trends, but the changes were much more spatially heterogeneous compared with temperature changes. However, results indicated more areas with significant increasing trends in extreme precipitation amounts, intensity, and frequency than areas with decreasing trends.

Dong B.-W., R. Sutton, 2015: Dominant role of greenhouse gas forcing in the recovery of Sahel rainfall. Nature Climate Change,5, 757-760, doi: 10.1038/nclimate2664.10.1038/nclimate2664

7a97fb83fac2711cb497cf437e2d0f5c

http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnclimate%2Fjournal%2Fvaop%2Fncurrent%2Ffig_tab%2Fnclimate2664_ft.html

http://www.nature.com/nclimate/journal/vaop/ncurrent/fig_tab/nclimate2664_ft.htmlSahelian summer rainfall, controlled by the West African monsoon, exhibited large-amplitude multidecadal variability during the twentieth century. Particularly important was the severe drought of the 1970s and 1980s, which had widespread impacts. Research into the causes of this drought has identified anthropogenic aerosol forcing and changes in sea surface temperatures (SSTs; refs , , , , , , ) as the most important drivers. Since the 1980s, there has been some recovery of Sahel rainfall amounts, although not to the pre-drought levels of the 1940s and 1950s. Here we report on experiments with the atmospheric component of a state-of-the-art global climate model to identify the causes of this recovery. Our results suggest that the direct influence of higher levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere was the main cause, with an additional role for changes in anthropogenic aerosol precursor emissions. We find that recent changes in SSTs, although substantial, did not have a significant impact on the recovery. The simulated response to anthropogenic greenhouse-gas and aerosol forcing is consistent with a multivariate fingerprint of the observed recovery, raising confidence in our findings. Although robust predictions are not yet possible, our results suggest that the recent recovery in Sahel rainfall amounts is most likely to be sustained or amplified in the near term.

Dong B.-W., J. M. Gregory, and R. T. Sutton, 2009: Understanding land-sea warming contrast in response to increasing greenhouse gases. Part I: Transient adjustment. J.Climate, 22, 3079- 3097.10.1175/2009JCLI2652.1

29634831161f3173c6f629f5663ad0ed

http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cabdirect.org%2Fabstracts%2F20093211298.html

http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/20093211298.htmlNot Available

Dong B.-W., R. T. Sutton, E. J. Highwood, and L. J. Wilcox, 2016a: Preferred response of the East Asian summer monsoon to local and non-local anthropogenic sulphur dioxide emissions. Climate Dyn.,46, 1733-1751, doi: 10.1007/ s00382-015-2671-5.10.1007/s00382-015-2671-5

5d05e896c6e70ab2a7010f9ce59f9a8d

http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2Fs00382-015-2671-5

http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00382-015-2671-5In this study, the atmospheric component of a state-of-the-art climate model (HadGEM2-ES) that includes earth system components such as interactive chemistry and eight species of tropospheric aerosols considering aerosol direct, indirect, and semi-direct effects, has been used to investigate the impacts of local and non-local emissions of anthropogenic sulphur dioxide on the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM). The study focuses on the fast responses (including land surface feedbacks, but without sea surface temperature feedbacks) to sudden changes in emissions from Asia and Europe. The initial responses, over days 1-40, to Asian and European emissions show large differences. The response to Asian emissions involves a direct impact on the sulphate burden over Asia, with immediate consequences for the shortwave energy budget through aerosol-radiation and aerosol-cloud interactions. These changes lead to cooling of East Asia and a weakening of the EASM. In contrast, European emissions have no significant impact on the sulphate burden over Asia, but they induce mid-tropospheric cooling and drying over the European sector. Subsequently, however, this cold and dry anomaly is advected into Asia, where it induces atmospheric and surface feedbacks over Asia and the Western North Pacific (WNP), which also weaken the EASM. In spite of very different perturbations to the local aerosol burden in response to Asian and European sulphur dioxide emissions, the large scale pattern of changes in land-sea thermal contrast, atmospheric circulation and local precipitation over East Asia from days 40 onward exhibits similar structures, indicating a preferred response, and suggesting that emissions from both regions likely contributed to the observed weakening of the EASM. Cooling and drying of the troposphere over Asia, together with warming and moistening over the WNP, reduces the land-sea thermal contrast between the Asian continent and surrounding oceans. This leads to high sea level pressure (SLP) anomalies over Asia and low SLP anomalies over the WNP, associated with a weakened EASM. In response to emissions from both regions warming and moistening over the WNP plays an important role and determines the time scale of the response.

Dong B.-W., R. T. Sutton, and L. Shaffrey, 2016b: Understanding the rapid summer warming and changes in temperature extremes since the mid-1990s over Western Europe. Climate Dyn., doi: 10.1007/s00382-016-3158-8.10.1007/s00382-016-3158-8

c0f054c3d9c14e75e951a0a5fa5a15df

http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs00382-016-3158-8%3Fview%3Dclassic

http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-016-3158-8?view=classicAnalysis of observations indicates that there was a rapid increase in summer (Juneugust) mean surface air temperature (SAT) since the mid-1990s over Western Europe. Accompanying this rapid warming a

Feng S., Q. Hu, 2008: How the North Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation may have influenced the Indian summer monsoon during the past two millennia. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35,L01707, doi: 10.1029/2007GL032484.10.1029/2007GL032484

38e011eddf0d5cdd29dc5396db068992

http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1029%2F2007GL032484%2Fpdf

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2007GL032484/pdfObservations have indicated that the North Atlantic SST variations have persistent effects on the Indian summer monsoon rainfall at multidecadal and longer timescales. The question of how such influences may have been achieved is addressed in this study using both instrumentation data of the 20th century and proxy records of the last 2000 years. Major results show that the North Atlantic SST anomalies strongly affect the Tibetan Plateau surface temperature and heat sources. The latter cause changes in the meridional temperature gradient between Tibetan Plateau and the tropical Indian Ocean. Through the thermal wind effect, the meridional temperature gradient anomalies change the lower tropospheric zonal winds and the monsoon circulation and rainfall.

Folini D., M. Wild, 2015: The effect of aerosols and sea surface temperature on China's climate in the late twentieth century from ensembles of global climate simulations. J. Geophys. Res.,120, 2261-2279, doi: 10.1002/2014JD022851.10.1002/2014JD022851

71bd014a1a1de56a7e029f9e456b00d6

http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2F2014JD022851%2Fpdf

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2014JD022851/pdfOver the late twentieth century, China has seen a strong increase in aerosol emissions, whose quantitative role for observed changes in surface solar radiation (SSR), surface air temperature (SAT), and precipitation remains debated. We use ensembles of transient sensitivity experiments with the global climate model ECHAM5 from the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany, combined with the Hamburg Aerosol Module to examine the effect of aerosols and prescribed, observation-based sea surface temperatures (SSTs) on the above variables. Observations and control experiments agree reasonably well in eastern China in terms of SSR dimming (-6 2 W/m/decade, 1960-2000; stronger than in models of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5, CMIP5), statistically nonsignificant summer SAT trend (1950-2005), and drying in summer from 1950 to 1990 (-2.5% to -3.5% per decade, essentially via reduction of convective precipitation). Other observed features are not reproduced by the model, e.g., precipitation increase in the 1990s in the Yangtze River valley or, from the 1960s onward, the strong winter warming in northern China and Mongolia and SSR dimming in western China. Aerosol effects are stronger for sulfur dioxide than for black and organic carbon and are more pronounced at lower model resolution. Transient SSTs are crucial for decadal-scale SAT variability over land, especially the strong warming in the 1990s, and, via SST forced reduction of cloud cover, for the ceasing of SSR dimming around the year 2000. Unforced cloud variability leads to relevant scatter (up to W/m/decade) of modeled SSR trends at individual observation sites.

