doi:10.1007/s00376-016-6024-z

Bao X. H., F. Q. Zhang, and J. H. Sun, 2011: Diurnal variations of warm-season precipitation east of the Tibetan Plateau over China. Mon. Wea. Rev., 139, 2790- 2810.10.1175/MWR-D-11-00006.1

1b99e9cda4d909ca3dfe3fc1fa5e6c96

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2011MWRv..139.2790B

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011MWRv..139.2790BNot Available

Bennett, L. J., Coauthors, 2011: Initiation of convection over the Black Forest mountains during COPS IOP15a. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 137, 176- 189.10.1002/qj.760

088e027e29fa24a1b87aa39d97486d52

http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fqj.760%2Ffull

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.760/fullAbstract Top of page Abstract 1.Introduction 2.Details of the experiment 3.Model results 4.Summary and conclusions Acknowledgements References Doppler-On-Wheels radar observations made during the Convective and Orographically-induced Precipitation Study (COPS) on 12 August 2007 showed that precipitating clouds only developed between the north outh orientated Murg and Nagold Valleys of the northern Black Forest. The clouds produced moderate precipitation. The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model run at 700 m horizontal resolution in the inner domain was able to simulate the location of the precipitation. Insight is therefore gained into the physical mechanisms responsible for the initiation and development of the convection. Convergence lines resulting from thermally driven flows constrained the initial location of the convection within warm and moist cores produced by heating on elevated surfaces. The heaviest precipitation was later produced by secondary convection, which was initiated within the cores at the boundary between cold-pool outflows and thermal flows. Copyright 2011 Royal Meteorological Society

Bosart L. F., 2003: Whither the weather analysis and forecasting process? Wea.Forecasting, 18, 520- 529.10.1175/1520-0434(2003)182.0.CO;2

f205df0305c68fcb8870fe8e5851aef6

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2003WtFor..18..520B

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003WtFor..18..520BAbstract An argument is made that if human forecasters are to continue to maintain a skill advantage over steadily improving model and guidance forecasts, then ways have to be found to prevent the deterioration of forecaster skills through disuse. The argument is extended to suggest that the absence of real-time, high quality mesoscale surface analyses is a significant roadblock to forecaster ability to detect, track, diagnose, and predict important mesoscale circulation features associated with a rich variety of weather of interest to the general public.

Chen S.-J., Y.-H. Kuo, W. Wang, Z.-Y. Tao, and B. Cui, 1998: A modeling case study of heavy rainstorms along the Mei-yu front. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 2330- 2351.10.1175/1520-0493(1998)126<2330:AMCSOH>2.0.CO;2

277897a823bd6cb321ba17de71bfa296

http%3A%2F%2Fci.nii.ac.jp%2Fnaid%2F10013125854%2F

http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/10013125854/A modeling case study of heavy rain storm along the Mei-Yu front CHEN S. -J. Mon. Wea. Rev. 126, 2330-2351, 1998

Chow F. K., S. F. J. De Wekker, and B. J. Snyder, 2013: Mountain Weather Research and Forecasting: Recent Progress and Current Challenges. Springer,750 pp.10.1007/978-94-007-4098-3

d85f1f3cb21556cc894c680e88264f21

http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springer.com%2F978-94-007-4097-6

http://www.springer.com/978-94-007-4097-6Recent Progress and Current Challenges

Crook N. A., D. F. Tucker, 2005: Flow over heated terrain. Part I: Linear theory and idealized numerical simulations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 133, 2552- 2564.c063d061a412f1f1abed0d07db3d6e35

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fnph-data_query%3Fbibcode%3D2005MWRv..133.2552C%26db_key%3DPHY%26link_type%3DEJOURNAL

http://xueshu.baidu.com/s?wd=paperuri%3A%28d8ddd90546c71d5f0a1e44b93664ca0c%29&filter=sc_long_sign&tn=SE_xueshusource_2kduw22v&sc_vurl=http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fnph-data_query%3Fbibcode%3D2005MWRv..133.2552C%26db_key%3DPHY%26link_type%3DEJOURNAL&ie=utf-8&sc_us=9635967640261028722

Demko J. C., B. Geerts, 2010: A numerical study of the evolving convective boundary layer and orographic circulation around the Santa Catalina mountains in Arizona. Part II: Interaction with deep convection. Mon. Wea. Rev., 138, 3603- 3622.10.1175/2010MWR3318.1

0f93711dae029958fb511af2213df66a

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2010mwrv..138.3603d

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010mwrv..138.3603dAbstract This is the second part of a study that examines the daytime evolution of the thermally forced boundary layer (BL) circulation over a relatively isolated mountain, about 30 km in diameter and 2 km high, and its interaction with locally initiated deep convection by means of numerical simulations validated with data collected in the 2006 Cumulus Photogrammetric, In Situ, and Doppler Observations (CuPIDO) field campaign in southeastern Arizona. Part I examined the BL circulation in cases with, at most, rather shallow orographic cumulus (Cu) convection; the present part addresses deep convection. The results are based on output from version 3 of the Weather Research and Forecasting model run at a horizontal resolution of 1 km. The model output verifies well against CuPIDO observations. In the absence of Cu convection, the thermally forced (solenoidal) circulation is largely contained within the BL over the mountain. Thunderstorm development deepens this BL circulation with inflow over the depth of th...

