doi:10.1007/s00376-016-5267-z

Aiyyer A. R., J. Molinari, 2003: Evolution of mixed Rossby-gravity waves in idealized MJO environments. J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 2837- 2855.10.1175/1520-0469(2003)0602.0.CO;2

8d72e764d510909c93d75480dac34de0

http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ams.org%2Fmathscinet-getitem%3Fmr%3D2020243

http://www.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=2020243Abstract A linear shallow water model is used to simulate the evolution of mixed Rossby–gravity (MRG) waves in background states representative of the convective phase of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO). Initial MRG wave structures are obtained analytically. The MJO basic state is defined by the steady response of the tropical atmosphere to localized heating. Results from the simulations reveal that variations in the background flow play a significant role in the evolution of the MRG waves. When the basic state is symmetric about the equator, the MRG wave amplifies within the convergent region of the background flow and the ensuing development remains symmetric. When the heating is asymmetric, both the basic state and the MRG wave evolution exhibit significant asymmetries. Prominent features of this simulation are the development and growth of a series of small-scale, off-equatorial eddies that resemble tropical-depression-type disturbances. The results suggest that a persistent large-scale heating th...

Bessafi M., M. C. Wheeler, 2006: Modulation of South Indian Ocean tropical cyclones by the Madden-Julian oscillation and convectively coupled equatorial waves. Mon. Wea. Rev., 134, 638- 656.e5858e0f1831f7253abf7bea562b1078

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fnph-data_query%3Fbibcode%3D2006MWRv..134..638B%26db_key%3DPHY%26link_type%3DABSTRACT

http://xueshu.baidu.com/s?wd=paperuri%3A%2845090657e479867fe962775927dea3e2%29&filter=sc_long_sign&tn=SE_xueshusource_2kduw22v&sc_vurl=http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fnph-data_query%3Fbibcode%3D2006MWRv..134..638B%26db_key%3DPHY%26link_type%3DABSTRACT&ie=utf-8&sc_us=16554579101997842744

Bister M., K. A. Emanuel, 2002: Low frequency variability of tropical cyclone potential intensity 1. Interannual to interdecadal variability. J. Geophys. Res.,107 (D24), ACL 26-1-ACL26- 15.10.1029/2001JD000776

1fded005d76564cca3a0b55455b7309f

http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1029%2F2001JD000776%2Fcitedby

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2001JD000776/citedbyRecent research suggests that anthropogenic global warming would be associated with an increase in the intensity of tropical cyclones. A recent statistical analysis of observed tropical cyclone intensity shows that its variability with location and season is strongly tied to the variability of the thermodynamic potential intensity (PI) of tropical cyclones, as calculated using a theory described in an earlier work by the authors. Thus it is of interest to look for possible trends in global measures of PI, which are far more stable than those of actual storm intensity. We estimate global trends of PI from 1958 to 1996, averaged over the region where it exceeds 40 m s, using the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) Reanalysis and the NCEP Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) sea surface temperature (SST) analysis. We adjust the Reanalysis temperatures for a large, spurious temperature increase that occurred around 1979. We do this by subtracting from the Reanalysis the atmospheric temperature difference between pairs of years with similar tropical SST before and after 1979. The value of the global mean PI is very large for the SST of the corresponding region in the mid-1990s. Supported by a recent study on the effects of ozone decrease on tropospheric temperatures, we suggest that the ozone decrease might be one of the factors contributing to increase of PI during the 1990s.

Camargo S. J., A. H. Sobel, 2005: Western North Pacific tropical cyclone intensity and ENSO. J.Climate, 18, 2996- 3006.10.1175/JCLI3457.1

f4a2f6bf47d61f1b984d7765878a520d

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2005JCli...18.2996C

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005JCli...18.2996CThe influence of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on tropical cyclone intensity in the western North Pacific basin is examined. Accumulated cyclone energy (ACE), constructed from the best-track dataset for the region for the period 1950-2002, and other related variables are analyzed. ACE is positively correlated with ENSO indices. This and other statistics of the interannually varying tropical cyclone distribution are used to show that there is a tendency in El Nino years toward tropical cyclones that are both more intense and longer-lived than in La Nina years. ACE leads ENSO indices: during the peak season (northern summer and fall), ACE is correlated approximately as strongly with ENSO indices up to six months later (northern winter), as well as simultaneously. It appears that not all of this lead-lag relationship is easily explained by the autocorrelation of the ENSO indices, though much of it is. Interannual variations in the annual mean lifetime, intensity, and number of tropical cyclones all contribute to the ENSO signal in ACE, though the lifetime effect appears to be the most important of the three.

