doi:10.1007/s00376-016-5281-1

Enomoto T., 2004: Interannual variability of the Bonin high associated with the propagation of Rossby waves along the Asian jet. J. Meteor. Soc.Japan, 82, 1019- 1034.10.2151/jmsj.2004.1019

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http%3A%2F%2Fci.nii.ac.jp%2Fnaid%2F110001803127

http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110001803127Interannual variability of the Ogasawara (Bonin) high in August is examined in relation to propagation of stationary Rossby waves along the Asian jet using monthly averages from the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis dataset for 52 years. The perturbation kinetic energy at 200 hPa is used as a measure of the activity of stationary Rossby waves along the Asian jet. Composite maps of five relatively wavy-jet years with close phases show an enhanced anticyclone over Japan. This anomalous ridge has a maximum amplitude at 250 hPa and extends throughout the troposphere with little zonal and slight northward tilts. Wave-activity and isentropic potential vorticity analyses clearly show that the ridge is created by the propagation of stationary Rossby waves to Japan. The anomalous ridge accompanies a positive temperature anomaly over Japan in the entire troposphere. A negative temperature anomaly to the east of Japan is also created in the lower troposphere by the northerly flow between the anomalous ridge and trough. By contrast, the equivalent-barotropic ridge over Japan is very weak in the zonal-jet years. Although Rossby waves are as strong as those in the wavy-jet years near the source, they are found to converge to the southeast of its source with little further downstream propagation. This contrast in the behaviour of Rossby waves is consistent with the intensity of the Asian jet to the east of 90E. The composite analysis suggests that the enhancement of a deep ridge near Japan is regulated by the intensity of the Asian jet. The composite analysis study conducted here emphasizes the importance of the propagation of stationary Rossby waves along the Asian jet for the late summer climate in northeastern Asia.

Enomoto T., B. J. Hoskons, and Y. Matsuda, 2003: The formation mechanism of the Bonin high in August. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 129, 157- 178.10.1256/qj.01.211

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http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1256/qj.01.211/fullAbstract The Bonin high is a subtropical anticyclone that is predominant near Japan in the summer. This anticyclone is associated with an equivalent-barotropic structure, often extending throughout the entire troposphere. Although the equivalent-barotropic structure of the Bonin high has been known for years among synopticians because of its importance to the summer climate in east Asia, there are few dynamical explanations for such a structure. The present paper attempts to provide a formation mechanism for the deep ridge near Japan. We propose a new hypothesis that this equivalent-barotropic ridge near Japan is formed as a result of the propagation of stationary Rossby waves along the Asian jet in the upper troposphere (he Silk Road pattern). First, the monthly mean climatology is examined in order to demonstrate this hypothesis. It is shown that the enhanced Asian jet in August is favourable for the propagation of stationary Rossby waves and that the regions of descent over the eastern Mediterranean Sea and the Aral Sea act as two major wave sources. Second, a primitive-equation model is used to simulate the climatology of August. The model successfully simulates the Bonin high with an equivalent-barotropic structure. The upper-tropospheric ridge is found to be enhanced by a height anomaly of more than 80 m at 200 hPa, when a wave packet arrives. Sensitivity experiments are conducted to show that the removal of the diabatic cooling over the Asian jet suppresses the Silk Road pattern and formation of an equivalent-barotropic ridge near Japan, while the removal of the diabatic heating in the western Pacific does not. Copyright 2003 Royal Meteorological Society

Frankignoul C., 1985: Sea surface temperature anomalies, planetary waves, and air-sea feedback in the middle latitudes. Rev. Geophys., 23( 4), 357- 390.10.1029/RG023i004p00357

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http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1029%2FRG023i004p00357%2Fabstract