Gao L. H., Z. W. Yan, and X. W. Quan, 2014a: Observed and SST-forced multidecadal variability in global land surface air temperature. Climate Dyn.,44, 359-369, doi: 10.1007/s00382-014-2121-9.10.1007/s00382-014-2121-9

68b30ba3f038d9ff6bd3171b7de4aad7

http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2Fs00382-014-2121-9

http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00382-014-2121-9The characteristics of multidecadal variability (MDV) in global land surface air temperature (SAT) are analyzed based on observations. The role of sea surface temperature (SST) variations in generating MDV in land SAT is assessed using atmospheric general circulation model simulations forced by observed SST. MDV in land SAT exhibits regional differences, with amplitude larger than 0.3 mainly over North America, East Asia, Northern Eurasia, Northern Africa and Greenland for the study period of 1902-2004. MDV can account for more than 30% of long-term temperature variation during the last century in most regions, especially more than 50% in parts of the above-mentioned regions. The SST-forced simulations reproduce the observed feature of zonal mean MDV in land SAT, though with weaker amplitude especially at the northern high-latitudes. Two types of MDV in land SAT, one of 60-year-timescale, mainly observed in the northern mid-high-latitude lands, and another of 20-30-year-timescale, mainly observed in the low-latitude lands, are also well reproduced. The SST-forced MDV accounts for more than 40% amplitude of observed MDV in most regions. Except for some sporadically distributed regions in central Eurasia, South America and Western Australia, the SST-forced multidecadal variations are well in-phase with observations. The Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation and Pacific Decadal Oscillation signals are found dominant in MDV of both the observed and SST-forced land SAT, suggesting important roles of these oceanic oscillations in generating MDV in global land SAT.

Gao Z. T., Z.-Z. Hu, B. Jha, S. Yang, J. S. Zhu, B. Z. Shen, and R. J. Zhang, 2014b: Variability and predictability of Northeast China climate during 1948-2012. Climate Dyn.,43, 787-804, doi: 10.1007/s00382-013-1944-0.10.1007/s00382-013-1944-0

a832644dcade22e043ffeb735d2f62a4

http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2Fs00382-013-1944-0

http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00382-013-1944-0In this work, authors examine the variabilities of precipitation and surface air temperature (T2m) in Northeast China during 1948-2012, and their global connection, as well as the predictability. It is noted that both the precipitation and T2m variations in Northeast China are dominated by interannual and higher frequency variations. However, on interdecadal time scales, T2m is shifted significantly from below normal to above normal around 1987/1988. Statistically, the seasonal mean precipitation and T2m are largely driven by local internal atmospheric variability rather than remote forcing. For the precipitation variation, circulation anomalies in the low latitudes play a more important role in spring and summer than in autumn and winter. For T2m variations, the associated sea surface pressure (SLP) and 850-hPa wind (uv850) anomalies are similar for all seasons in high latitudes with significantly negative correlations for SLP and westerly wind anomaly for uv850, suggesting that a strong zonal circulation in the high latitudes favors warming in Northeast China. The predictability of precipitation and T2m in Northeast China is assessed by using the Atmospheric Model Inter-comparison Project type experiments which are forced by observed sea surface temperature (SST) and time-evolving greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations. Results suggest that T2m has slightly higher predictability than precipitation in Northeast China. To some extent, the model simulates the interdecadal shift of T2m around 1987/1988, implying a possible connection between SST (and/or GHG forcing) and surface air temperature variation in Northeast China on interdecadal time scales. Nevertheless, the precipitation and T2m variations are mainly determined by the unpredictable components which are caused by the atmospheric internal dynamic processes, suggesting low predictability for the climate variation in Northeast China.

Guo L., E. J. Highwood, L. C. Shaffrey, and A. G. Turner, 2013: The effect of regional changes in anthropogenic aerosols on rainfall of the East Asian summer monsoon. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 13, 1521- 1534.10.5194/acpd-12-23007-2012

ddd8f3a7ac2ab5c155cdb914a44e89f8

http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oalib.com%2Fpaper%2F1372442

http://www.oalib.com/paper/1372442The response of East Asian Summer Monsoon (EASM) precipitation to long term changes in regional anthropogenic aerosols (sulphate and black carbon) is explored in an atmospheric general circulation model, the atmospheric component of the UK High-Resolution Global Environment Model v1.2 (HiGAM). Separately, sulphur dioxide (SO2) and black carbon (BC) emissions in 1950 and 2000 over East Asia are used to drive model simulations, while emissions are kept constant at year 2000 level outside this region. The response of the EASM is examined by comparing simulations driven by aerosol emissions representative of 1950 and 2000. The aerosol radiative effects are also determined using an off-line radiative transfer model. During June, July and August, the EASM was not significantly changed as either SO2 or BC emissions increased from 1950 to 2000 levels. However, in September, precipitation is significantly decreased by 26.4% for sulphate aerosol and 14.6% for black carbon when emissions are at the 2000 level. Over 80% of the decrease is attributed to changes in convective precipitation. The cooler land surface temperature over China in September (0.8 for sulphate and 0.5 for black carbon) due to increased aerosols reduces the surface thermal contrast that supports the EASM circulation. However, mechanisms causing the surface temperature decrease in September are different between sulphate and BC experiments. In the sulphate experiment, the sulphate direct and the 1st indirect radiative effects contribute to the surface cooling. In the BC experiment, the BC direct effect is the main driver of the surface cooling, however, a decrease in low cloud cover due to the increased heating by BC absorption partially counteracts the direct effect. This results in a weaker land surface temperature response to BC changes than to sulphate changes. The resulting precipitation response is also weaker, and the responses of the monsoon circulation are different for sulphate and black carbon experiments. This study demonstrates a mechanism that links regional aerosol emission changes to the precipitation changes of the EASM, and it could be applied to help understand the future changes in EASM precipitation in CMIP5 simulations.

Han T. T., H. P. Chen, and H. J. Wang, 2015: Recent changes in summer precipitation in Northeast China and the background circulation. International Journal of Climatology, 35, 4210- 4219.10.1002/joc.4280

f16e992ef201943ad94a2f960c1e387c

http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fjoc.4280%2Fabstract

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/joc.4280/abstractABSTRACT This study documents recent changes in the characteristics of summer (Julyugust eptember) precipitation in Northeast China (NEC). A significant shift to less precipitation occurred in 1999�2012 as compared with that in 1984�1998. The reduced precipitation in the later period is closely associated with the large-scale anomalous high pressure over East Asia and anomalous descending motion over NEC. Furthermore, the significant reductions in the total cloud cover and moisture content also contribute to the reduced precipitation over NEC. To investigate the possible mechanism for the decadal shift of summer precipitation, a northeast Asian summer monsoon (NEASM) index is defined to describe the monsoon circulation over NEC. The results indicate that the NEASM has weakened since 1999 and is concurrent with the shift of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) to the negative phase. Warming sea surface temperature (SST) in the North Pacific can zonally reduce the land-sea thermal contrast and lead to a weak NEASM. Further investigation indicates that the negative phase of the PDO has significant impacts on the atmospheric circulation associated with the NEASM. Additionally, changes in synchronous Arctic sea ice cover (SIC) also likely induce an anomalous sinking movement and weaken water vapour transport; thus, the summer precipitation over NEC decreases.

Hansen J., R. Ruedy, M. Sato, and K. Lo, 2010: Global surface temperature change, Rev. Geophys., 48,RG4004, doi: 10.1029/2010RG000345.10.1029/2010RG000345

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http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2010RG000345/pdfCiteSeerX - Document Details (Isaac Councill, Lee Giles, Pradeep Teregowda): We update the Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) analysis of global surface temperature change, compare alternative analyses, and address questions about perception and reality of global warming. Satellite-observed nightlights are used to identify measurement stations located in extreme darkness and adjust temperature trends of urban and peri-urban stations for non-climatic factors, verifying that urban effects on analyzed global change are small. Because the GISS analysis combines available sea surface temperature records with meteorological station measurements, we test alternative choices for the ocean data, showing that global temperature change is sensitive to estimated temperature change in polar regions where observations are limited. We use simple 12-month (and n12) running means to improve the information content in our temperature graphs. Contrary to a popular misconception, the rate of warming has not declined. Global temperature is rising as fast in the past decade as in the prior two decades, despite year-to-year fluctuations associated with the El Nino-La Nina cycle of tropical ocean temperature. Record high global 12-month running-mean temperature for the period with instrumental data was reached in 2010.