Camargo S. J., M. C. Wheeler, and A. H. Sobel, 2009: Diagnosis of the MJO modulation of tropical cyclogenesis using an empirical index. J. Atmos. Sci., 66, 3061- 3074.de20a42c0b2156021bdef396f87c9e51

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fnph-data_query%3Fbibcode%3D2009JAtS...66.3061C%26db_key%3DPHY%26link_type%3DABSTRACT%26high%3D18603

http://xueshu.baidu.com/s?wd=paperuri%3A%285e784fccba36292f3d67846b07b3405c%29&filter=sc_long_sign&tn=SE_xueshusource_2kduw22v&sc_vurl=http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fnph-data_query%3Fbibcode%3D2009JAtS...66.3061C%26db_key%3DPHY%26link_type%3DABSTRACT%26high%3D18603&ie=utf-8&sc_us=7206240984391299254

Chan J. C. L., 2005: Interannual and interdecadal variations of tropical cyclone activity over the western North Pacific. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 89, 143- 152.10.1007/s00703-005-0126-y

bf5f12dced348abd0dfd4d54070ac148

http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs00703-005-0126-y

http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00703-005-0126-yThis paper reviews the interannual and interdecadal variations in tropical cyclone (TC) activity over the western North Pacific (WNP) and the possible physical mechanisms responsible for such variations. Interannual variations can largely be explained by changes in the planetary-scale flow patterns. Sea-surface temperatures (SSTs) in the WNP, however, do not contribute to such variations. Rather, SSTs in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific are significantly correlated with TC activity over the WNP. Causality can be established: changes in the SST in the equatorial Pacific are related to the El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon, and modifications of the planetary-scale flow associated with ENSO alter the conditions over the WNP and hence TC activity there. Variations in annual TC activity are also associated with different phases of the stratospheric quasi-biennial oscillations due to its modification of the vertical wind shear of the environment in which TCs form. Interdecadal variations in TC activity are apparently related to the location, strength and extent of the North Pacific subtropical high. However, the mechanisms responsible for modifying these characteristics of the subtropical high have yet to be identified.

Chan J. C. L., 2008: Decadal variations of intense typhoon occurrence in the western North Pacific. Proc. Roy. Soc.London, 464, 249- 272.10.1098/rspa.2007.0183

69162e322bb2d2b21168acb26e16196f

http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fresolve%2Freference%2FADS%3Fid%3D2008RSPSA.464..249C

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/reference/ADS?id=2008RSPSA.464..249Cchi-Conopeptide MrIA (chi-MrIA) is a 13-residue peptide contained in the venom of the predatory marine snail Conus marmoreus that has been found to inhibit the norepinephrine transporter (NET). We investigated whether chi-MrIA targeted the other members of the monoamine transporter family and found no effect of the peptide (100 microM) on the activity of the dopamine transporter and the serotonin transporter, indicating a high specificity of action. The binding of the NET inhibitors, [3H]nisoxetine and [3H]mazindol, to the expressed rat and human NET was inhibited by chi-MrIA with the conopeptide displaying a slight preference toward the rat isoform. For both radioligands, saturation binding studies showed that the inhibition by chi-MrIA was competitive in nature. It has previously been demonstrated that chi-MrIA does not compete with norepinephrine, unlike classically described NET inhibitors such as nisoxetine and mazindol that do. This pattern of behavior implies that the binding site for chi-MrIA on the NET overlaps the antidepressant binding site and is wholly distinct from the substrate binding site. The inhibitory effect of chi-MrIA was found to be dependent on Na+ with the conopeptide becoming a less effective blocker of [3H]norepinephrine by the NET under the conditions of reduced extracellular Na+. In this respect, chi-MrIA is similar to the antidepressant inhibitors of the NET. The structure-activity relationship of chi-MrIA was investigated by alanine scanning. Four residues in the first cysteine-bracketed loop of chi-MrIA and a His in loop 2 played a dominant role in the interaction between chi-MrIA and the NET. H alpha chemical shift comparisons indicated that side-chain interactions at these key positions were structurally perturbed by the replacement of Gly-6. From these data, we present a model of the structure of chi-MrIA that shows the relative orientation of the key binding residues. This model provides a new molecular caliper for probing the structure of the NET.