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/RG023i004p00357/abstractThe mechanisms that contribute to the generation and damping of large-scale mid-latitude sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies are discussed. The SST anomalies reflect primarily the response of the upper ocean to the changes in air-sea fluxes that are associated with daily weather fluctuations. Heat flux forcing is dominant in the lower middle latitudes, while wind-driven entrainment may be most effective in the high latitudes; advection by anomalous Ekman current is generally less important, and Ekman pumping is negligible. The SST anomalies decay in part because of entrainment effects associated with mixed-layer deepening and oceanic mixing and in part because of heat exchanges with the atmosphere. The three approaches commonly used to model the evolution of SST anomalies are reviewed: case studies based on monthly or seasonal anomaly maps of the large-scale SST and atmospheric anomalies, numerical simulations with one-dimensional mixed-layer models, and stochastic forcing models. We stress the similarities in the different approaches and discuss their main advantages and limitations. The response of the atmosphere to mid-latitude SST anomalies is considered. First, we discuss the poorly known relationship between SST anomalies and diabatic heating. Using a crude assumption for the air-sea coupling, we consider a two-layer quasi-geostrophic channel model and discuss the stationary wave response to SST anomaly forcing and the resulting air-sea feedback. It is found that the back interaction of the SST anomalies onto the atmosphere causes a weak SST anomaly damping at large scales and a strong one at small scales; the air-sea coupling should also act as an eastward propagator for the SST anomalies. The response of more realistic linear wave models to prescribed diabatic heating is then reviewed, and it is suggested that realistic mid-latitude SST anomalies have a weak influence on the atmospheric circulation, corresponding to changes in the geopotential height of 10-30 m at most. This order of magnitude is consistent with the results of general circulation model experiments and with the limited climate predictability associated with mid-latitude SST anomalies.

Fu C. B., X. L. Teng, 1988: Climate anomalies in China associated with E1 Niño/Southern Oscillation. Scientia Atmospherica Sinica, 12( S1), 133- 141. (in Chinese)

Kanamitsu M., W. Ebisuzaki, J. Woollen, S. K. Yang, J. J. Hnilo, M. Fiorino, and G. L. Potter, 2002: NCEP-DOE AMIP-II reanalysis (R-2). Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 83, 1631- 1643.78182a9c107f7e4a6d116468670fb6a6

http%3A%2F%2Fbioscience.oxfordjournals.org%2Fexternal-ref%3Faccess_num%3D10.1175%2FBAMS-83-11-1631%26link_type%3DDOI

http://bioscience.oxfordjournals.org/external-ref?access_num=10.1175/BAMS-83-11-1631&link_type=DOI

Kawatani Y., K. Ninomiya, and T. Tokioka, 2008: The North Pacific subtropical high characterized separately for June, July, and August: Zonal displacement associated with submonthly variability. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan Ser.II, 86, 505- 530.10.2151/jmsj.86.505

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http%3A%2F%2Fci.nii.ac.jp%2Fnaid%2F130004788662

http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/130004788662This paper describes the interannual and submonthly variability (disturbances with periods of less than 1 month) of the North Pacific subtropical high (NPSH) and the characteristics of its westward extension and eastward retreat in June, July, and August from 1979 to 2001. The study was based on 6-hourly data from the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts 40-Year Reanalysis with T106 resolution, Climate Prediction Center Merged Analysis of Precipitation data, and typhoon track data provided by the Japan Meteorological Agency. In the western Pacific, the interannual and submonthly variability of the NPSH were smallest in June and largest in August. To examine the characteristics of the westward extension and eastward retreat of the NPSH, an NPSH index was defined as the monthly mean anomaly of geopotential height (Z) at 850 hPa averaged over the western edge (125-150E, 17-32N) of the NPSH. Using this index, five extreme years of westward extension and five of eastward retreat were extracted to represent positive and negative years, respectively. Composite differences were calculated by subtracting the values of negative years from those of positive years. Composite analyses based on the NPSH index revealed several characteristics of the NPSH and its surroundings, including large-scale circulation, stationary Rossby waves and small-scale disturbances. In June and July, Baiu frontal activity, including meso伪-scale disturbances, was stronger when the NPSH extended westward (in positive years). In positive (negative) years, most typhoons occurred in the western Pacific (western to mid-Pacific). The composite difference of submonthly variability of Z at 850 hPa in August indicated a broad distribution of negative anomalies over the western Pacific; the large-scale horizontal structure of these anomalies was similar to that for the composite difference of monthly mean Z at 850 hPa. The NPSH index and submonthly variability of Z at 850 hPa in the index area were significantly negatively correlated.