Ding Y. H., 1992: Summer monsoon rainfalls in China. J. Meteor. Soc.Japan, 70, 337- 396.cce449cfd51cb2024f70cfc3af8e54ec

http%3A%2F%2Fci.nii.ac.jp%2Fnaid%2F10013125892%2F

http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/10013125892/Summer monsoon rainfalls in China DING Y.-H. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan 70, 337-396, 1992

Ding Y.-H., J.-J. Liu, Y. Sun, Y.-J. Liu, J.-H. He, and Y.-F. Song, 2007: A study of the synoptic-climatology of the Meiyu system in East Asia. Chinese J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 1082- 1101. (in Chinese)10.1002/jrs.1570

fd65846059f31333001265d3e45dc264

http%3A%2F%2Fen.cnki.com.cn%2FArticle_en%2FCJFDTOTAL-DQXK200706006.htm

http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-DQXK200706006.htmBy using NCEP reanalysis datasets and daily surface observations at 740 stations in China,the climatological aspect of the East Asian rainy season(Meiyu) has been studied.The results have shown that this unique East Asian rainy season in early summer in the Yangtze River basin has an average duration of 21 days,starting from June 17 and ending on July 8.Its concentrated and intensive rainfall of 200-300 mm accounts for about 45% of total summer rainfall amount.The East Asian rainy season occurs when the East Asian summer monsoon abruptly jumps northward from South China to the Yangtze River basin in mid-June and at the same time the Indian summer monsoon sets in over the Indian Peninsula.The moisture supply coming from the South China Sea and the Bay of Bengal is greatly enhanced,thus providing a very favorable condition for Meiyu rainfall.The structure of the climatological Meiyu front is characterized by strong convective precipitation embeded in nearly zonal wide cloud zone,highly moist air column ahead of the Meiyu front of high 胃se,relatively lower temperature field with very weak or nearly dissipating horizontal temperature gradient across the Meiyu front at low level,strong low-level jet to the south of the Meiyu zone and wind shear line accompanying the Meiyu front,and strong upward motion in the Meiyu zone,with a monsoon type or indirect vertical circulation dominating the region equatorward from the Meiyu zone.In many ways,the Meiyu front in East China is quite different from the Baiu front in Japan and the Changma front in Korea,which are basically of mid-latitude baroclinic frontal zone.The East Asian summer monsoon has a more significant effect on the Meiyu in China than the Baiu and Changma.A comprehensive intercomparison of regional differences of the Meiyu system has been made.

Fu S. M., F. Yu, D. H. Wang, and R. D. Xia, 2012: A comparison of two kinds of eastward-moving mesoscale vortices during the mei-yu period of 2010. Science China Earth Sciences, 56, 282- 300.10.1007/s11430-012-4420-5

1e877d13cfb8d8240fd210d975791d9c

http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnki.com.cn%2FArticle%2FCJFDTotal-JDXG201302011.htm

http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-JDXG201302011.htmDuring the mei-yu period,the east edge of the Tibetan Plateau and the Dabie Mountain are two main sources of eastward-moving mesoscale vortices along the mei-yu front(MYF).In this study,an eastward-moving southwest vortex(SWV) and an eastward-moving Dabie vortex(DBV) during the mei-yu period of 2010 have been investigated to clarify the main similarities and differences between them.The synoptic analyses reveal that the SWV and DBV were both located at the lower troposphere;however,the SWV developed in a "from top down" trend,whereas the DBV developed in an opposite way.There were obvious surface closed low centers corresponding to the DBV during its life span,whereas for the SWV,the closed low center only appeared at the mature stage.Cold and warm air intersected intensely after the formation of both the vortices,and the cold advection in the SWV case was stronger than that in the DBV case,whereas the warm advection in the DBV case was more intense than that in the SWV case.The Bay of Bengal and the South China Sea were main moisture sources for the SWV,whereas for the DBV,in addition to the above two moisture sources,the East China Sea was also an important moisture source.The vorticity budget indicates that the convergence was the most important common factor conducive to the formation,development,and maintenance of the SWV and DBV,whereas the conversion from the vertical vorticity to the horizontal one(tilting) was the most important common factor caused the dissipation of both of the vortices.The kinetic energy(KE) budget reveals that the KE generation by the rotational wind was the dominant factor for the enhancement of KE associated with the SWV,whereas for the DBV,the KE transport by the rotational wind was more important than the KE generation.The KE associated with the SWV and the DBV weakened with different mechanisms during the decaying stage.Furthermore,the characteristics of baroclinic and barotropic energy conversions during the life spans of both vortices indicate that the SWV and DBV both belong to the kind of subtropical mesoscale vortices.

Gao J. D., M. Xue, K. Brewster, and K. K. Droegemeier, 2004: A three-dimensional variational data analysis method with recursive filter for Doppler radars. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 21, 457- 469.e485d4c3dc07366bc3f77e8a55f22a67

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fnph-data_query%3Fbibcode%3D2004JAtOT..21..457G%26db_key%3DPHY%26link_type%3DABSTRACT

http://xueshu.baidu.com/s?wd=paperuri%3A%28bea7369f63db7495437d458da988726a%29&filter=sc_long_sign&tn=SE_xueshusource_2kduw22v&sc_vurl=http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fnph-data_query%3Fbibcode%3D2004JAtOT..21..457G%26db_key%3DPHY%26link_type%3DABSTRACT&ie=utf-8&sc_us=13188604239151258641

Guo R., C. S. Miao, and N. Zhang, 2013: Sensitivity experiments of effects of Dabie mountains terrain on Meiyu front rainstorm over Huaihe River basin. Transactions of Atmospheric Sciences, 36, 626- 634. (in Chinese)

Hagen M., J. van Baelen, and E. Richard, 2011: Influence of the wind profile on the initiation of convection in mountainous terrain. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 137, 224- 235.10.1002/qj.784