Chang C.-P., G.T.-J. Chen, 1995: Tropical circulations associated with southwest monsoon onset and westerly surges over the South China Sea. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123( 11), 3254- 3267.10.1175/1520-0493(1995)1232.0.CO;2

de3e65b31e0bac6b504748eede8b0a0a

http%3A%2F%2Fci.nii.ac.jp%2Fnaid%2F10013127318%2F

http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/10013127318/The earliest onset of the Asian summer monsoon occurs in early to middle May over the South China Sea. This onset is signified by the development of low-level westerlies and leads to heavy convective rainfall over southern China (pre-Mei-Yu). In June, low-level westerly surges over the northern South China Sea are associated with the Mei-Yu rainfall system in the Yangtze region and southern Japan. In this work, the ECMWF data for 1981-86 are used to study the tropical circulations associated with the development of low-level westerlies during both events. Composites of horizontal wind, geopotential height, moisture, and vertical velocity during six May onsets and nine June surges, respectively, indicate that both events occur with the approach of a midlatitude trough-front system. The possible triggering of the South China Sea summer monsoon onset by the midlatitude system may explain why the South China Sea onset occurs prior to other regions of the Asian monsoon. During boreal spring, this is the only Asian monsoon region where midlatitude fronts can move into the Tropics without having to overcome significant terrain barriers. Following the two events, opposite teleconnection-like patterns develop in the Tropics in both hemispheres. During the May onsets, the arrival of the midlatitude trough/front appears to lead to a southwestward extension of a cyclogenesis zone into the equatorial Indian Ocean. Along this zone, cyclonic vortices develop over the Andaman Sea, the Bay of Bengal, and perhaps the southern equatorial Indian Ocean, and increased deep convection is indicated by the OLR composites. During the June surges, a pair of anticyclones develop straddling the equator at the longitudes of Indochina. This anticyclonic couplet is associated with decreased deep convection and propagates westward to dominate the flow changes over the Bay of Bengal and the southern Indian Ocean. The steady 4-5 m s

Chen G. H., C. H. Sui, 2010: Characteristics and origin of quasi-biweekly oscillation over the western North Pacific during boreal summer. J. Geophys. Res., 115( D14), D14113.10.1029/2009JD013389

41ea9c35ef87e69a4a8da2aaf9034044

http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1029%2F2009JD013389%2Fpdf

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2009JD013389/pdfABSTRACT This study investigates the structure, energetic, and origin of quasi-biweekly oscillation (QBWO) over the western North Pacific (WNP), using NCEP reanalyses for the years 2000–2007. In the context of vorticity there appears to be a significant QBWO mode over the WNP during the summer. QBWO emerges from the equatorial region and propagates northwestward. Its horizontal structure exhibits a slight southwest-northeast tilt but mainly longitudinal elongation. In the vertical the QBWO has a northwest tilt with height that gives rise to a structure of the first baroclinic mode. The centers of vorticity and vertical motion near the equator show a phase lag of about one-quarter wavelength, consistent with the characteristics of equatorial waves, whereas the cyclonic circulation is tightly coupled with anomalous convection as the wave moves away from the equator. Energetic analysis of the QBWO reveals that diabatic heating in the tropics and baroclinic processes in the subtropics play important roles in the generation of eddy available potential energy (EAPE). In turn, the conversion from EAPE to eddy kinetic energy (EKE) and the barotropic conversion are major sources for EKE to compensate the loss by EKE redistribution and dissipation. Tracing the QBWO to equatorial disturbances, our results show some features of equatorially trapped n = 1 Rossby mode, such as phase speed and group velocity. This mode is generally characterized by a zonal planetary wave number of about 6 and nearly symmetric circulation about the equator. A typical case from 2002 is chosen to illustrate that the origin of the QBWO is closely associated with the theoretical equatorial Rossby wave.