Liebmann B., C. A. Smith, 1996: Description of a complete (interpolated) outgoing longwaveradiation dataset. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 77, 1275- 1277.10.1175/1520-0477(1996)077<1255:EA>2.0.CO;2

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http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/10010122825/Description of a complete (interpolated) outgoing longwave radiation dataset LIEBMANN B. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 77, 1275-1277, 1996

Lu R. Y., 2001a: Interannual variability of the summertime North Pacific subtropical high and its relation to atmospheric convection over the warm pool. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan Ser.II, 79, 771- 783.10.2151/jmsj.79.771

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http%3A%2F%2Fci.nii.ac.jp%2Fnaid%2F110001807686

http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110001807686Using the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) Reanalysis data and satellite-observed outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR) data, we examined the westward extension and eastward contraction of the North Pacific subtropical high in summer (NPSH). It was found that the NPSH shows a great variability in its western extent, both on the seasonal and interannual time scales. In order to examine the interannual variations of NPSH, we defined a NPSH index as the June-July-August (JJA) mean geopotential height anomalies at 850 hPa averaged over the west edge (110~150E, 10~30N) of NPSH. This index describes the year-to-year zonal displacement of NPSH. Composites analysis based on this NPSH index showed that there is a significant relation between zonal displacement of NPSH and intensity of atmospheric convection over the warm pool. A low-level cyclonic (anticyclonic) anomaly that is closely associated with the zonal shift of NPSH appears north of entranced (weakened) atmospheric convection, i.e., the vorticity anomaly is found north of the divergence one. Climatologically, the NPSH contracts eastward swiftly after pentad 40 (July 15 to 19). Such an eastward contraction is closely associated with the poleward shift of both NPSH and atmospheric convection over the tropical western Pacific warm pool. However, such seasonal variations of both NPSH and convection show distinct features between the summers witty positive and negative NPSH indexes. During summers with positive NPSH index, NPSH and convection over the warm pool do not show an appreciable seasonal evolution. During summers with negative index, by contrast, they show a swift seasonal evolution after pentad 40. Finally, we performed a vorticity analysis to explain the relation between the divergence and vorticity anomalies on the interannual time scale. The analysis shows that in the lower troposphere (925 hPa), the advection of relative vorticity is comparable to the stretching and is responsible for the northward shift of the circulation anomaly relative to anomalous atmospheric convection. The difference from the theory of Gill (1980) is discussed. In the upper troposphere (200 hPa), the advection is slightly smaller than the stretching with opposite signs in East Asia and the western North Pacific, and thus the position of the vorticity anomaly is consistent with that of the stretching anomaly.

Lu R. Y., 2001b: Atmospheric circulations and sea surface temperatures related to the convection over the western Pacific warm pool on the interannual scale. Adv. Atmos. Sci.,18, 270-282, doi: 10.1007/s00376-001-0019-z.10.1007/s00376-001-0019-z

1eeefb3150be5c05edd6503cfb5ccded

http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs00376-001-0019-z

http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-DQJZ200102009.htmThe composite results show that the differences are remarkably similar in these two sets of data. The difference in circulations between weak and strong convection over WPWP is significantly associated with westward extension of the North Pacific subtropical anticyclone and stronger westerlies at the northwestern edge of the subtropical anticyclone. It also corresponds with the significant easterly anomaly and the descent anomaly in situ, i.e., over the WPWP. The most prominent characteristics of the difference of SSTs between weak and strong convection over the WPWP are the significant positive SST anomalies in the Indian Ocean, the Bay of Bengal and the South China Sea. In WPWP, however, there are only weak negative SST anomalies. Thus, the anomaly of OLR over WPWP is weakly associated with the SST anomalies in situ, while closely associated with the SST anomalies west of WPWP.