27228b121548f50bce26a956c9a0e2f5

http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fqj.784%2Ffull

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.784/fullAbstract Top of page Abstract 1.Introduction 2.The COPS field campaign 3.Observations of isolated cells 4.Results 5.Discussion and conclusions Acknowledgements References A number of days with small precipitating convective cells were investigated using weather radars during the COPS (Convective and Orographically-induced Precipitation Study) field campaign in the region of the Vosges and the Rhine Valley in Central Europe. Depending on the weather situation, two distinct mechanisms could be identified for the initiation of convection. On some days, cells were initiated over the ridge of the Vosges, whereas on other days cells were initiated in the lee of the Vosges. The initiation of convection appeared to be concentrated in a few favourable locations. Using the Froude number, it was possible to describe the two distinct mechanisms. When the Froude number was low, the flow was diverted around the Vosges and thermally driven convergence at the ridge initiated convection, whereas when the Froude number was high, the flow passed through mountain gaps and then converged on the lee side with the flow in the Rhine Valley. The convergence on the lee side was enhanced at locations where the outflows through valleys converged. Low Froude numbers were accompanied by weak winds varying with height, whereas high Froude numbers were observed during situations with stronger southwesterly winds increasing with height. Copyright 2011 Royal Meteorological Society

Horel J., Coauthors, 2002: Mesowest: Cooperative mesonets in the western United States. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 83, 211- 226.10.1175/1520-0477(2002)0832.3.CO;2

aaf84a3b937ac23c3025884745a7ff2e

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2002BAMS...83..211H

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002BAMS...83..211HAbstract Meteorological data from over 2800 automated environmental monitoring stations in the western United States are collected, processed, archived, integrated, and disseminated as part of the MesoWest program. MesoWest depends upon voluntary access to provisional observations from environmental monitoring stations installed and maintained byfederal, state, and local agencies and commercial firms. In many cases, collection and transmission of these observations are facilitated by NWS forecast offices, government laboratories, and universities. MesoWest augments the Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS) network maintained by the NWS, Federal Aviation Administration, and Department of Defense. MesoWest increases the coverage of observations in remote locations and helps capture many of the localand mesoscale weather phenomena that impact the public. The primary goal of MesoWest is to improve timely access to automated observations for NWS forecasters at offices throughout the western United States. ...

Houze R. A., Jr., 2012: Orographic effects on precipitating clouds. Rev. Geophys.,50, RG1001.10.1029/2011RG000365

2d5a36d8b60acb5514b86f811ef8ca53

http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1029%2F2011RG000365%2Ffull

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2011RG000365/fullPrecipitation over and near mountains is not caused by topography but, rather, occurs when storms of a type that can occur anywhere (deep convection, fronts, tropical cyclones) form near or move over complex terrain. Deep convective systems occurring near mountains are affected by channeling of airflow near mountains, capping of moist boundary layers by flow subsiding from higher terrain, and triggering to break the cap when low-level flow encounters hills near the bases of major mountain ranges. Mesoscale convective systems are triggered by nocturnal downslope flows and by diurnally triggered disturbances propagating away from mountain ranges. The stratiform regions of mesoscale convective systems are enhanced by upslope flow when they move over mountains. In frontal cloud systems, the poleward flow of warm-sector air ahead of the system may rise easily over terrain, and a maximum of precipitating cloud occurs over the first rise of terrain, and rainfall is maximum on ridges and minimum in valleys. If the low-level air ahead of the system is stable, blocking or damming occurs. Shear between a blocked layer and unblocked moist air above favors turbulent overturning, which can accelerate precipitation fallout. In tropical cyclones, the tangential winds encountering a mountain range produce a gravity wave response and greatly enhanced upslope flow. Depending on the height of the mountain, the maximum rain may occur on either the windward or leeward side. When the capped boundary layer of the eye of a tropical cyclone passes over a mountain, the cap may be broken with intense convection resulting.

Kain, J. S., Coauthors, 2013: A feasibility study for probabilistic convection initiation forecasts based on explicit numerical guidance. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 94, 1213- 1225.10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00264.1

229287dd5dc7d7a777ce1f8080625911

http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fresolve%2Freference%2FXREF%3Fid%3D10.1175%2FBAMS-D-11-00264.1

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/reference/XREF?id=10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00264.1The 2011 Spring Forecasting Experiment in the NOAA Hazardous Weather Testbed (HWT) featured a significant component on convection initiation (CI). As in previous HWT experiments, the CI study was a collaborative effort between forecasters and researchers, with equal emphasis on experimental forecasting strategies and evaluation of prototype model guidance products. The overarching goal of the CI effort was to identify the primary challenges of the CI forecasting problem and to establish a framework for additional studies and possible routine forecasting of CI. This study confirms that convection-allowing models with grid spacing ~4 km represent many aspects of the formation and development of deep convection clouds explicitly and with predictive utility. Further, it shows that automated algorithms can skillfully identify the CI process during model integration. However, it also reveals that automated detection of individual convection cells, by itself, provides inadequate guidance for the disruptive poten...

Luo Y. L., H. Wang, R. H. Zhang, W. M. Qian, and Z. Z. Luo, 2013: Comparison of rainfall characteristics and convective properties of monsoon precipitation systems over south China and the Yangtze and Huai River basin. J.Climate, 26, 110- 132.10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00100.1

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http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2013JCli...26..110L

refpaperuri:(24c8edaaa02d048e8bbd8d9e0698d6f3)

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JCli...26..110LNot Available