Harris I., P. D. Jones, T. J. Osborn, and D. H. Lister, 2014: Updated high-resolution grids of monthly climatic observations - the CRU TS3.10 dataset. International Journal of Climatology,34, 623-642, doi: 10.1002/joc.3711.

Hewitt H. T., D. Copsey, I. D. Culverwell, C. M. Harris, R. S. R. Hill, A. B. Keen, A. J. McLaren, and E. C. Hunke, 2011: Design and implementation of the infrastructure of HadGEM3: The next-generation Met Office climate modelling system. Geoscientific Model Development, 4, 223- 253.

Huang R. H., Y. Liu, and T. Feng, 2013: Interdecadal change of summer precipitation over Eastern China around the late-1990s and associated circulation anomalies, internal dynamical causes. Chinese Science Bulletin, 58, 1339- 1349.10.1007/s11434-012-5545-9

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refpaperuri:(065416b42e5ddcfa93088c2d54056104)

http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-JXTW201312003.htmObservational study indicated that the summer precipitation over Eastern China experienced a notable interdecadal change around the late-1990s. Accompanying this interdecadal change, the dominant mode of anomalous precipitation switched from a meridional triple pattern to a dipole pattern, showing a "south-flood-north-drought" structure (with the exception of the Yangtze River Valley). This interdecadal change of summer precipitation over Eastern China was associated with circulation anomalies in the middle/upper troposphere over East Asia, such as changes in winds and corresponding divergence, vertical motion and moisture transportation (divergence), which all exhibit remarkable meridional dipole structures. Furthermore, on the internal dynamic and thermodynamic aspects, the present study investigated the influence of the midtroposphere zonal and meridional flow changes over East Asia on the interdecadal change around the late-1990s. Results suggested that, during 1999-2010, the East Asia subtropical westerly jet weakened and shifted poleward, forming a meridional dipole feature in anomalous zonal flow. This anomalous zonal flow, on one hand, induced changes in three teleconnection patterns over the Eurasian continent, namely the "Silk Road" pattern along the subtropical upper troposphere westerly jet, the East Asia/Pacific (EAP) pattern along the East Asian coast, and the Eurasia (EU) pattern along the polar jet; on the other hand, it brought about cold advection over Northern China, and warm advection over Southern China in the mid-troposphere. Through these two ways, the changes in the zonal flow induced descent over Northern China and ascent over Southern China, which resulted in the anomalous "south-flood-north-drought" feature of the summer precipitation over Eastern China during 1999-2010.

Kalnay, E., Coauthors, 1996: The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 77, 437- 472.f539a4fb-a013-4942-ac7e-7f15017eedac

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refpaperuri:(fe1c070047a030c900beb40441caee5a)

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Kamae Y., H. Shiogama, M. Watanabe, and M. Kimoto, 2014a: Attributing the increase in Northern Hemisphere hot summers since the late 20th century. Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 5192- 5199.

Kamae Y., M. Watanabe, M. Kimoto, and H. Shiogama, 2014b: Summertime land-sea thermal contrast and atmospheric circulation over East Asia in a warming climate-art II: Importance of CO₂-induced continental warming. Climate Dyn.,43, 2569-2583, doi: 10.1007/s00382-014-2146-0.

Kosaka Y., S. P. Xie, 2013: Recent global-warming hiatus tied to equatorial Pacific surface cooling. Nature, 501, 403- 407.10.1038/nature12534

23995690

56a607ab042b2840ca132502482a4ea1

http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv501%2Fn7467%2Fnature12534%2Fmetrics

http://med.wanfangdata.com.cn/Paper/Detail/PeriodicalPaper_PM23995690Despite the continued increase in atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations, the annual-mean global temperature has not risen in the twenty-first century, challenging the prevailing view that anthropogenic forcing causes climate warming. Various mechanisms have been proposed for this hiatus in global warming, but their relative importance has not been quantified, hampering observational estimates of climate sensitivity. Here we show that accounting for recent cooling in the eastern equatorial Pacific reconciles climate simulations and observations. We present a novel method of uncovering mechanisms for global temperature change by prescribing, in addition to radiative forcing, the observed history of sea surface temperature over the central to eastern tropical Pacific in a climate model. Although the surface temperature prescription is limited to only 8.2% of the global surface, our model reproduces the annual-mean global temperature remarkably well with correlation coefficient r = 0.97 for 1970-2012 (which includes the current hiatus and a period of accelerated global warming). Moreover, our simulation captures major seasonal and regional characteristics of the hiatus, including the intensified Walker circulation, the winter cooling in northwestern North America and the prolonged drought in the southern USA. Our results show that the current hiatus is part of natural climate variability, tied specifically to a La-Ni-like decadal cooling. Although similar decadal hiatus events may occur in the future, the multi-decadal warming trend is very likely to continue with greenhouse gas increase.

Kühn, T., Coauthors, 2014: Climate impacts of changing aerosol emissions since 1996. Geophys. Res. Lett.,41, 4711-4718, doi: 10.1002/2014GL060349.10.1002/2014GL060349

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http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2014GL060349/pdfIncreases in Asian aerosol emissions have been suggested as one possible reason for the hiatus in global temperature increase during the past 15 years. We study the effect of sulphur and black carbon (BC) emission changes between 1996 and 2010 on the global energy balance. We find that the increased Asian emissions have had very little regional or global effects, while the emission reductions in Europe and the U.S. have caused a positive radiative forcing. In our simulations, the global-mean aerosol direct radiative effect changes by 0.06 W/mduring 1996 to 2010, while the effective radiative forcing (ERF) is 0.42 W/m. The rather large ERF arises mainly from changes in cloudiness, especially in Europe. In Asia, the BC warming due to sunlight absorption has largely offset the cooling caused by sulphate aerosols. Asian BC concentrations have increased by a nearly constant fraction at all altitudes, and thus, they warm the atmosphere also in cloudy conditions.

Kwon M., J.-G. Jhun, and K.-J. Ha, 2007: Decadal change in East Asian summer monsoon circulation in the mid-1990s. Geophys. Res. Lett., 34,L21706, doi: 10.1029/2007GL031977.10.1029/2007GL031977

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http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2007GL031977/fullAbstract Top of page Abstract 1.Introduction 2.Data and Methods 3.Results 4.Summary and Discussion Acknowledgments References [1] A climate shift in the mid-1990s in summertime circulation over east Asia is described and the dynamics associated with the climate shift are discussed. The east Asian summer monsoon has a large interdecadal variability as well as interannual variability. It is suggested herein that the east Asian summer monsoon has undergone a decadal change in the mid-1990s. After the mid-1990s, there has been a significant decrease in the strength of zonal winds near the subtropical jet over the east Asia as well as a distinct increase in precipitation in the southeastern part of China. This decrease of the strength of zonal winds over east Asia could be understood as a barotropic response to a steady forcing associated with heating from increased precipitation. These decadal changes are significantly predominant only in the summertime. Concurrently, there has been a remarkable increase in the number of the typhoon passing through the southeastern part of China. It is suggested that the distinctive increase of the typhoon passing may be partly responsible for the increased precipitation in the same area after the mid-1990s.

Lamarque, J. F., Coauthors, 2010: Historical (1850-2000) gridded anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions of reactive gases and aerosols: Methodology and application. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 10, 7017- 7039.

Legates D. R., C. J. Willmott, 1990a: Mean seasonal and spatial variability in global surface air temperature. Theor. Appl. Climatol., 41, 11- 21.10.1007/BF00866198

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http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/reference/XREF?id=10.1007/BF00866198Using terrestrial observations of shelter-height air temperature and shipboard measurements, a global climatology of mean monthly surface air temperature has been compiled. Data were obtained from ten sources, screened for coding errors, and redundant station records were removed. The combined data base consists of 17 986 independent terrestrial station records and 6 955 oceanic grid-point records. These data were then interpolated to a 0.5 of latitude by 0.5 of longitude lattice using a spherically-based interpolation algorithm. Spatial distributions of the annual mean and intra-annual variance are presented along with a harmonic decomposition of the intra-annual variance.