Nitta T., 1987: Convective activities in the tropical western Pacific and their impact on the northern hemisphere summer circulation. J. Meteor. Soc.Japan, 65, 373- 390.10.1175/1520-0469(1987)044<1554:TAOPVT>2.0.CO;2

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http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/10013126166/Interannual and intraseasonal variations of convective activities in the tropical western Pacific during summer and their impact on the Northern Hemisphere circulation are investigated by using satellite cloud amount, sea surface temperature (SST) and geopotential data for 7 years (1978-1984). During summers when SST in the tropical western Pacific is about 1.0C warmer than normal, active convection regions consisting of a number of typhoons and tropical depressions are shifted northeastward from the normal position near Philippines to the subtropical western Pacific around 20N and cloud amounts both in the middle latitudes and in the equatorial regions are greatly suppressed. A high pressure anomaly with little vertical tilt predominates in middle latitudes extending from East China, through Japan Islands to North Pacific during these summers. Analyses of 5-day mean cloud amount reveal that the convective activity is largely modulated by the intraseasonal variations (ISV). The amplitude of ISV of convective activity in the Philippine Sea around 15N-20N is more intensified in warm SST summers than in cold SST summers resulting in stronger season mean convective activities in the former than in the latter. Correlation computations between 5-day mean tropical cloud amount and 500mb geopotential height show that there exist wave trains of geopotential height emanating from the heat source region near Philippines to North America. Daily analyses of geopotential height indicate that these wave trains appear to be generated when convective activities in the Philippine Sea become intense and that the amplification occurs downstream from the western Pacific to the west coast of North America taking about 5 days. It is concluded that Rossby waves are generated by the tropical heat source associated with ISV, and high pressure anomalies over East Asia and Northwest Pacific during warm SST summers can be understood as the results of frequent occurrence of Rossby wave generation.

Ogasawara T., R. Kawamura, 2007: Combined effects of teleconnection patterns on anomalous summer weather in Japan. J. Meteor. Soc.Japan, 85, 11- 24.10.2151/jmsj.85.11

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http%3A%2F%2Fci.nii.ac.jp%2Fnaid%2F110006201201%2Fja%2F

http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110006201201/ja/Using ERA-40 and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, the characteristics of major teleconnection patterns were examined, particularly the West Asia-Japan (WJ) and Pacific-Japan (PJ) patterns, with a high-frequency (HF) component (from half a week to two or three weeks), and a low-frequency (LF) component (greater than about one month), and discussed the combined effects of the teleconnection patterns on the anomalous summer weather in Japan and the surrounding regions. Both patterns of the HF-WJ and LF-WJ, which propagate eastward along the upper-level Asian jet, induce an anomalous barotropic anticyclone centered on the Japan Sea. The HF-WJ pattern has no close link with the Asian summer monsoon activity, but, in contrast, the LF-WJ pattern is significantly correlated with anomalous monsoonal heating over the summer monsoon region. The HF-PJ and LF-PJ patterns, which can be identified with stationary waves stimulated by intense convection around the Philippine Sea, generate a nearly barotropic anticyclone anomaly to the east of Japan. A combination of the HF-WJ and HF-PJ patterns establishes a zonally elongated anticyclonic anomaly over northern Japan, resulting in anomalous high surface temperatures in northern Japan. Such a coupling was found to lead to a larger temperature increase in that region than a single teleconnection pattern alone. A typical case of the LF-WJ and LF-PJ combination also indicates a zonally elongated anticyclonic anomaly over northern Japan, which is similar to the combined pattern of HF-WJ and HF-PJ. The dynamic impact of LF-WJ on the surface temperature field around Japan differs significantly from that of LF-PJ. The dominance of the LF-WJ causes enhanced subsidence over Japan, which can bring about adiabatic heating and increased incoming solar radiation. On the other hand, PJ-induced anomalous anticyclone in the lower troposphere facilitates northward warm advection to the east of northern Japan, where the north-south temperature gradient is large. As for the extreme hot summer of 2004, no combined patterns of the LF-WJ and LF-PJ were found during the summer. Alternatively, a tripole structure appeared in the lower geopotential height field in mid-June. Such a tripole pattern may be established by a combination of the LF-PJ and a barotropic Rossby wave train propagating southeastward from high latitudes.