Chen T. C., J. M. Chen, 1993: The 10-20-day mode of the 1979 Indian monsoon: Its relation with the time variation of monsoon rainfall. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 2465- 2482.10.1175/1520-0493(1993)121<2465:TDMOTI>2.0.CO;2

ce8a9dba04b2c8d83462c41768ed7c30

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F1993MWRv..121.2465C

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993MWRv..121.2465CThe synoptic structure of the 10–20-day monsoon mode and this intraseasonal monsoon mode's relationship with the Indian monsoon rainfall are examined with the 1979 summer First GARP Global Experiment IIIb data of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts and the daily 1° × 1° rainfall estimates retrieved from the satellite data by the Goddard Laboratory for Atmospheres. The major findings of this study are as follows. 1) The 10–20-day monsoon mode exhibits a double-cell (either double-high or double-low) structure; one cell is centered at about 15°–20°N and the other at the equator. 2) Both cells of the 10–20-day monsoon mode propagate coherently westward along the Indian monsoon trough and along the equator, respectively. 3) Based upon the zonal wind and local Hadley circulation, the vertical structure of the 10–20-day monsoon mode does not exhibit a phase change. 4) A significant rainfall occurs around low centers of the 10–20-day monsoon mode through the modulation of this monsoon mode on the Indian monsoon rainfall. 5) The northern-cell lows are initiated from the redevelopment of the westward-propagating residual lows over the Bay of Bengal when the 30–60-day transient monsoon trough is present there. In addition to these findings, the possible genesis and westward-propagation mechanisms of the 10–20-day monsoon mode are also discussed in this study.

Chen T. C., M. C. Yen, and P. S. Weng, 2000: Interaction between the summer monsoons in East Asia and the South China Sea: Intraseasonal monsoon modes. J. Atmos. Sci., 57( 9), 1373- 1392.10.1175/1520-0469(2000)0572.0.CO;2

5ddbf662879e5360dadcc13a11288ed2

http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fresolve%2Freference%2FADS%3Fid%3D2000JAtS...57.1373C

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/reference/ADS?id=2000JAtS...57.1373CThe summer monsoons in East and Southeast Asia are characterized, respectively, by the Mei-yu (in eastern China)-Baiu (in Japan) front (MBF) and by the monsoon trough stretching from northern Indochina to the Philippine Sea. These two major monsoon elements are separated by the North Pacific anticyclone. As indicated by the 850-mb zonal wind and cumulus convection over some key areas, a distinct opposite-phase intraseasonal variation exists between the two monsoon elements. Two approaches are adopted to explore the cause of this opposite-phase variation (which reflects the coupling between the two monsoon components): 1) the correlation coefficient patterns between the 850-mb zonal-wind monsoon index and the 850-mb streamfunction field and 2) the composite 850-mb streamline charts and the 120E zonal-wind cross sections. It is shown that the opposite-phase variation between the two monsoon elements is caused by the anomalous circulation associated with the northward-migrating 30-60-day monsoon trough/ridge from the equator to 20N and with the westward-propagating 12-24-day monsoon low-high along the latitude of 15-20N. Results obtained in this study are used to address two often discussed phenomena of the East Asian monsoon: 1) the rapid northward shift of the MBF across the Yangtze River basin during the Mei-yu onset is related to the north-south meridional oscillation of the MBF, and 2) the three longitudinally oriented location zones of extremely heavy rain events in eastern China are formed by the alternation of deep cumulus convection zones associated with the intraseasonal monsoon vortices (centered in the northern part of the South China Sea) between extreme monsoon conditions.