Miao C. S., W. X. Liu, J. H. Wang, M. Wu, and T. Li, 2014: Comparison between two rainstorm meso-scale vortices circumambulated respectively from two sides of Mountain Dabieshan during Meiyu season. Plateau Meteorology, 33, 394- 406. (in Chinese)b86496c32bee94c6b94496827d266d1e

http%3A%2F%2Fen.cnki.com.cn%2FArticle_en%2FCJFDTotal-GYQX201402010.htm

http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-GYQX201402010.htmA statistic analysis of rainstorm vortices during Meiyu seasons from 2007 to 2011 at Yangtze uaihe River basin shows that the low vortex rainstorm is up to 41%in all rainstorm day during the statistical period,and most of the rainstorm vortices are shallow vortices(under 700 hPa),so they are easy to be impacted by the Dabieshan mountain(about 1500 m height).Two rainstorm vortices are analyzed when they circumambulate and climb the Dabieshan mountain from south along Yangtze River Basin and from north along Huaihe River Basin,respectively under both influences of mountain and steering current of trough foreside at high level.The shallow vortices go round the mountain from two sides with north stronger than south one,and cause their rain zone positions difference along Huaihe River basin and along Yangtze River basin respectively.Meantime the wind shear structure of high level jet and the low level jet together increase the cyclone vorticity of the shallow vortices and indicate the eastward paths and positions of low vortices.Meanwhile,the low level jet also responses to the mountain hindering,the weak low level jet is weaken and shows a circumambulated state to the mountain by blocking of the south part of Mountain Dabieshan.The circulation state causes a weak growing of both vortex and rainstorm intensities at south end than strong growing at north end of Mountain Dabieshan.The distribution of the moisture potential vorticity of vortex rainstorm shows that at vertical-longitudinal cross-section the baroclinic and barotropy gradient areas overlap each other and make a strong rainfall environment,the moisture potential vorticity is proportional to the intensity of rainfall,and the Huaihe River Basin vortex has stronger moisture potential vorticity as there is stronger vertical wind shear at north part of Mountain Dabieshan.The numerical simulation shows that the Dabieshan mountain topography remarkably impacts on the low vortex circumambulated paths from south or north,the low vortex intensity increases at leeward or decrease at windward,and moisture flux convergence strong or weak with vortex intensity.The topography effect causes the center position of low vortex,moisture convergence and rainfall easily close or overlap at two key areas(face-wind side of the mountain south part and the lee-ward arc area of mountain north part),where the air vertical stretched,moisture convergence strengthen and the rainfall of the vortex rainstorm are special heavy.Due to the south part of the mountain is larger and higher than the north part,the topography impact on the south vortex along Yangtze River Basin is more obvious.

Rotunno R., R. A. Houze, 2007: Lessons on orographic precipitation from the Mesoscale Alpine Programme. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 133, 811- 830.10.1002/qj.67

76f09f714bcf6d72087e1b7888be577b

http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fqj.67%2Ffull

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.67/fullAbstract Although moisture-laden airflow towards a mountain is a necessary ingredient, the results from the Mesoscale Alpine Programme (MAP) demonstrate that detailed knowledge of the orographically modified flow is crucial for predicting the intensity, location and duration of orographic precipitation. Understanding the orographically modified flow as it occurs in the Alps is difficult since it depends on the static stability of the flow at low levels, which is heavily influenced by synoptic conditions, the complex effects of latent heating, and the mountain shape, which has important and complicated variations on scales ranging from a few to hundreds of kilometres. Central themes in all of the precipitation-related MAP studies are the ways in which the complex Alpine orography influences the moist, stratified airflow to produce the observed precipitation patterns, by determining the location and rate of upward air motion and triggering fine-scale motions and microphysical processes that locally enhance the growth and fallout of precipitation. In this paper we review the major findings from the MAP observations and describe some new research directions that have been stimulated by MAP results. Copyright 漏 2007 Royal Meteorological Society

Schmidli J., R. Rotunno, 2010: Mechanisms of along-valley winds and heat exchange over mountainous terrain. J. Atmos. Sci., 67, 3033- 3047.10.1175/2010JAS3473.1

f7adc6e1addad072dc95f51e29ee377c

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2010JAtS...67.3033S

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010JAtS...67.3033SThe physical mechanisms leading to the formation of diurnal along-valley winds are investigated over idealized three-dimensional topography. The topography used in this study consists of a valley with a horizontal floor enclosed by two isolated mountain ridges on a horizontal plain. A diagnostic equation for the along-valley pressure gradient is developed and used in combination with numerical model simulations to clarify the relative role of various forcing mechanisms such as the valley volume effect, subsidence heating, and surface sensible heat flux effects. The full diurnal cycle is simulated using comprehensive model physics including radiation transfer, land surface processes, and dynamic surface-atmosphere interactions. The authors find that the basic assumption of the valley volume argument of no heat exchange with the free atmosphere seldom holds. Typically, advective and turbulent heat transport reduce the heating of the valley during the day and the cooling of the valley during the night. In addition, dynamically induced valley-plain contrasts in the surface sensible heat flux can play an important role. Nevertheless, the present analysis confirms the importance of the valley volume effect for the formation of the diurnal along-valley winds but also clarifies the role of subsidence heating and the limitations of the valley volume effect argument. In summary, the analysis brings together different ideas of the valley wind into a unified picture.