Legates D. R., C. J. Willmott, 1990b: Mean seasonal and spatial variability in gauge-corrected, global precipitation. International Journal of Climatology, 10, 111- 127.10.1002/joc.3370100202

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http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/joc.3370100202/fullAbstract Using traditional land-based gauge measurements and shipboard estimates, a global climatology of mean monthly precipitation has been developed. Data were obtained from ten existing sources, screened for coding errors, and redundant station records were removed. The edited data base contains 24,635 spatially independent terrestrial station records and 2223 oceanic grid-point records. A procedure for correcting gauge-induced biases is presented and used to remove systematic errors caused by wind, wetting on the interior walls of the gauge, and evaporation from the gauge. These orrected monthly precipitation observations were then interpolated to a 05° of latitude by 05° of longitude grid using a spherically based interpolation procedure. Bias-corrected spatial distributions of the annual mean and intraannual variance are presented along with a harmonic decomposition of the intra-annual variance.

Levine R. C., A. G. Turner, 2012: Dependence of Indian monsoon rainfall on moisture fluxes across the Arabian Sea and the impact of coupled model sea surface temperature biases. Climate Dyn., 38, 2167-2190, doi: 10.1007/s00382-011-1096-z.

Li J., W. J. Dong, and Z. W. Yan, 2012: Changes of climate extremes of temperature and precipitation in summer in eastern China associated with changes in atmospheric circulation in East Asia during 1960-2008. Chinese Science Bulletin,57, 1856-1861, doi: 10.1007/s11434-012-4989-2.

Liu Y., J. C. H. Chiang, 2012: Coordinated abrupt weakening of the Eurasian and North African Monsoons in the 1960s and links to extratropical North Atlantic cooling. J. Climate,25, 3532-3548, doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00219.1.10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00219.1

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http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/reference/XREF?id=10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00219.1Not Available

Lu Z., Q. Zhang, and D. G. Streets, 2011: Sulfur dioxide and primary carbonaceous aerosol emissions in China and India,1996-2010. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 11, 9839-9864, doi: 10.5194/acp-11-9839-2011.10.5194/acp-11-9839-2011

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http://www.oalib.com/paper/1366949China and India are the two largest anthropogenic aerosol generating countries in the world. In this study, we develop a new inventory of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and primary carbonaceous aerosol (i.e., black and organic carbon, BC and OC) emissions from these two countries for the period 1996�2010, using a technology-based methodology. Emissions from major anthropogenic sources and open biomass burning are included, and time-dependent trends in activity rates and emission factors are incorporated in the calculation. Year-specific monthly temporal distributions for major sectors and gridded emissions at a resolution of 0.1°0.1° distributed by multiple year-by-year spatial proxies are also developed. In China, the interaction between economic development and environmental protection causes large temporal variations in the emission trends. From 1996 to 2000, emissions of all three species showed a decreasing trend (by 9 %�17 %) due to a slowdown in economic growth, a decline in coal use in non-power sectors, and the implementation of air pollution control measures. With the economic boom after 2000, emissions from China changed dramatically. BC and OC emissions increased by 46 % and 33 % to 1.85 Tg and 4.03 Tg in 2010. SO2 emissions first increased by 61 % to 34.0 Tg in 2006, and then decreased by 9.2 % to 30.8 Tg in 2010 due to the wide application of flue-gas desulfurization (FGD) equipment in power plants. Driven by the remarkable energy consumption growth and relatively lax emission controls, emissions from India increased by 70 %, 41 %, and 35 % to 8.81 Tg, 1.02 Tg, and 2.74 Tg in 2010 for SO2, BC, and OC, respectively. Monte Carlo simulations are used to quantify the emission uncertainties. The average 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) of SO2, BC, and OC emissions are estimated to be 16 %�17 %, 43 %�93 %, and 43 %�80 % for China, and 15 %�16 %, 41 %�87 %, and 44 %�92 % for India, respectively. Sulfur content, fuel use, and sulfur retention of hard coal and the actual FGD removal efficiency are the main contributors to the uncertainties of SO2 emissions. Biofuel combustion related parameters (i.e., technology divisions, fuel use, and emission factor determinants) are the largest source of OC uncertainties, whereas BC emissions are also sensitive to the parameters of coal combustion in the residential and industrial sectors and the coke-making process. Comparing our results with satellite observations, we find that the trends of estimated emissions in both China and India are in good agreement with the trends of aerosol optical depth (AOD) and SO2 retrievals obtained from different satellites.

Martin G. M., S. F. Milton, C. A. Senior, M. E. Brooks, S. Ineson, T. Reichler, and J. Kim, 2010: Analysis and reduction of systematic errors through a seamless approach to modeling weather and climate. J. Climate,23, 5933-5957, doi: 10.1175/2010JCLI3541.1.10.1175/2010JCLI3541.1

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http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/20113021672.htmlThe reduction of systematic errors is a continuing challenge for model development. Feedbacks and compensating errors in climate models often make finding the source of a systematic error difficult. In this paper, it is shown how model development can benefit from the use of the same model across a range of temporal and spatial scales. Two particular systematic errors are examined: tropical cir...

Mitchell J. F. B., C. A. Wilson, and W. M. Cunnington, 1987: On CO₂ climate sensitivity and model dependence of results.Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 113, 293- 322.10.1002/qj.49711347517

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http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49711347517/pdfNot Available

Mueller B., S. I. Seneviratne, 2012: Hot days induced by precipitation deficits at the global scale. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,109, 12 398-12 403, doi: 10.1073/pnas.1204330109.10.1073/pnas.1204330109

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http://med.wanfangdata.com.cn/Paper/Detail/PeriodicalPaper_PM22802672Global warming increases the occurrence probability of hot extremes, and improving the predictability of such events is thus becoming of critical importance. Hot extremes have been shown to be induced by surface moisture deficits in some regions. In this study, we assess whether such a relationship holds at the global scale. We find that wide areas of the world display a strong relationship between the number of hot days in the regions' hottest month and preceding precipitation deficits. The occurrence probability of an above-average number of hot days is over 70% after precipitation deficits in most parts of South America as well as the Iberian Peninsula and Eastern Australia, and over 60% in most of North America and Eastern Europe, while it is below 30-40% after wet conditions in these regions. Using quantile regression analyses, we show that the impact of precipitation deficits on the number of hot days is asymmetric, i.e. extreme high numbers of hot days are most strongly influenced. This relationship also applies to the 2011 extreme event in Texas. These findings suggest that effects of soil moisture-temperature coupling are geographically more widespread than commonly assumed.

Nabat P., S. Somot, M. Mallet, A. Sanchez-Lorenzo, and M. Wild, 2014: Contribution of anthropogenic sulfate aerosols to the changing Euro-Mediterranean climate since 1980. Geophys. Res. Lett.,41, 5605-5611, doi: 10.1002/2014GL060798.10.1002/2014GL060798

27e348793b43e095068036299d2b0c2b

http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2F2014GL060798%2Ffull

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2014GL060798/fullSince the 1980s anthropogenic aerosols have been considerably reduced in Europe and the Mediterranean area. This decrease is often considered as the likely cause of the brightening effect observed over the same period. This phenomenon is however hardly reproduced by global and regional climate models. Here we use an original approach based on reanalysis-driven coupled regional climate system modeling to show that aerosol changes explain 81- 16% of the brightening and 23 - 5% of the surface warming simulated for the period 1980-2012 over Europe. The direct aerosol effect is found to dominate in the magnitude of the simulated brightening. The comparison between regional simulations and homogenized ground-based observations reveals that observed surface solar radiation and land and sea surface temperature spatiotemporal variations over the Euro-Mediterranean region are only reproduced when simulations include the realistic aerosol variations.