Chia, H.-H, C.-F. Ropelewski, 2002: The interannual variability in the genesis location of tropical cyclones in the northwest Pacific. J.Climate, 15, 2934- 2944.ecf6ffaee1f227640081adf028ccfa72

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fnph-data_query%3Fbibcode%3D2002JCli...15.2934C%26db_key%3DPHY%26link_type%3DABSTRACT%26high%3D29636

http://xueshu.baidu.com/s?wd=paperuri%3A%2893ef9fa1a483080e87f4bf4bc561f9e7%29&filter=sc_long_sign&tn=SE_xueshusource_2kduw22v&sc_vurl=http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fnph-data_query%3Fbibcode%3D2002JCli...15.2934C%26db_key%3DPHY%26link_type%3DABSTRACT%26high%3D29636&ie=utf-8&sc_us=9626832475982641344

Dare R. A., J. L. McBride, 2011: The threshold sea surface temperature condition for tropical cyclogenesis. J.Climate, 24, 4570- 4576.c4c14c543f6d2902f056aa1fa42ecb24

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fnph-data_query%3Fbibcode%3D2011JCli...24.4570D%26db_key%3DPHY%26link_type%3DABSTRACT%26high%3D21781

http://xueshu.baidu.com/s?wd=paperuri%3A%28973ef37380883e091d27280395cdb2b0%29&filter=sc_long_sign&tn=SE_xueshusource_2kduw22v&sc_vurl=http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fnph-data_query%3Fbibcode%3D2011JCli...24.4570D%26db_key%3DPHY%26link_type%3DABSTRACT%26high%3D21781&ie=utf-8&sc_us=3139392462552848225

Dickinson M., J. Molinari, 2002: Mixed Rossby-gravity waves and western Pacific tropical cyclogenesis. Part I: Synoptic evolution. J. Atmos. Sci., 59( 14), 2183- 2196.10.1175/1520-0469(2002)0592.0.CO;2

a146e447cccfb34b1769deb0568e6384

http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ams.org%2Fmathscinet-getitem%3Fmr%3D1913036

http://www.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1913036Abstract A large-amplitude mixed Rossby–gravity wave packet is identified in the western Pacific using 6–10-day bandpass-filtered winds. Individual disturbances of 2300–3000-km wavelength propagated westward as the packet moved slowly eastward. The packet first appeared, and subsequently amplified, within a region of active convection associated with the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO), which was isolated by low-pass-filtered outgoing longwave radiation. The packet lasted about 5 weeks, then rapidly dispersed as the active MJO moved away from it to the east. West of 150°E, individual disturbances within the packet turned northwestward away from the equator, indicating an apparent transition from mixed Rossby–gravity waves to off-equatorial tropical depression (TD)-type disturbances. Cyclones filled with cloud and anticyclones cleared during the transition. Nevertheless, convective structure consistent with mixed Rossby–gravity waves remained outside the circulation centers, and three tropical cyclones for...

Emanuel K. A., D. S. Nolan, 2004: Tropical cyclone activity and the global climate system. Preprints, 26th Conf. on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology, Miami, FL, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 10A. 2.a58e0e19-b7b3-4bf9-bde3-500523e6553a

c3c20a9a72adb1c17dcae21faf2ab535

http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mendeley.com%2Fcatalog%2Ftropical-cyclone-activity-global-climate-system-1%2F

refpaperuri:(f35ef06aacc83753942b0d22f4051f9b)

http://www.mendeley.com/catalog/tropical-cyclone-activity-global-climate-system-1/

Frank W. M., P. E. Roundy, 2006: The role of tropical waves in tropical cyclogenesis. Mon. Wea. Rev., 134, 2397- 2417.e2e211ce5a649eeb14aa9b268acfe226

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fnph-data_query%3Fbibcode%3D2006MWRv..134.2397F%26db_key%3DPHY%26link_type%3DABSTRACT%26high%3D18603

http://xueshu.baidu.com/s?wd=paperuri%3A%282a7b0b9cba6d43e947661f1252a98b14%29&filter=sc_long_sign&tn=SE_xueshusource_2kduw22v&sc_vurl=http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fnph-data_query%3Fbibcode%3D2006MWRv..134.2397F%26db_key%3DPHY%26link_type%3DABSTRACT%26high%3D18603&ie=utf-8&sc_us=16448713356602648062

Fu B., T. Li, M. S. Peng, and F. Z. Weng, 2007: Analysis of tropical cyclogenesis in the western North Pacific for 2000 and 2001. Wea. Forecasting, 22, 763- 780.10.1175/WAF1013.1