Soderholm B., B. Ronalds, and D. J. Kirshbaum, 2014: The evolution of convective storms initiated by an isolated mountain ridge. Mon. Wea. Rev., 142, 1430- 1451.10.1175/MWR-D-13-00280.1

fb8f3e49e8a0cdb44630ef0e19cf354b

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2014MWRv..142.1430S

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014MWRv..142.1430SNot Available

Sun J. H., F. Q. Zhang, 2012: Impacts of mountain-plains solenoid on diurnal variations of rainfalls along the Mei-yu front over the East China Plains. Mon. Wea. Rev., 140, 379- 397.10.1175/MWR-D-11-00041.1

69a9a6de3f24d388ec880b69ef800abd

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2012MWRv..140..379S

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012MWRv..140..379SNot Available

Sun J. H., X. L. Zhang, L. L. Qi, and S. X. Zhao, 2005: An analysis of a meso-尾 system in a mei-yu front using the intensive observation data during CHeRES 2002. Adv. Atmos. Sci.,22, 278-289, doi: 10.1007/BF02918517.10.1007/BF02918517

6718f9b4cae838773dd36ce1757a514a

http%3A%2F%2Fd.wanfangdata.com.cn%2FPeriodical_dqkxjz-e200502012.aspx

http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical_dqkxjz-e200502012.aspxThe conventional and intensive observational data of the China Heavy Rain Experiment and Study (CHeRES) are used to specially analyze the heavy rainfall process in the mei-yu front that occurred during 20-21 June 2002, focusing on the meso-β system. A mesoscale convective system (MCS) formed in the warm-moist southwesterly to the south of the shear line over the Dabie Mountains and over the gorge between the Dabie and Jiuhua Mountains. The mei-yu front and shear line provide a favorable synoptic condition for the development of convection. The GPS observation indicates that the precipitable water increased obviously about 2 3 h earlier than the occurrence of rainfall and decreased after that. The abundant moisture transportation by southwesterly wind was favorable to the maintenance of convective instability and the accumulation of convective available potential energy (CAPE). Radar detection reveals that meso-β and -γ systems were very active in the Mα CS. Several convection lines developed during the evolution of the MαCS, and these are associated with surface convergence lines. The boundary outflow of the convection line may have triggered another convection line. The convection line moved with the mesoscale surface convergence line, but the convective cells embedded in the convergence line propagated along the line. On the basis of the analyses of the intensive observation data, a multi-scale conceptual model of heavy rainfall in the mei-yu front for this particular case is proposed.

Tao S. Y., 1980: Heavy Rain in China. Science Press,225 pp.

Trier S. B., G. S. Romine, D. A. Ahijevych, R. J. Trapp, R. S. Schumacher, M. C. Coniglio, and D. J. Stensrud, 2015: Mesoscale thermodynamic influences on convection initiation near a surface dryline in a convection-permitting ensemble. Mon. Wea. Rev., 143, 3726- 3753.10.1175/MWR-D-15-0133.1

a5881efd9c2d795d8a989cd7dccc7948

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2015MWRv..143.3726T

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015MWRv..143.3726TAbstract In this study, the authors examine initiation of severe convection along a daytime surface dryline in a 10-member ensemble of convection-permitting simulations. Results indicate that the minimum buoyancy B min of PBL air parcels must be small ( B min > 鈭0.5掳C) for successful deep convection initiation (CI) to occur along the dryline. Comparing different ensemble members reveals that CAPE magnitudes (allowing for entrainment) and the width of the zone of negligible B min extending eastward from the dryline act together to influence CI. Since PBL updrafts that initiate along the dryline move rapidly northeast in the vertically sheared flow as they grow into the free troposphere, a wider zone of negligible B min helps ensure adequate time for incipient storms to mature, which, itself, is hastened by larger CAPE. Local B min budget calculations and trajectory analysis are used to quantify physical processes responsible for the reduction of negative buoyancy prior to CI. Here, the grid-resolved forcing and forcing from temperature and moisture tendencies in the PBL scheme (arising from surface fluxes) contribute about equally in ensemble composites. However, greater spatial variability in grid-resolved forcing focuses the location of the greatest net forcing along the dryline. The grid-resolved forcing is influenced by a thermally direct vertical circulation, where time-averaged ascent at the east edge of the dryline results in locally deeper moisture and cooler conditions near the PBL top. Horizontal temperature advection spreads the cooler air eastward above higher equivalent potential temperature air at source levels of convecting air parcels, resulting in a wider zone of negligible B min that facilitates sustained CI.

Tucker D. F., N. A. Crook, 2005: Flow over heated terrain. Part II: Generation of convective precipitation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 133, 2565- 2582.10.1175/MWR2965.1

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http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2005MWRv..133.2565T

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005MWRv..133.2565TAbstract Previous studies have shown that thunderstorms in the Rocky Mountain region have preferred areas in which to form. There has been some indication that these areas depend on the midtropospheric wind direction. A nonhydrostatic model with a terrain-following horizontal grid is employed to investigate the initiation of precipitating convection over heated topography. Horizontally homogeneous meteorological conditions with no directional shear in the vertical wind profile are used. The numerical simulations indicate that precipitating convection was more likely to be generated downwind of ridges than upwind of them. Initiation of these storms was more likely downwind of ridges with their long axis parallel to the wind direction than downwind of ridges with their long axis perpendicular to the wind direction. In Part I of this study it was shown that heating-induced convergence is larger downwind of a ridge with its longer axis parallel to the wind direction. For the orographic configuration of the Ro...

Wang Q. W., Z. M. Tan, 2006: Flow regimes for major topographic obstacles of China. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 49, 971- 982.10.1002/cjg2.906

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http%3A%2F%2Fen.cnki.com.cn%2FArticle_en%2FCJFDTOTAL-DQWX200604006.htm

http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-DQWX200604006.htmMajor topographic obstacles in China are taken into account as a whole and approximate scales of these topographies are dynamically idealized according to the theoretical results of mountain flow dynamics.For the typical west-east and north-south upstream flows,the questions are focused on the different flow regimes,such as flow-over/flow-around and quasi-geostrophic balanced or not.The results show that main topographies in China can be classified as three types,one is over-flow dominated and quasi-geostrophic balanced,the second is over-flow dominated but quasi-geostrophic unbalanced,and the third is around-flow dominated and quasi-geostrophic unbalanced.In fact,the primary flow characteristics are determined by not only the scales of the topographies but also their shapes and the upstream flow direction.The rationality of the regimes is validated through qualitative analysis of the flow over the Dabie Mountains and Taiwan Mountains which are numerically simulated using a mesoscale model.