Park C. K., S. D. Schubert, 1997: On the nature of the 1994 East Asian summer drought. J.Climate, 10, 1056- 1070.10.1175/1520-0442(1997)0102.0.CO;2

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http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997JCli...10.1056PAbstract East Asian countries experienced record-breaking heat waves and drought conditions during the summer monsoon season of 1994. This study documents the large-scale circulation associated with the drought and suggests a forcing mechanism responsible for the anomalous evolution of the East Asian monsoon. The results, based on Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) global assimilated data for 1985–94, indicate that the absence of monsoon rainfall during July 1994 over central China and the southern parts of Korea and Japan is due to the unusually early development of the climatological upper-level anticyclonic flow east of the Tibetan Plateau. The anomalous July anticyclonic circulation over the East Asian–northwestern Pacific region and the cyclonic circulation over the subtropical western Pacific, which are more typical of August, acted to reduce the moisture supply from the western Pacific and the Indian Ocean leading to suppressed rainfall over East Asia. The similarity of the July 1994 East Asian ...

Peng J. B., 2014: An investigation of the formation of the heat wave in southern China in summer 2013 and the relevant abnormal subtropical high activities. Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 7, 286- 290.10.1080/16742834.2014.11447177

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http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.3878%2Fj.issn.1674-2834.13.0097

http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical_dqhhykxkb201404004.aspx

Smith T. M., R. W. Reynolds, T. C. Peterson, and J. Lawrimore, 2008: Improvements to NOAA's historical merged land-ocean surface temperature analysis (1880-2006). J.Climate, 21, 2283- 2296.10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00241.1

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http%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F273920081_NOAA%27s_Merged_LandOcean_Surface_Temperature_Analysis

refpaperuri:(dbc44c65ee1c9ace06b0727517ae2bee)

http://www.researchgate.net/publication/273920081_NOAA's_Merged_LandOcean_Surface_Temperature_AnalysisThis paper describes the new release of the Merged Land–Ocean Surface Temperature analysis (MLOST version 3.5), which is used in operational monitoring and climate assessment activities by the NOAA National Climatic Data Center. The primary motivation for the latest version is the inclusion of a new land dataset that has several major improvements, including a more elaborate approach for addressing changes in station location, instrumentation, and siting conditions. The new version is broadly consistent with previous global analyses, exhibiting a trend of 0.076°C decade 611 since 1901, 0.162°C decade 611 since 1979, and widespread warming in both time periods. In general, the new release exhibits only modest differences with its predecessor, the most obvious being very slightly more warming at the global scale (0.004°C decade 611 since 1901) and slightly different trend patterns over the terrestrial surface.

Su T. H., F. Xue, 2010: The intraseasonal variation of summer monsoon circulation and rainfall in East Asia. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 34( 3), 611- 628. (in Chinese)10.3724/SP.J.1037.2010.00186