297d4249b3d89daa24c78855fd157a32

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2007WtFor..22..763F

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007WtFor..22..763FAbstract High-resolution satellite data and NCEP-CAR reanalysis data are used to analyze 34 tropical cyclone (TC) genesis events in the western North Pacific during the 2000 and 2001 typhoon seasons. Three types of synoptic-scale disturbances are identified in the pregenesis stages. They are tropical cyclone energy dispersions (TCEDs), synoptic wave trains (SWTs) unrelated to preexisting TCs, and easterly waves (EWs). Among the total 34 TC genesis cases, 6 are associated with TCEDs, 11 cases are associated with SWTs, and 7 cases are associated with EWs. The analyses presented herein indicate that the occurrence of a TCED depends on the TC intensity and the background flow, with stronger cyclones and weaker background easterlies being more likely to induce a Rossby wave train. Not all Rossby wave trains would lead to the formation of a new TC. Among the 11 SWT cases, 4 cases are triggered by equatorial mixed Rossby ravity waves. Cyclogenesis events associated with EWs are identified by the westward propagation of the perturbation kinetic energy and precipitation fields. For all three types of prestorm disturbances, it seems that scale contraction of the disturbances and convergence forcing from the large-scale environmental flow are possible mechanisms leading to the genesis. Further examination of the remaining 10 genesis cases with no significant prior synoptic-scale surface signals suggests three additional possible genesis scenarios: 1) a disturbance with upper-tropospheric forcing, 2) interaction of a preexisting TC with southwesterly monsoon flows, and 3) preexisting convective activity with no significant initial low-level vorticity. Tropical intraseasonal oscillations have a significant modulation on TC formation, especially in 2000.

Gray W. M., 1968: Global view of the origin of tropical disturbances and storms. Mon. Wea. Rev., 96, 669- 700.10.1175/1520-0493(1968)0962.0.CO;2

e5b6389640eff865a75f988c3e608f80

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F1968MWRv...96..669G

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1968MWRv...96..669GThe basic report is a progressive step in an updating of tropical storm climatology. It discusses areas which subsequently became tropical geographic areas: the northwest Pacific Ocean, the Indian Ocean and the West Indies. Mean motion fields were computed with respect to a coordinate system with its origin at the moving potential storm center.

Gray W. M., 1979: Hurricanes: Their formation, structure and likely role in the tropical circulation. Meteorology Over the Tropical Oceans, D. B. Shaw, Ed., Roy, Meteorological Society, 155- 218.10.1038/276445b0

4eb39ad53a2e948f6e81f59920363b99

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F1978natur.276..445s

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978natur.276..445sNot Available

Hartmann D. L., M. L. Michelsen, S. A. Klein, 1992: Seasonal variations of tropical intraseasonal oscillations: A 20-25-day oscillation in the western Pacific. J. Atmos. Sci., 49( 14), 1277- 1289.9d62693aaa8e51b1fd977916ece74404

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fnph-data_query%3Fbibcode%3D1992JAtS...49.1277H%26db_key%3DPHY%26link_type%3DABSTRACT

http://xueshu.baidu.com/s?wd=paperuri%3A%2819924684d9ce1d6c769d7992b0b85bac%29&filter=sc_long_sign&tn=SE_xueshusource_2kduw22v&sc_vurl=http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fnph-data_query%3Fbibcode%3D1992JAtS...49.1277H%26db_key%3DPHY%26link_type%3DABSTRACT&ie=utf-8&sc_us=4338870126816510019

Ho C. H., J. J. Baik, J. H. Kim, D. Y. Gong, and C. H. Sui, 2004: Interdecadal changes in summertime typhoon tracks. J.Climate, 17( 9), 1767- 1776.fe9165cdd72c5d696b54d0aad0cdf332

http%3A%2F%2Fir.lib.ncu.edu.tw%2Fhandle%2F987654321%2F36093%3Flocale%3Dzh-TW

http://ir.lib.ncu.edu.tw/handle/987654321/36093?locale=zh-TW提供台灣中央大學的博碩士論文、考古題、期刊論文、研究計畫等下載