Qi L., Y. Q. Wang, 2012: Changes in the observed trends in extreme temperatures over China around 1990. J.Climate, 25, 5208- 5222.10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00437.1

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http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2012JCli...25.5208Q

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JCli...25.5208QAbstract Based on the daily temperature data from weather stations in China, linear trends of the seasonal mean and extreme temperatures in summer and winter are analyzed and compared for the periods of 1960�89 and 1990�2009. The results show prominent changes in those trends since the early 1990s, in particular in winter signal of climate shift as previously identified. The changes, however, are found to be strongly region dependent. In summer, both seasonal mean and extreme temperatures show a considerable cooling trend in central China and a warming trend in north and south China before 1990. After 1990 all temperature indices show significant warming trends throughout China with the largest trend up to 4.47°C (10 yr) 611 in north China. In winter in north China, with the most prominent warming trend during 1960�89, there is a significant cooling trend in both the seasonal mean temperature and the cold temperature indices after 1990. The warming trends over the Tibetan Plateau are substantially enhanced since 1990. All indices for the diurnal temperature range (DTR) show consistent decreasing trends in both summer and winter throughout China before 1990 while they turn to increasing trends in northeast China in summer and over the Tibetan Plateau in winter after 1990. The annual temperature range displays a decreasing trend throughout China before 1990 while it is dominated by an increasing trend after 1990 except over the Tibetan Plateau and in a narrow band along the Yangtze River. Possible mechanisms for the observed trend changes are discussed.

Qian C. C., J.-Y. Yu, and G. Chen, 2014: Decadal summer drought frequency in China: the increasing influence of the Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation. Environmental Research Letters, 9, 124004.0178cd065fe51f1d6dac98b00a8e7ffb

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2014ERL.....9l4004Q

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Rayner N. A., D. E. Parker, E. B. Horton, C. K. Folland , L. V. Alexand er, D. P. Rowell, E. C. Kent, and A. Kaplan, 2003: Global analyses of sea surface temperature, sea ice, and night marine air temperature since the late nineteenth century. J. Geophys. Res., 108,4407, doi: 10.1029/2002JD002670.10.1029/2002JD002670

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http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1029%2F2002JD002670%2Ffull

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2002JD002670/full[1] We present the Met Office Hadley Centre's sea ice and sea surface temperature (SST) data set, HadISST1, and the nighttime marine air temperature (NMAT) data set, HadMAT1. HadISST1 replaces the global sea ice and sea surface temperature (GISST) data sets and is a unique combination of monthly globally complete fields of SST and sea ice concentration on a 1- latitude-longitude grid from 1871. The companion HadMAT1 runs monthly from 1856 on a 5- latitude-longitude grid and incorporates new corrections for the effect on NMAT of increasing deck (and hence measurement) heights. HadISST1 and HadMAT1 temperatures are reconstructed using a two-stage reduced-space optimal interpolation procedure, followed by superposition of quality-improved gridded observations onto the reconstructions to restore local detail. The

Ren G. Y., G. L. Feng, and Z. W. Yan, 2010: Progresses in observation studies of climate extremes and changes in mainland China. Climatic and Environmental Research, 15, 337- 353. (in Chinese with English abstract)10.3788/gzxb20103906.0998

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http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-QHYH201004003.htmSome progresses in observation studies of climate extremes and changes in mainland China are summarized in this paper. It also discusses the problems to be solved and the direction of future studies. Previous investigations show that some changes in frequency and intensity of extreme climate events have occurred during the past more than 50 years in the country,with large differences existing among the categories of climate extremes for the whole country and among the regions for a given type of climate extremes. The extremes related to low temperature,such as cold surges,cold nights and days,frost days,and cool summers,have been generally decreased in frequency and intensity,and the extremes related to high temperature,such as warm nights and days,frost-free days and warm winters,have been mostly increased in frequency and intensity,though heat waves and extreme high temperature have witnessed no significant upward trend in frequency with considerable interdecadal variations. Rainstorms or extreme precipitation events have been shown to insignificantly increase in the country as a whole. However,they have been found to experience an obvious increase in the mid-lower reaches of the Yangtze River,southeastern coastal region,and the vast western China especially northwestern Xinjiang region,and some downward trends in parts of North China,central and southern Northeast China,and Southwest China. For most regions,frequency of light rains has been significantly decreased,but intensity of light and heavy rains has been slightly increased. Areas stricken by meteorological drought have been shown to increase,especially in North China and Northeast China. Landing and influential tropical cyclones including typhoons have been evidently decreasing,and the precipitation amount produced by tropical cyclones has been also dropping. Frequency and intensity of dust storms in northern China have experienced a significant downward trend. Thunder storms in summer have been found to significantly decrease for a few regions analyzed so far. It is obvious from the overview that there still exists large space for improving the studies of regional extreme climate change in both data processing procedure and statistical methodology. Inhomogeneities of surface air temperature and precipitation data,effect on observational data series of micro-environmental change around the observational sites and urbanization of cities and towns near climate stations need to be assessed and adjusted for large-scale analysis. In addition,more attention should be given to comprehensive evaluation of regional extreme climate events and their changes,and to further studies of the mechanism of the observed changes in climate extremes with high-resolution climate modeling.

Rosenfeld D., U. Lohmann, G. B. Raga, C. D. O'Dowd, M. Kulmala, S. Fuzzi, A. Reissell, M. O. Andreae, 2008: Flood or drought: How do aerosols affect precipitation? Science, 321, 1309- 1313 doi: 10.1126/science.1160606.10.1126/science.1160606

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http://med.wanfangdata.com.cn/Paper/Detail/PeriodicalPaper_PM18772428Abstract Aerosols serve as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and thus have a substantial effect on cloud properties and the initiation of precipitation. Large concentrations of human-made aerosols have been reported to both decrease and increase rainfall as a result of their radiative and CCN activities. At one extreme, pristine tropical clouds with low CCN concentrations rain out too quickly to mature into long-lived clouds. On the other hand, heavily polluted clouds evaporate much of their water before precipitation can occur, if they can form at all given the reduced surface heating resulting from the aerosol haze layer. We propose a conceptual model that explains this apparent dichotomy.

Schubert S. D., H. L. Wang, R. D. Koster, M. J. Suarez, and P. Y. Groisman, 2014: Northern Eurasian heat waves and droughts. J.Climate, 27, 3169- 3207.10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00360.1

24d074e94596e26a022bce647fcf6402

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2014JCli...27.3169S

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JCli...27.3169SThis article reviews the understanding of the characteristics and causes of northern Eurasian summertime heat waves and droughts. Additional insights into the nature of temperature and precipitation variability in Eurasia on monthly to decadal time scales and into the causes and predictability of the most extreme events are gained from the latest generation of reanalyses and from supplemental simulations with the NASA Goddard Earth Observing System model, version 5 (GEOS-5). Key new results are 1) the identification of the important role of summertime stationary Rossby waves in the development of the leading patterns of monthly Eurasian surface temperature and precipitation variability (including the development of extreme events such as the 2010 Russian heat wave); 2) an assessment of the mean temperature and precipitation changes that have occurred over northern Eurasia in the last three decades and their connections to decadal variability and global trends in SST; and 3) the quantification (via a case study) of the predictability of the most extreme simulated heat wave/drought events, with some focus on the role of soil moisture in the development and maintenance of such events. A literature survey indicates a general consensus that the future holds an enhanced probability of heat waves across northern Eurasia, while there is less agreement regarding future drought, reflecting a greater uncertainty in soil moisture and precipitation projections. Substantial uncertainties remain in the understanding of heat waves and drought, including the nature of the interactions between the short-term atmospheric variability associated with such extremes and the longer-term variability and trends associated with soil moisture feedbacks, SST anomalies, and an overall warming world.

Seneviratne S. I., T. Corti, E. L. Davin, M. Hirschi, E. B. Jaeger, I. Lehner, B. Orlowsky, and A. J. Teuling, 2010: Investigating soil moisture-climate interactions in a changing climate: a review. Earth-Science Reviews, 99, 125- 161.10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.02.004

ac7b5120f1b0ef3f5fa46c58f5018aba

http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0012825210000139

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012825210000139There are promises for major advances in this research field in coming years thanks to the development of new validation datasets and multi-model initiatives. However, the availability of ground observations continues to be critical in limiting progress and should therefore strongly be fostered at the international level. Exchanges across disciplines will also be essential for bridging current knowledge gaps in this field. This is of key importance given the manifold impacts of soil moisture on climate, and their relevance for climate-change projections. A better understanding and quantification of the relevant processes would significantly help to reduce uncertainties in future-climate scenarios, in particular with regard to changes in climate variability and extreme events, as well as ecosystem and agricultural impacts.