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http%3A%2F%2Fen.cnki.com.cn%2FArticle_en%2FCJFDTOTAL-DQXK201003014.htm

http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-DQXK201003014.htmBased on routine meteorological data and the method of the normalized finite temporal variation(NFTV),the evolution features of East Asian summer monsoon(EASM) circulation are analyzed.It is found that there exist two distinct subseasonal abrupt changes in East Asia during the summertime,characterized primarily by two eastward contractions and northward jumps of the western Pacific subtropical high(WPSH),one of which is in middle June and the other is in late July.Because of the close relationship between the WPSH and rainfall distributions in East Asia,the rain belt in East Asia exhibits two obvious northward jumps in the seasonal evolution as well,corresponding to the beginning of the Meiyu period from the Yangtze-Huaihe valley to Japan and the rainy season in North China and Northeast China,respectively.Compared with the first jump,the second jump of the WPSH is much more evident.The first jump is mainly caused by the enhancement of the convective activities in the South China Sea(SCS) while the second jump is influenced by both the convective activities over the western Pacific warm pool(WPWP) and the circulation systems in high latitudes.Through the phase-locking of the northeastward propagation of the Rossby wave trains from the WPWP and the downstream propagation of the Rossby waves in high latitudes,both the convective activities over the WPWP and the circulation systems in high latitudes play a key role in the second northward jump of the WPSH.In addition,the interactions between the WPSH and the release of the latent heat on its western edge lead to the intraseasonal low-frequency oscillation of the WPSH.The analyses of NFTV indicate that the adjustment of the low-level circulation in high latitudes tends to weaken gradually with the seasonal evolution,which is related to the temperature difference between middle and high latitudes.By contrast,the adjustment of the high-level circulation tends to intensify with the altitude during the latter half of the summertime.Besides,the evolution of the similarity also shows that the atmospheric circulation in East Asia exhibits a distinctly different state after the second jump of the WPSH.The Southern Hemisphere circulation plays an important role in the enhancement of the convective activities in the SCS and the WPWP.In middle June,the enhancement of the convective activities in these two regions is due to the intensification and eastward extension of the westerly on the western edge of the SCS,which is deeply involved with the Mascarene high(MH).In middle July,the enhancement of the Australian high(AH) leads to the intensification of the cross-equatorial flow on its northeastern edge,and a large amount of cold air from the Southern Hemisphere invades into the warm pool region,which increases the atmospheric instability and the low-level convergence over this region.As a result,the convective activities in the warm pool are enhanced.In the first half of the summertime,however,the relationship between the intensity of the AH and the cross-equatorial flow on its northeastern edge can be modulated by the convective activities in the WPWP,resulting in an opposite trend between the AH and the associated cross-equatorial flow.During the austral wintertime,the AH tends to weaken with the low-frequency oscillation,which is affected by both the surface temperature in Australia and the energy dispersion of the upstream MH.The weakening trend of the AH is influenced by the former while the MH plays a dominant role in the low-frequency oscillation of the AH.

Sun J. Q., 2014: Record-breaking SST over mid-North Atlantic and extreme high temperature over the Jianghuai-Jiangnan region of China in 2013. Chinese Science Bulletin, 59, 3465- 3470.10.1007/s11434-014-0425-0

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http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs11434-014-0425-0

http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-JXTW201427014.htmIn July 2013, the Jianghuai–Jiangnan region of China experienced a persistent extreme high temperature,and the surface air temperature(SAT) over many areas of the region set a new record, which had a profound impact on people's lives. This study explored the possible mechanism for this extreme climate phenomenon. The results show that the sea surface temperature(SST) over the midNorth Atlantic in July 2013 was the warmest observed over the past 160 years. The strong anomaly of the SST connects to the East Asian upper level westerly and western Pacific subtropical high(WPSH) via the teleconnection wave train and further contributes to the SAT variability over the Jianghuai–Jiangnan region; this connection could be one possible mechanism for the formation of the recordbreaking extreme hot event(EHE) over the Jianghuai–Jiangnan region in July 2013. In addition, for the EHE over the Jianghuai–Jiangnan region, the role of the WPSH was generally emphasised. This study found that the variability of the upper level westerly over the Jianghuai–Jiangnan region is also an important climate factor impacting the SAT of the region. In particular, the record-breaking weakness of the upper level westerly corresponded to the record-breaking SAT over the Jianghuai–Jiangnan region in July 2013. These results indicate that the role of the upper level westerly should be emphasised in addition to the WPSH, according to both the variability in the summer air temperature and the EHE over the Jianghuai–Jiangnan region.