Hsu H.-H., C.-H. Weng, and C. H. Wu, 2004: Contrasting characteristics between the northward and eastward propagation of the intraseasonal oscillation during the boreal summer. J.Climate, 17, 727- 743.10.1175/1520-0442(2004)0172.0.CO;2

b7f5d7cf919fc3f5168c276a24eef125

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2004jcli...17..727h

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004jcli...17..727hAbstract This study investigates the structural and evolutionary characteristics of the eastward- and northward-propagating intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) in the Indian Ocean and western Pacific during the boreal summer. Along the equator, the near-surface moisture convergence located to the east of the deep convection region appears to result in the eastward propagation of the ISO, consistent with the frictional wave–CISK (conditional instability of the second kind) mechanism proposed in previous studies. The eastward propagation is characterized by sequentially downstream development of deep convection occuring mainly in certain regions such as 60°, 95°, 120°, and 145°E, and the date line. The northward propagation of deep convection can be attributed to the low-level moisture convergence located to the north. This convergence is a deep structure extending from the surface to the middle troposphere. Near-surface convergence appears only after the systems approach the landmass in the north. It is sugges...

Huang P., C. Chou, and R. H. Huang, 2011: Seasonal modulation of tropical intraseasonal oscillations on tropical cyclone geneses in the western North Pacific. J.Climate, 24, 6339- 6352.10.1175/2011JCLI4200.1

2b4e7d2e0e43529cbd883f139092b0da

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2011JCli...24.6339H

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JCli...24.6339HAbstract The seasonal modulation of tropical intraseasonal oscillation (TISO) on tropical cyclone (TC) geneses over the western North Pacific Ocean (WNP) is investigated in three periods of the WNP TC season: May–June (MJ), July–September (JAS), and October–December (OND). The modulation of the TISO–TC geneses over the WNP is strong in MJ, while it appears weaker in JAS and OND. In MJ, TISO propagates northward via two routes, the west route through the South China Sea and the east route through the WNP monsoon trough region, which are two clustering locations of TC geneses. TISO can synchronously influence most TC geneses over these two regions. In JAS, however, the modulation is out of phase between the monsoon trough region and the East Asian summer monsoon region, as well as the WNP subtropical high region, as a result of further northward propagation of TISO and scattered TC geneses. The TISO–TC genesis modulation in each individual region is comparable to that in MJ, although the modulation over the entire WNP in JAS appears weaker. In OND, TISO has a stronger influence on TC geneses west than east of 150°E because TISO decays and its convection center located at the equator is out of the TC genesis region when propagating eastward into east of 150°E. Midlevel relative humidity is the primary contribution to the modulations of TISO on the genesis environment, while vorticity could contribute to the modulation over the subtropics in JAS.

Huffman, G. J., Coauthors, 2007: The TRMM multi-satellite precipitation analysis: Quasi-global, multi-year, combined-sensor precipitation estimates at fine scales. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 8, 38- 55.10.1007/978-90-481-2915-7_1

aa0a8e32bf5a118992029370c1c95703

http%3A%2F%2Fciteseer.ist.psu.edu%2Fshowciting%3Fcid%3D7512548

http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/showciting?cid=7512548The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Multi-satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) is intended to provide a “best” estimate of quasi-global precipitation from the wide variety of modern satellite-borne precipitation-related sensors. Estimates are provided at relatively fine scales (0.25° × 0.25°, 3-h) in both real and post-real time to accommodate a wide range of researchers. However, the errors inherent in the finest scale estimates are large. The most successful use of the TMPA data is when the analysis takes advantage of the fine-scale data to create time/space averages appropriate to the user’s application. We review the conceptual basis for the TMPA, summarize the processing sequence, and focus on two new activities. First, a recent upgrade for the real-time version incorporates several additional satellite data sources and employs monthly climatological adjustments to approximate the bias characteristics of the research quality post-real-time product. Second, an upgrade for the research quality post-real-time TMPA from Versions 6 to 7 (in beta test at press time) is designed to provide a variety of improvements that increase the list of input data sets and correct several issues. Future enhancements for the TMPA will include improved error estimation, extension to higher latitudes, and a shift to a Lagrangian time interpolation scheme.