Wang Q. W., Z.-M. Tan, 2009: Idealized numerical simulation study of the potential vorticity banners over a mesoscale mountain: Dry adiabatic process. Adv. Atmos. Sci.,26, 906-922, doi: 10.1007/s00376-009-8004-z.10.1007/s00376-009-8004-z

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http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnki.com.cn%2FArticle%2FCJFDTotal-DQJZ200905008.htm

http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical_dqkxjz-e200905008.aspxTopography-induced potential vorticity (PV) banners over a mesoscale topography (Dabie Mountain, hereafter DM) in eastern China, under an idealized dry adiabatic flow, are studied with a mesoscale num

Wang Q. W., M. Xue, 2012: Convective initiation on 19 June 2002 during IHOP: High-resolution simulations and analysis of the mesoscale structures and convection initiation. J. Geophys. Res., 117, D12107.10.1029/2012JD017552

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http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1029%2F2012JD017552%2Fcitedby

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2012JD017552/citedbyThe 19 June 2002 convective initiation (CI) case from the International HO Project (IHOP) is simulated using the ARPS at 1 km grid spacing. It involves three distinct CI groups, CI-A, CI-B, and CI-C, associated with a cold front-dryline system. Initial condition at 1800 UTC, 19 June 2002 was created using the ARPS 3DVAR, including standard as well as special observations. The simulation captured the three groups of CIs rather well, with small timing and spatial errors. CI-A is most typical of dryline initiation. Vertical cross sections through the initiation locations show typical dryline structures with an upward moisture bulge forced by lifting along the dryline convergence. For CI-B, the model-predicted mesoscale structures agree with special IHOP aircraft dropsonde observations closely. Strong low-level convergence from opposing cold front and dryline circulations produces deep symmetric upwelling of moist air, and the convection is initiated at the crest of the moisture bulge. CI-C is more typical of frontal convection where deep convection is first initiated at the front edge of the cold air. For CI-B and CI-C, north-south moisture bands that have dryline characteristics (and can be considered multiple drylines) and contain enhanced vertical motion and upward moisture bulges intercept the dryline and cold front, respectively, providing the most favored locations on the dryline or cold front for initiation. Furthermore, the air parcels feeding the initial cells at CI-B and CI-C have trajectories along the moisture bands and have already experienced uplifting when they reach the dryline and cold front locations.

Worthington R. M., 2015: Organisation of orographic convection by mountain waves above Cross Fell and Wales. Weather, 70, 186- 188.10.1002/wea.2475

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http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fwea.2475%2Fpdf

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/wea.2475/pdfNot Available

Wulfmeyer, V., Coauthors, 2008: RESEARCH CAMPAIGN: The convective and orographically induced precipitation study. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 89, 1477- 1486.10.1175/2008BAMS2367.1

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http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fxpls%2Ficp.jsp%3Farnumber%3D4619008

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/icp.jsp?arnumber=4619008ABSTRACT The international field campaign called the Convective and Orographically-induced Precipitation Study (COPS) took place from June to August 2007 in southwestern Germany/eastern France. The overarching goal of COPS is to advance the quality of forecasts of orographically-induced convective precipitation by four-dimensional observations and modeling of its life cycle. COPS was endorsed as one of the Research and Development Projects of the World Weather Research Program (WWRP), and combines the efforts of institutions and scientists from eight countries. A strong collaboration between instrument principal investigators and experts on mesoscale modeling has been established within COPS. In order to study the relative importance of large-scale and small-scale forcing leading to convection initiation in low mountains, COPS is coordinated with a one-year General Observations Period in central Europe, the WWRP Forecast Demonstration Project MAP D-PHASE, and the first summertime European THORPEX Regional Campaign. Furthermore, the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement program Mobile Facility operated in the central COPS observing region for nine months in 2007. The article describes the scientific preparation of this project and the design of the observation systems. COPS will rest on three pillars: A unique synergy of observing systems, the next-generation high-resolution mesoscale models with improved model physics, and advanced data assimilation and ensemble prediction systems. These tools will be used to separate and to quantify errors in quantitative precipitation forecasting as well as to study the predictability of convective precipitation.

Xue, M., Coauthors, 2001: The Advanced Regional Prediction System (ARPS)multi-scale nonhydrostatic atmospheric simulation and prediction tool. Part II: Model physics and applications. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 76, 143- 165.

Xue M., W. J. Martin, 2006a: A high-resolution modeling study of the 24 May 2002 dryline case during IHOP. Part I: Numerical simulation and general evolution of the dryline and convection. Mon. Wea. Rev., 134, 149- 171.10.1175/MWR3071.1

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http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2006MWRv..134..149X

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006MWRv..134..149XResults from a high-resolution numerical simulation of the 24 May 2002 dryline convective initiation (CI) case are presented. The simulation uses a 400 km 01— 700 km domain with a 1-km horizontal resolution grid nested inside a 3-km domain and starts from an assimilated initial condition at 1800 UTC. Routine as well as special upper-air and surface observations collected during the International H2O Project (IHOP_2002) are assimilated into the initial condition. The initiation of convective storms at around 2015 UTC along a section of the dryline south of the Texas panhandle is correctly predicted, as is the noninitiation of convection at a cold-front09“dryline intersection (triple point) located farther north. The timing and location of predicted CI are accurate to within 20 min and 25 km, respectively. The general evolution of the predicted convective line up to 6 h of model time also verifies well. Mesoscale convergence associated with the confluent flow around the dryline is shown to produce an upward moisture bulge, while surface heating and boundary layer mixing are responsible for the general deepening of the boundary layer. These processes produce favorable conditions for convection but the actual triggering of deep moist convection at specific locations along the dryline depends on localized forcing. Interaction of the primary dryline convergence boundary with horizontal convective rolls on its west side provides such localized forcing, while convective eddies on the immediate east side are suppressed by a downward mesoscale dryline circulation. A companion paper analyzes in detail the exact processes of convective initiation along this dryline.