Seneviratne S. I., M. G. Donat, B. Mueller, and L. V. Alexander, 2014: No pause in the increase of hot temperature extremes. Nature Climate Change,4, 161-163, doi: 10.1038/nclimate2145.10.1038/nclimate2145

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http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnclimate%2Fjournal%2Fv4%2Fn3%2Fnclimate2145%2Fmetrics%2Fcitations

http://www.nature.com/nclimate/journal/v4/n3/nclimate2145/metrics/citationsObservational data show a continued increase of hot extremes over land during the so-called global warming hiatus. This tendency is greater for the most extreme events and thus more relevant for impacts than changes in global mean temperature.

Shen X. J., B. H. Liu, G. D. Li, Z. F. Wu, Y. H. Jin, P. J. Yu, and D. W. Zhou, 2014: Spatiotemporal change of diurnal temperature range and its relationship with sunshine duration and precipitation in China. J. Geophys. Res.,119, 13 163-13 179, doi: 10.1002/2014JD022326.10.1016/S0925-4773(96)00634-X

0ae1d80cdc1df1e648928b8889e6d580

http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2F2014JD022326%2Fabstract

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2014JD022326/abstractWe examined the spatiotemporal variation in diurnal temperature range (DTR) and discussed the reasons for the changes of DTR in China based on data from 479 weather stations from 1962 to 2011. Results showed that DTR decreased rapidly (0.291/decade) from 1962 to 1989 due to slightly decreased Tand significantly increased T, but the decrease in DTR has stopped since 1990 as Tand Tkept pace with each other. During 1990-2011, DTR remained trendless, with slight increase in the 1990s and slight decrease after 2000. During the whole study period from 1962 to 2011, DTR decreased at a rate of 0.157/decade nationally. Spatially, decreases in DTR were greatest in Northeast China and lowest in Southwest China with a transect running from northeast to southwest showing the decreasing trends change from high to low. Seasonally, DTR decreases were greatest in winter and lowest in summer, and the magnitudes of decrease reduced from the north to south of China. The changes in DTR were closely correlated with changes in sunshine duration (SD) in China except the Tibetan Plateau, suggesting that SD decrease is an important contributor to the decrease of DTR through its influence on T. In addition to the contribution of SD decrease, the increasing of precipitation played an important role in DTR decrease in Northwest China, the most arid region of China. It appeared that changes of cloud cover (CC) were not the reasons for DTR changes in the past 50 years as CC has decreased during the study period.

Smith S. J., J. van Aardenne, Z. Klimont, R. J. Andres, A. Volke, and S. D. Arias, 2011: Anthropogenic sulfur dioxide emissions: 1850-2005. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,11, 1101-1116, doi: 10.5194/acp-11-1101-2011.7d244123600d06223fca97f035442426

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http://xueshu.baidu.com/s?wd=paperuri%3A%28240842950cc15040dcadc31a543b9d2b%29&filter=sc_long_sign&tn=SE_xueshusource_2kduw22v&sc_vurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emeraldinsight.com%2Fservlet%2Flinkout%3Fsuffix%3Db50%26dbid%3D16%26doi%3D10.1108%252FMEQ-05-2014-0077%26key%3D10.5194%252Facp-11-1101-2011&ie=utf-8&sc_us=15666379935565481285

Song F. F., T. J. Zhou, and Y. Qian, 2014: Responses of East Asian summer monsoon to natural and anthropogenic forcings in the 17 latest CMIP5 models. Geophys. Res. Lett.,41, 596-603, doi: 10.1002/2013GL058705.10.1002/2013GL058705

7df95e2007d5a7257dc09aef970ae508

http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2F2013GL058705%2Fabstract

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2013GL058705/abstractthis study, we examined the responses of East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) to natural (solar variability and volcanic aerosols) and anthropogenic (greenhouse gasses and aerosols) forcings simulated in the 17 latest Coupled Model Intercomparison Program phase 5 models with 105 realizations. The observed weakening trend of low-level EASM circulation during 1958-2001 is partly reproduced under all-forcing runs. A comparison of separate forcing experiments reveals that the aerosol forcing plays a primary role in driving the weakened low-level monsoon circulation. The preferential cooling over continental East Asia caused by aerosol affects the monsoon circulation through reducing the land-sea thermal contrast and results in higher sea level pressure over northern China. In the upper level, both natural forcing and aerosol forcing contribute to the observed southward shift of East Asian subtropical jet through changing the meridional temperature gradient.

Sperber K. R., H. Annamalai, I.-S. Kang, A. Kitoh, A. Moise, A. Turner, B. Wang, and T. Zhou, 2013: The Asian summer monsoon: an intercomparison of CMIP5 vs. CMIP3 simulations of the late 20th century. Climate Dyn.,41, 2711-2744, doi: 10.1007/s00382-012-1607-6.10.1007/s00382-012-1607-6

6faa9a030db9b803826ea9de223a824f

http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2Fs00382-012-1607-6

http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00382-012-1607-6The boreal summer Asian monsoon has been evaluated in 25 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project-5 (CMIP5) and 22 CMIP3 GCM simulations of the late twentieth Century. Diagnostics and skill metrics have been calculated to assess the time-mean, climatological annual cycle, interannual variability, and intraseasonal variability. Progress has been made in modeling these aspects of the monsoon, though there is no single model that best represents all of these aspects of the monsoon. The CMIP5 multi-model mean (MMM) is more skillful than the CMIP3 MMM for all diagnostics in terms of the skill of simulating pattern correlations with respect to observations. Additionally, for rainfall/convection the MMM outperforms the individual models for the time mean, the interannual variability of the East Asian monsoon, and intraseasonal variability. The pattern correlation of the time (pentad) of monsoon peak and withdrawal is better simulated than that of monsoon onset. The onset of the monsoon over India is typically too late in the models. The extension of the monsoon over eastern China, Korea, and Japan is underestimated, while it is overestimated over the subtropical western/central Pacific Ocean. The anti-correlation between anomalies of all-India rainfall and Ni3.4 sea surface temperature is overly strong in CMIP3 and typically too weak in CMIP5. For both the ENSO-monsoon teleconnection and the East Asian zonal wind-rainfall teleconnection, the MMM interannual rainfall anomalies are weak compared to observations. Though simulation of intraseasonal variability remains problematic, several models show improved skill at representing the northward propagation of convection and the development of the tilted band of convection that extends from India to the equatorial west Pacific. The MMM also well represents the space-time evolution of intraseasonal outgoing longwave radiation anomalies. Caution is necessary when using GPCP and CMAP rainfall to validate (1) the time-mean rainfall, as there are systematic differences over ocean and land between these two data sets, and (2) the timing of monsoon withdrawal over India, where the smooth southward progression seen in India Meteorological Department data is better realized in CMAP data compared to GPCP data.

Steinman B. A., M. E. Mann, and S. K. Miller, 2015: Atlantic and Pacific multidecadal oscillations and Northern Hemisphere temperatures. Science,347, 988-991, doi: 10.1126/science.1257856.

Sun Y., X. B. Zhang, F. W. Zwiers, L. C. Song, H. Wan, T. Hu, H. Yin, and G. Y. Ren, 2014: Rapid increase in the risk of extreme summer heat in Eastern China. Nature Climate Change,4, 1082-1085, doi: 10.1038/nclimate2410.10.1038/NCLIMATE2410

4d79bf88fa8537ad1b2edda7f195bda0

http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnclimate%2Fjournal%2Fv4%2Fn12%2Fnclimate2410%2Fmetrics

http://www.nature.com/nclimate/journal/v4/n12/nclimate2410/metricsThe summer of 2013 was the hottest on record in Eastern China. Severe extended heatwaves affected the most populous and economically developed part of China and caused substantial economic and societal impacts. The estimated direct economic losses from the accompanying drought alone total 59 billion RMB (ref. ). Summer (June-August) mean temperature in the region has increased by 0.82 since reliable observations were established in the 1950s, with the five hottest summers all occurring in the twenty-first century. It is challenging to attribute extreme events to causes. Nevertheless, quantifying the causes of such extreme summer heat and projecting its future likelihood is necessary to develop climate adaptation strategies. We estimate that anthropogenic influence has caused a more than 60-fold increase in the likelihood of the extreme warm 2013 summer since the early 1950s, and project that similarly hot summers will become even more frequent in the future, with fully 50% of summers being hotter than the 2013 summer in two decades even under the moderate RCP4.5 emissions scenario. Without adaptation to reduce vulnerability to the effects of extreme heat, this would imply a rapid increase in risks from extreme summer heat to Eastern China.