Tao S. Y., J. Wei., 2006: The westward, northward advance of the subtropical high over the west Pacific in summer. Journal of Applied Meteorological Science, 17, 513- 525. (in Chinese)d14b59e38989479115f02983deef1b22

http%3A%2F%2Fen.cnki.com.cn%2FArticle_en%2FCJFDTotal-YYQX200605000.htm

http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-YYQX200605000.htmThe subtropical high over the West Pacific in summer is one of the most important atmospheric circulation components which influences the weather and climate of China.Using the daily averaged data derived from NCEP/NCAR reanalysis dataset and interpolated outgoing longwave radiation(OLR) data provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration(NOAA),the variation of the position of the summer rainfall belt in eastern China is diagnosed for the selected years of 2005,2003 and 1998.The work analyzes the nonoccurrence of Meiyu in the mid and lower reaches of the Yangtze River during the summer of 2005,the heavy flood in the Yangtze River basin during the summer of 1998,as well as the prolonged heat wave south of the Yangtze River during the second half of July in 2003.Particular attention is devoted to the study on the correlation of these abnormal weather phenomena with the westward,northward advance or southward,eastward retreat of the subtropical high in the West Pacific. Evidence shows that the advance(retreat) of the subtropical high over the West Pacific in summer can modulate the positions of the heavy rainfall belt in eastern China.During the westward,northward advance(southward,eastward retreat) of the subtropical high,the heavy rainfall belt moves northward(southward).During the persistent advance of the subtropical high,a prolonged heat wave occurs in the mid and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.The process and mechanism of the westward,northward advance(southward,eastward retreat) of the subtropical high are revealed.Hoskins et al.show that the Asian Jet can act as a waveguide in the northern summer.Chang shows that the upper tropospheric waves over the mid-latitudes generally reveal the characteristics of downstream development in summer.Enomoto et al.study the relationship between the formation of the Bonin high in August and the energy propagation of stationary Rossby waves along the Asian Jet.Based on the results from previous studies,the work clearly demonstrates through the isentropic potential vorticity analyses that the advance(retreat) of the subtropical high is caused by the propagation of the stationary Rossby waves along the Asian Jet in the upper troposphere,forming a longwave ridge(trough) along the coast of China(115-130E);at the same time the subtropical high advances northwestward(retreats southeastward).This anomalous ridge(trough) extends throughout the troposphere with the structure of the equivalent-barotropic ridge(trough).In summer when there is a persistent longwave ridge along the coast,there will be a prolonged heat wave in the mid and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.Based on the summer forecasting experiences,it is found that the medium range forecast issued by the ECMWF may better predict the westward,northward advance of the subtropical high of the West Pacific in summer.

Ueda H., T. Yasunari, and R. Kawamura, 1995: Abrupt seasonal change of large-scale convective activity over the western Pacific in the northern summer. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan Ser.II, 73, 795- 809.f2a29f8020c5e17b1b38c0cb9e2c7dfe

http%3A%2F%2Fci.nii.ac.jp%2Fnaid%2F10013127010%2F

http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/10013127010/Seasonal variations of large-scale convective activity and wind over the western Pacific are examined using Geostationary Meteorological Satellite infrared equivalent blackbody temperature (T

Xiang B. Q., B. Wang, W. D. Yu, and S. B. Xu, 2013: How can anomalous western North Pacific subtropical high intensify in late summer? Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 2349- 2354.10.1002/grl.50431

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http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/grl.50431/fullThe western North Pacific (WNP) Subtropical High (WNPSH) is a controlling system for East Asian Summer monsoon and tropical storm activities, whereas what maintains the anomalous summertime WNPSH has been a long-standing riddle. Here we demonstrate that the local convection-wind-evaporation-SST (CWES) feedback relying on both mean flows and mean precipitation is key in maintaining the WNPSH, while the remote forcing from the development of the El Nino/Southern Oscillation is secondary. Strikingly, the majority of strong WNPSH cases exhibit anomalous intensification in late summer (August), which is dominantly determined by the seasonal march of the mean state. That is, enhanced mean precipitation associated with strong WNP monsoon trough in late summer makes atmospheric response much more sensitive to local SST forcing than early summer.