Xue M., W. J. Martin, 2006b: A high-resolution modeling study of the 24 May 2002 dryline case during IHOP. Part II: Horizontal convective rolls and convective initiation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 134, 172- 191.10.1175/MWR3072.1

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http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006MWRv..134..172XNot Available

Xue M., K. K. Droegemeier, and V. Wong, 2000: The Advanced Regional Prediction System (ARPS)multi-scale nonhydrostatic atmospheric simulation and prediction model. Part I: Model dynamics and verification. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 75, 161- 193.

Xue M., D. H. Wang, J. D. Gao, K. Brewster, and K. K. Droegemeier, 2003: The Advanced Regional Prediction System (ARPS), storm-scale numerical weather prediction and data assimilation. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 82, 139- 170.10.1007/s00703-001-0595-6

4cab6cb2342b233c1b67deb658994032

http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Findex%2FCG08L17MKCFAHA14.pdf

http://www.springerlink.com/index/CG08L17MKCFAHA14.pdfIn this paper, we first describe the current status of the Advanced Regional Prediction System of the Center for Analysis and Prediction of Storms at the University of Oklahoma. A brief outline of future plans is also given. Two rather successful cases of explicit prediction of tornadic thunderstorms are then presented. In the first case, a series of supercell storms that produced a historical number of tornadoes was successfully predicted more than 8 hours in advance, to within tens of kilometers in space with initiation timing errors of less than 2 hours. The general behavior and evolution of the predicted thunderstorms agree very well with radar observations. In the second case, reflectivity and radial velocity observations from Doppler radars were assimilated into the model at 15-minute intervals. The ensuing forecast, covering a period of several hours, accurately reproduced the intensification and evolution of a tornadic supercell that in reality spawned two tornadoes over a major metropolitan area. These results make us optimistic that a model system such as the ARPS will be able to deterministically predict future severe convective events with significant lead time. The paper also includes a brief description of a new 3DVAR system developed in the ARPS framework. The goal is to combine several steps of Doppler radar retrieval with the analysis of other data types into a single 3-D variational framework and later to incorporate the ARPS adjoint to establish a true 4DVAR data assimilation system that is suitable for directly assimilating a wide variety of observations for flows ranging from synoptic down to the small nonhydrostatic scales.

Yang Y. M., W. L. Gu, R. L. Zhao, and J. Liu, 2010: The statistical analysis of low vortex during Meiyu season in the lower reaches of the Yangtze. Journal of Applied Meteorological Science 21, 11- 18. (in Chinese)10.14236/jhi.v10i4.264

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http%3A%2F%2Fen.cnki.com.cn%2FArticle_en%2FCJFDTOTAL-YYQX201001002.htm

http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-YYQX201001002.htmLocal-generated mesoscale vortexes(LMVs) in the lower reaches of the Yangtze is one key factor to improve rainstorm forecast accuracy since they can efficiently trigger and organize mesoscale convective systems(MCSs).There are many case studies focusing on the MCSs caused by LMVs,but in order to improve operational weather forecast ability during Meiyu season,the study about LMVs activities,structures and formative environment are necessary.Based on conventional weather data,satellite cloud images and numerical weather predictive outputs during Meiyu season of 1998鈥2005,the activities and structures of LMVs related to rainstorms in the lower reaches of the Yangtze are statistically analyzed,including the vortex generation,movement,life cycle,spatial range and related convective activities etc.Large scale environments and physical conditions are also synthetically analyzed.The result shows that LMVs in the lower reaches of Yangtze mainly generated around the Dabie Mountain area in Anhui Province.Typically,their horizontal scale changes from 100 km to 400 km,and most of them vary from 200 km to 300 km.Their vertical developing height usually changes from 1000 hPa to 700 hPa.LMVs moves mainly in two directions,one is northeast to as far as the Yellow Sea through north of Shandong Province,ant the other is southeastward towards the East China Sea through south of Jiangsu Province or north of Zhejiang Province.The life cycle of LMVs is less than 48 hours and it has no clear relations with their spatial scales.About 70% LMVs trigger single MCS or series MCSs and can lead to rainstorms.Rainstorms mainly happen to the south or southeast of LMVs,where there are enough warm and moisture flow.LMVs generated at the bottom of upper level trough of 500 hPa are especially possible to cause rainstorms.Analysis of large scale environments and physical conditions show more than 90% of LMVs develops at the bottom or in front of upper level trough at 500 hPa.The positive vorticity advection in front of upper level trough is necessary to LMVs generation and development.While the other conditions such as low level and upper level jet,middle level turbulence,low level moisture transfer and topographic conditions are all important to LMVs generation and development.Further studies such as mechanisms about LMV generation,development and the mechanisms about LMV trigger and organize MCSs are necessary.