Tang Q. H., G. Y. Leng, 2012: Damped summer warming accompanied with cloud cover increase over Eurasia from 1982 to 2009. Environmental Research Letters, 7,014004, doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/7/1/014004.10.1088/1748-9326/7/1/014004

31ae3ca3363218813f88d39faa43b6ff

http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fiop%2Ferl%2F2012%2F00000007%2F00000001%2Fart014004

http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/iop/erl/2012/00000007/00000001/art014004The relationship between summer temperature, total cloud cover and precipitation over Eurasia was investigated using observation-based products of temperature and precipitation, and satellite-derived cloud cover and radiation products. We used a partial least squares regression approach to separate the local influences of cloud cover and precipitation on temperature variations. Our results suggest that the variance of summer temperature is partly explained by changes in summer cloudiness. The summer temperature dependence on cloud cover is strong at the high latitudes and in the middle latitude semi-humid area, while the dependence on precipitation is strong in the Central Asia arid area and the southern Asia humid area. During the period 1982-2009, the damped warming in extended West Siberia was accompanied with increases in cloud cover, and the pronounced warming in Europe and Mongolia was associated with a decrease in cloud cover and precipitation. Our results suggest that cloud cover may be the important local factor influencing the summer temperature variation in Eurasia while precipitation plays an important role at the middle latitudes.

Tang Q. H., G. Y. Leng, and P. Y. Groisman, 2012: European hot summers associated with a reduction of cloudiness. J.Climate, 25, 3637- 3644.a530faa9ef67b465ad41ed280fa49de6

http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioone.org%2Fservlet%2Flinkout%3Fsuffix%3Di0909-6396-19-4-404-Tang1%26dbid%3D16%26doi%3D10.2981%252F12-118%26key%3D10.1175%252FJCLI-D-12-00040.1

http://xueshu.baidu.com/s?wd=paperuri%3A%286d48867f36ee268a42a2976a78650eb1%29&filter=sc_long_sign&tn=SE_xueshusource_2kduw22v&sc_vurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioone.org%2Fservlet%2Flinkout%3Fsuffix%3Di0909-6396-19-4-404-Tang1%26dbid%3D16%26doi%3D10.2981%252F12-118%26key%3D10.1175%252FJCLI-D-12-00040.1&ie=utf-8&sc_us=16573526222778429960

Trenberth K. E., J. T. Fasullo, G. Branstator, and A. S. Phillips, 2014: Seasonal aspects of the recent pause in surface warming. Nature Climate Change,4, 911-916, doi: 10.1038/nclimate2341.10.1038/nclimate2341

554955ca35f59c7488dc6adc881a1670

http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnclimate%2Fjournal%2Fv4%2Fn10%2Ffig_tab%2Fnclimate2341_F6.html

http://www.nature.com/nclimate/journal/v4/n10/fig_tab/nclimate2341_F6.htmlFactors involved in the recent pause in the rise of global mean temperatures are examined seasonally. For 1999 to 2012, the hiatus in surface warming is mainly evident in the central and eastern Pacific. It is manifested as strong anomalous easterly trade winds, distinctive sea-level pressure patterns, and large rainfall anomalies in the Pacific, which resemble the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). These features are accompanied by upper tropospheric teleconnection wave patterns that extend throughout the Pacific, to polar regions, and into the Atlantic. The extratropical features are particularly strong during winter. By using an idealized heating to force a comprehensive atmospheric model, the large negative anomalous latent heating associated with the observed deficit in central tropical Pacific rainfall is shown to be mainly responsible for the global quasi-stationary waves in the upper troposphere. The wave patterns in turn created persistent regional climate anomalies, increasing the odds of cold winters in Europe. Hence, tropical Pacific forcing of the atmosphere such as that associated with a negative phase of the PDO produces many of the pronounced atmospheric circulation anomalies observed globally during the hiatus.

Twomey S., 1977: The influence of pollution on the shortwave albedo of clouds. Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 34, 1149- 1154.10.1175/1520-0469(1977)034<1149:TIOPOT>2.0.CO;2

87d30a8ee5cb88296547d53b6f7b6dba

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F1977JAtS...34.1149T

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1977JAtS...34.1149TBy increasing droplet concentration and thereby the optical thickness of a cloud, pollution acts to increase the reflectance (albedo) of clouds; by increasing the absorption coefficient it acts to decrease the reflectance. Calculations suggest that the former effect (brightening of the clouds in reflection, hence climatically a cooling effect) dominates for thin to moderately thick clouds, whereas for sufficiently thick clouds the latter effect (climatically a warming effect) can become dominant.

Ueda H., Y. Kamae, M. Hayasaki, A. Kitoh, S. Watanabe, Y. Miki, and A. Kumai, 2015: Combined effects of recent Pacific cooling and Indian Ocean warming on the Asian monsoon. Nature Communications, 6,8854, doi: 10.1038/ncomms9854.10.1038/ncomms9854

26564801

9422fddd2a18bd311ae6ca903736a8aa

http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F26564801

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26564801Recent research indicates that the cooling trend in the tropical Pacific Ocean over the past 15 years underlies the contemporaneous hiatus in global mean temperature increase. During the hiatus, the tropical Pacific Ocean displays a La Ni-like cooling pattern while sea surface temperature (SST) in the Indian Ocean has continued to increase. This SST pattern differs from the well-known La Ni-induced basin-wide cooling across the Indian Ocean on the interannual timescale. Here, based on model experiments, we show that the SST pattern during the hiatus explains pronounced regional anomalies of rainfall in the Asian monsoon region and thermodynamic effects due to specific humidity change are secondary. Specifically, Indo-Pacific SST anomalies cause convection to intensify over the tropical western Pacific, which in turn suppresses rainfall in mid-latitude East Asia through atmospheric teleconnection. Overall, the tropical Pacific SST effect opposes and is greater than the Indian Ocean SST effect.

Urabe Y., S. Maeda, 2014: The relationship between Japan's recent temperature and decadal variability. SOLA,10, 176-179, doi: 10.2151/sola.2014-037.10.2151/sola.2014-037

ca8a4076b07a38663785b4cd45b48d33

http%3A%2F%2Fci.nii.ac.jp%2Fnaid%2F130004704543

http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/130004704543Since the late 1990s, surface temperature has been higher than (near or lower than) normal for summer/autumn (winter/spring) over Japan, indicating that the seasonal temperature contrast has become enhanced. In order to relate this to global-scale variability on decadal timescale, atmospheric re-analysis and ocean assimilation datasets were analyzed. It is suggested that the La Ni-like conditions which have been frequently observed in the tropical Pacific oceanic and atmospheric fields in the last decade have contributed to these temperature tendencies observed in Japan. These global characteristics are consistent with the global warming hiatus. The results presented here indicate that not only interannual variability and century-scale long-term trends but also decadal variability in global oceanic and atmospheric fields significantly affect Japans temperature.

Wang, H. J., Coauthors, 2012: Extreme climate in China: Facts, simulation and projection. Meteor. Z., 21, 279- 304.