Xue F., 2008: East Asian summer monsoon anomalies in strong La Niña years and comparison of summer precipitation in China between 1989 and 1999. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 32, 423- 431. (in Chinese)10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2008.03.01

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http://www.oalib.com/paper/1555977

Xue F., C. Z. Liu, 2008: The influence of moderate ENSO on summer rainfall in eastern China and its comparison with strong ENSO. Chinese Science Bulletin, 53, 791- 800.10.1007/s11434-008-0002-5

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http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-JXTW200805024.htmThe 6 major ENSO events since 1979 are classified into the strong and moderate ENSO based on in-tensity. The composite analysis is performed to reveal the influence of ENSO on East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) and summer rainfall in eastern China. It is shown that the influence is changed with the seasonal cycle in summer, with a weaker influence in June and a stronger influence in August, in-dicating a long lagged effect of ENSO on EASM. Besides, the circulation and rainfall anomalies caused by the strong ENSO are also stronger with an earlier starting time, while the influence of the moderate ENSO is evident in August. The composite summer rainfall in eastern China for the moderate ENSO exhibits a northern rainfall pattern, which is totally different from the classical ENSO-type rainfall pat-tern. Based on the composite analysis, two moderate ENSO years with a similar intensity (i.e., 1995 and 2003) are compared. The result shows that, the response of EASM to the moderate ENSO during June and July is, to a certain degree, modulated by the circulation systems in mid-high latitudes of Eurasia and in the Southern Hemisphere, thereby inducing a different rainfall distribution in eastern China. In comparison with the strong ENSO in 1983, it is further revealed that, the strong ENSO plays a dominant role in summer rainfall anomalies in eastern China as well as in controlling the influence of the other factors on EASM. The strong ENSO is therefore different with the moderate ENSO.

Xue F., Q. C. Zeng, R. H. Huang, C. Y. Li, R. Y. Lu, and T. J. Zhou, 2015: Recent advances in monsoon studies in China. Adv. Atmos. Sci.,32, 206-229, doi: 10.1007/s00376-014-0015-8.10.1007/s00376-014-0015-8

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http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/dqkxjz-e201502004This review provides a synopsis of the major progress that has been made in monsoon studies in China and to further bridge the gap between the Chinese and international meteorological community. It consists of seven major sections. After the introduction, the second section begins with the global monsoon systems and their seasonal variation, based on some new methods proposed in recent years. Besides, some major intraseasonal features of East Asian monsoon, including the onset of South China Sea summer monsoon are discussed. In the third section, we review the interactions between ENSO and the East Asian monsoon, focusing in particular on the results of Chinese meteorologists that indicate the influence of ENSO on the East Asian summer monsoon(EASM) is obviously different from that on the tropical monsoon. Besides the tropical Pacific,other ocean basins, such as the Indian Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean, are also important to the East Asian monsoon, and this topic is discussed in the fourth section. In the fifth section, we address the role of land surface processes in East Asian monsoon. For example, we describe work that has shown more snow cover in spring on the Tibetan Plateau is followed by a weakened EASM and more summer rainfall in the Yangtze River valleys. The sixth section focuses on the influence of atmospheric circulation in the Southern Hemisphere(SH) on EASM, demonstrating how the signal from the SH is likely to provide new clues for the seasonal forecasting of summer rainfall in China. Finally, in the seventh section, we concentrate on the interdecadal variations of EASM. In particular, we look at a significant interdecadal variation that occurred at the end of the 1970 s, and how our understanding of this feature could affect forecasting ability.

Zhao Z. G., 1999: Droughts and Floods in China during Summer and Their Environmental Fields. China Meteorological Press, 297 pp. (in Chinese)