Zhang J., Z. M. Tan, 2009: A simulation study of the mesoscale convective systems associated with a Meiyu frontal heavy rain event. Acta Meteor.Sinica, 23, 438- 454. (in Chinese)10.1016/j.agrformet.2009.02.014

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http%3A%2F%2Fd.wanfangdata.com.cn%2FPeriodical%2Fqxxb-e200904005

http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/qxxb-e200904005In this study, evolution of the mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) within a Meiyu front during a partic- ularly heavy rainfall event on 22 June 1999 in East China was simulated by using a nonhydrostatic numerical model ARPS (Advanced Regional Prediction System). Investigations were conducted with emphasis on the impact of the interaction among multi-scale weather systems (MWSs) on the development of MCSs in the Meiyu frontal environment.For this case, the development of MCSs experienced three different stages. (1) The convections associ- ated with MCSs were firstly triggered by the eastward-moving Southwest Vortex (SWV) from the Sichuan Basin, accompanying the intensification of the upper-level jet (ULJ) and the low-level jet (LLJ) that were approaching the Meiyu front. (2) Next, a low-level shear line (LSL) formed, which strengthened and orga- nized the MCSs after the SWV decayed. Meanwhile, the ULJ and LLJ enhanced and produced favorable conditions for the MCSs development. (3) Finally, as the MCSs got intensified, a mesoscale convective vortex (MCV), a mesoscale LLJ and a mesoscale ULJ were established. Then a coupled-development of MWSs was achieved through the vertical frontal circulations, which further enhanced the MCV and resulted in the heavy rainfall. This is a new physical mechanism for the formation of Meiyu heavy rainfall related to the SWV during the warm season in East China.In the three stages of the heavy rainfall, the vertical frontal circulations exhibited distinguished structures and played a dynamic role, and they enhanced the interaction among the MWSs. A further examination on the formation and evolution of the MCV showed that the MCV was mainly caused by the latent heat release of the MCSs, and the positive feedback between the MCSs and MCV was a key characteristic of the scale interaction in this case.

Zhao Y. C., 2015: A study on the heavy-rain-producing mesoscale convective system associated with diurnal variation of radiation and topography in the eastern slope of the western Sichuan plateau. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 127 123- 146.10.1007/s00703-014-0356-y

3ddf1e81a5981a11b9d85e45ca4a4c05

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2014map...tmp...43z

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014map...tmp...43zOn 24鈥25 July 2010, a Plateau Vortex system forming to the north of Tibetan Plateau dramatically changed its moving direction to westward after several days of eastward movement. Observational analysis showed that, during its westward movement, a low-level southeasterly or easterly wind developed over the Sichuan basin. The large-scale forcing became favorable for the convection development. The low-level warm advection was more favorable for convection development than the differential vorticity advection. The daytime scattered convections were organized into a mesoscale convective system (MCS) after sunset, which produced extremely heavy rainfall in the eastern slope of the Western Sichuan Plateau. The observational evidences and numerical simulations have indicated that the topographically induced dynamical lifting over the lower topography and the convergence caused by the topographical blocking provided strong support for the convection initiation. The cold outflows caused by surface evaporative cooling of rain steered the MCS to move away from its original place, while the convergence between the cold outflows and the environmental southeasterly flow apparently helped the maintenance of the MCS. The intensification of the low-level flow, which was associated with the diurnal variation of radiative forcing, contributed to the organization and intensification of the MCS. The results of sensitivity experiments further confirmed the impact of topography in the convection initiation, and the influences of cold outflows caused by surface evaporative cooling of rain on the movement and maintenance of the MCS. The effects of the diurnal variation of radiative forcing on the organization of the MCS are also well represented in the model results.

Zhao Y. C., X. F. Xu, and C. G. Cui, 2012: Case study of the impact of mesoscale topography on the Meiyu frontal rainstorm. Plateau Meteorology, 31, 1268- 1282. (in Chinese)10.1016/0032-3861(96)00343-6

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http%3A%2F%2Fen.cnki.com.cn%2FArticle_en%2FCJFDTOTAL-GYQX201205010.htm

http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-GYQX201205010.htmThe mechanism and the formation behaviour of banded texture in non-isothermal processes have been studied for two aromatic main-chain liquid cyrstalline polyesters designated as P(2,8) and PTDT-Br which contain the X-shaped and linear rod-like mesogens along the polymer backbones, respectively. For P(2,8) regular and perfect banded textures were observed within its oriented films which were prepared by shearing in mesomorphic state and subsequent cooling down to room temperature under various conditions. Bandwidth was dependent sensitively on the cooling conditions, about 8 μm for rapid and 2 μm for slow coolings. During the cooling of an oriented film the bands were first generated around 170°C, and their regularity was improved with lowering temperature. The bandwidth as well as the extinction angle of the bands were changed drastically. In such a cooling process the birefringence Δn , the difference between the refractive indices along the shear and lateral directions, of the oriented film was decreased gradually from about 0.06 to 0.03. In the case of PTDT-Br, clear and perfect banded texture could be observed only for the rapid cooling case. The banded formation behaviour was discussed on the basis of a contraction mechanism and it could be explained as the result of zigzag rearrangement of straightforward oriented fibrils under certain contraction effects. The origins of these effects were considered to be the elastic energy stored in the specimens during shearing and the thermal contraction during cooling. The latter was more evident in the rapid cooling case. The orientational relaxation of fibrils or the formation of banded texture occurs during cooling in a small temperature range after an ‘induction stage’, while the relaxation due to free thermal motion of individual molecules may proceed in the whole temperature region before the solidification of specimens.

Zhong S. Y., J. Fast, 2003: An evaluation of the MM5, RAMS, and Meso-Eta models at subkilometer resolution using VTMX field campaign data in the Salt Lake valley. Mon. Wea. Rev., 131, 1301- 1322.741dc894a08f84a15c2a25c3c095f4ab

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http://xueshu.baidu.com/s?wd=paperuri%3A%288ff8a48568d11812f91f3ed92d52b6ae%29&filter=sc_long_sign&tn=SE_xueshusource_2kduw22v&sc_vurl=http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fnph-data_query%3Fbibcode%3D2003MWRv..131.1301Z%26db_key%3DPHY%26link_type%3DABSTRACT%26high%3D18446&ie=utf-8&sc_us=468934838933603939