Wang T., H. J. Wang, O. H. Otter, Y. Q. Gao, L. L. Suo, T. Furevik, and L. Yu, 2013: Anthropogenic agent implicated as a prime driver of shift in precipitation in eastern China in the late 1970s. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,13, 12 433-12 450, doi: 10.5194/acpd-13-11997-2013.211d47d45a58674be11484110cfae655

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2013ACP....1312433W

http://xueshu.baidu.com/s?wd=paperuri%3A%286ee5a0c946ba662caebe8c53b34d1f04%29&filter=sc_long_sign&tn=SE_xueshusource_2kduw22v&sc_vurl=http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2013ACP....1312433W&ie=utf-8&sc_us=18080809004639948

Wei K., W. Chen, 2011: An abrupt increase in the summer high temperature extreme days across China in the mid-1990s. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 28, 1023- 1029.10.1007/s00376-010-0080-6

9e9a30f79e9337fcf670204cd72c731a

http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fresolve%2Freference%2FXREF%3Fid%3D10.1007%2Fs00376-010-0080-6

http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical_dqkxjz-e201105004.aspxBased on the daily maximum surface air temperature records from an updated homogenized temperature dataset for 549 Chinese stations during 1960-2008,we reveal that there is an abrupt increase in the number of days with high temperature extremes (HTEs,an HTE day is defined when the maximum temperature exceeds the 95th percentile of the daily maximum temperature distributions) across China in the mid-1990s.Before this regime shift,the average number of HTE days is about 2.9 d yr 1 during the period from the 1970s to the early 1990s,while it rocketed to about 7.2 d yr 1 after the mid-1990s.We show that the significant HTE day increase occurs uniformly across the whole of China after the regime shift.The observational evidence raises the possibility that this change in HTE days is associated with global-scale warming as well as circulation adjustment.Possible causes for the abrupt change in the HTE days are discussed,and the circulation adjustment is suggested to play a crucial role in the increase in HTE days in this region.

Wen Q. H., X. B. Zhang, Y. Xu, and B. Wang, 2013: Detecting human influence on extreme temperatures in China. Geophys. Res. Lett.,40, 1171-1176, doi: 10.1002/grl.50285.10.1002/grl.50285

f76b52fa8432c270c67a0345ee1ad117

http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fgrl.50285%2Fabstract

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/grl.50285/abstractstudy compares observed and model-simulated spatiotemporal patterns of changes in Chinese extreme temperatures during 1961-2007 using an optimal detection method. Four extreme indices, namely annual maximum daily maximum (TXx) and daily minimum (TNx) temperatures and annual minimum daily maximum (TXn) and daily minimum (TNn) temperatures, are studied. Model simulations are conducted with the CanESM2, which include six 5-member ensembles under different historical forcings, i.e., four individual external forcings (greenhouse gases, anthropogenic aerosol, land use change, and solar irradiance), combined effect of natural forcings (solar irradiance and volcanic activity), and combined effect of all external forcings (both natural and anthropogenic forcings). We find that anthropogenic influence is clearly detectable in extreme temperatures over China. Additionally, anthropogenic forcing can also be separated from natural forcing in two-signal analyses. The influence of natural forcings cannot be detected in any analysis. Moreover, there are indications that the effects of greenhouse gases and/or land use change may be separated from other anthropogenic forcings in warm extremes TXx and TNx in joint two-signal analyses. These results suggest that further investigations of roles of individual anthropogenic forcing are justified, particularly in studies of extremely warm temperatures over China.

Wilcox L. J., B. Dong, R. T. Sutton, and E. J. Highwood, 2015: The 2014 hot, dry summer in northeast Asia. Bull. Amer. Metero. Soc., 96, S105- S110.

Yang S. L., J. M. Feng, W. J. Dong, and J. M. Chou, 2014: Analyses of extreme climate events over China based on CMIP5 historical and future simulations. Adv. Atmos. Sci.,31, 1209-1220, doi: 10.1007/s00376-014-3119-2.10.1007/s00376-014-3119-2

3f982da3812e3bff2376ae8328e04d85

http%3A%2F%2Fd.wanfangdata.com.cn%2FPeriodical_dqkxjz-e201405018.aspx

http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical_dqkxjz-e201405018.aspxBased on observations and 12 simulations from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5(CMIP5) models, climatic extremes and their changes over China in the past and under the future scenarios of three Representative Concentration Pathways(RCPs) are analyzed. In observations, frost days(FD) and low-temperature threshold days(TN10P) show a decreasing trend, and summer days(SU), high-temperature threshold days(TX90P), heavy precipitation days(R20), and the contribution of heavy precipitation days(P95T) show an increasing trend. Most models are able to simulate the main characteristics of most extreme indices. In particular, the mean FD and TX90 P are reproduced the best, and the basic trends of FD, TN10 P, SU and TX90 P are represented. For the FD and SU indexes, most models show good ability in capturing the spatial differences between the mean state of the periods 1986-2005 and 1961-80; however, for other indices, the simulation abilities for spatial disparity are less satisfactory and need to be improved. Under the high emissions scenario of RCP8.5,the century-scale linear changes of the multi-model ensemble(MME) for FD, SU, TN10 P, TX90 P, R20 and P95 T are-46.9,46.0,-27.1, 175.4, and 2.9 days, and 9.9%, respectively; and the spatial change scope for each index is consistent with the emissions intensity. Due to the complexities of physical process parameterizations and the limitation of forcing data, great uncertainty still exists with respect to the simulation of climatic extremes.

You Q. L., J. Z. Min, Y. Jiao, M. Sillanpää, and S. C. Kang, 2015: Observed trend of diurnal temperature range in the Tibetan Plateau in recent decades. International Journal of Climatology,36, 2633-2643, doi: 10.1002/joc.4517.10.1002/joc.4517

21f858897784cf77fd32e413c295c50b

http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fjoc.4517%2Fabstract

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/joc.4517/abstractABSTRACT Spatial and temporal variabilities of long-term (1961�2013) diurnal temperature range (DTR) are examined in the Tibetan Plateau (TP) based on the 71 observational stations. The relative regional contributions to DTR in the TP are studied among maximum temperature, minimum temperature, total cloud cover (TCC), and atmospheric teleconnections. The regional annual mean DTR (average of the 71 stations) is 14.1765°C, with a clear maximum in winter (16.3565°C) and minimum in summer (12.6265°C). During 1961�2013, the DTR in the TP declines before the 1980s and shows mute change afterwards, with an annual rate of 610.2065°C decade 611 calculated by the Mannendall method. The trend in DTR is primarily a consequence of greater warming in minimum temperature than maximum temperature. In summer, there are significant negative correlations between the TCC and DTR in the TP, suggesting that the decreases in the DTR are associated with variations of TCC in the region. The atmospheric circulation composite analysis between strongly positive and negative DTR in summer in the TP reveals that during the low DTR period the TP has more water vapour flux, stronger temperature advection, and strengthened southerly wind. This suggests that the atmospheric circulations have contributed to the trends in the DTR, but it is difficult to account for the specific contributions. Further investigations of the impact of global warming on the DTR in the TP are still required.

Zhang L. X., T. J. Zhou, 2015: Drought over East Asia: a review. J. Climate,28, 3375-3399, doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00259.1.10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00259.1

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http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2015JCli...28.3375Z

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JCli...28.3375ZNot Available

Zhao P., S. Yang, and R. C. Yu, 2010: Long-term changes in rainfall over eastern China and large-scale atmospheric circulation associated with recent global warming. J. Climate,23, 1544-1562, doi: 10.1175/2009JCLI2660.1.10.1175/2009JCLI2660.1

5cad9d56fa59670d081f8b6106b30514

http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cabdirect.org%2Fabstracts%2F20103125482.html

http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/20103125482.htmlAbstract Using precipitation data from rain gauge stations over China, the authors examine the long-term variation of the durations of persistent rainfall over eastern China for the past 40 years. The variation in the regional rainfall was related to a change in the global-mean surface temperature from the relatively cold period of the 1960s�70s to the relatively warm period of the 1980s�90s. Compared to the cold period, the persistent rainfall in the warm period began earlier and ended later over southern China, lengthening the rainy season by 23 days, but it began later and ended earlier over northern China, shortening the rainy season by 14 days. This change in the durations of persistent rainfall contributed to the pattern of the long-term change in rainfall: southern floods and northern droughts. The earlier beginning of the rainy season over southern China was associated with a more westward subtropical high over the western North Pacific and a stronger low-level low near the eastern Tibetan Plateau...

Zhao P., P. Jones, L. J. Cao, Z. W. Yan, S. Y. Zha, Y. N. Zhu, Y. Yu, and G. L. Tang, 2014: Trend of surface air temperature in eastern China and associated large-scale climate variability over the last 100 years. J. Climate,27, 4693-4703, doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00397.1.10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00397.1

b5e6b4c65e2fdc58de2f866511ea0866

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2014JCli...27.4693Z

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JCli...27.4693ZNot Available