Jiang X. A., T. Li, and B. Wang, 2004: Structures and mechanisms of the northward propagating boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation. J.Climate, 17, 1022- 1039.10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<1022:SAMOTN>2.0.CO;2

8e4bda294ab6437900146e047d43aae6

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2004JCli...17.1022J

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004JCli...17.1022JThe spatial and temporal structures of the northward-propagating boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation (BSISO) are revealed based on the analysis of both the ECHAM4 model simulation and the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis. The BSISO structure and evolution characteristics simulated by the model bear many similarities to those derived from the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis. The most notable features are the remarkable meridional asymmetries, relative to the BSISO convection, in the vorticity and specific humidity fields. A positive vorticity perturbation with an equivalent barotropic structure appears a few latitude degrees north of the convection center. The maximum specific humidity also shows a clear northward shift in the lower troposphere. Two internal atmospheric dynamics mechanisms are proposed to understand the cause of the northward propagation of the BSISO. The first is the vertical shear mechanism. The key process associated with this mechanism is the generation of barotropic vorticity due to the coupling between the free-atmosphere baroclinic and barotropic modes in the presence of the vertical shear of the mean flow. The induced barotropic vorticity in the free atmosphere further causes a moisture convergence in the planetary boundary layer (PBL), leading to the northward shift of the convective heating. The second mechanism is the moisture-convection feedback mechanism. Two processes contribute to the northward shift of the low-level moisture. One is the moisture advection by the mean southerly in the PBL. Another is the moisture advection by the BSISO wind due to the mean meridional specific humidity gradient. The asymmetric specific humidity contributes to the northward shift of the convective heating. A theoretical framework is constructed to investigate the instability of the northward-propagating BSISO mode and the relative roles of various mechanisms including air-sea interactions. An eigenvalue analysis indicates that the northward propagation of the BSISO is an unstable mode of the summer mean flow in the monsoon region. It has a typical wavelength of 2500 km. While the easterly shear contributes to the northward propagation primarily north of 5N, the moisture feedback and the air-sea interaction also contribute significantly, particularly in the region near and south of the equator. The internal atmospheric dynamics are essential in causing the northward propagation of the BSISO over the tropical Indian Ocean.

Jiang X. A., M. Zhao, and D. E. Waliser, 2012: Modulation of tropical cyclones over the eastern Pacific by the intraseasonal variability simulated in an AGCM. J.Climate, 25, 6524- 6538.10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00531.1

4d28331ca79875eb6fc7f236f643c09b

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2012JCli...25.6524J

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JCli...25.6524JNot Available

Kim J. H., C. H. Ho, H. S. Kim, C. H. Sui, and S. K. Park, 2008: Systematic variation of summertime tropical cyclone activity in the western North Pacific in relation to the Madden-Julian oscillation. J.Climate, 21, 1171- 1191.10.1175/2007JCLI1493.1

64e1c0243fe1ad0e83201f312759f45f

http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dbpia.co.kr%2FArticle%2F780513

http://www.dbpia.co.kr/Article/780513A statistical analysis of TC landfalls by MJO category is applied in seven selected subareas: the Philippines, Vietnam, South China, Taiwan, East China, Korea, and Japan. While a robust and significant modulation in the number of TC landfalls is observed in south China, Korea, and Japan, the modulation is marginal in the remaining four subareas.

Klotzbach P. J., 2014: The Madden-Julian Oscillation's impacts on worldwide tropical cyclone activity. J.Climate, 27( 6), 2317- 2330.10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00483.1

f577fd614e574362f9da1ccd7fb728e0

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2014JCli...27.2317K

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JCli...27.2317KNot Available

Klotzbach, P. J. and W. M. Gray, 2008: Multidecadal variability in North Atlantic tropical cyclone activity. J.Climate, 21, 3929- 3935.10.1175/2008JCLI2162.1

32f7e0bd52966b86f206879793cd89f6

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2008JCli...21.3929K

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JCli...21.3929KRecent increases in Atlantic basin tropical cyclone activity since 1995 and the associated destructive U.S. landfall events in 2004 and 2005 have generated considerable interest into why there has been such a sharp upturn. Natural variability, human-induced global warming, or a combination of both factors, have been suggested. Several previous studies have discussed observed multidecadal variability in the North Atlantic over 25-40-yr time scales. This study, using data from 1878 to the present, creates a metric based on far North Atlantic sea surface temperature anomalies and basinwide North Atlantic sea level pressure anomalies that shows remarkable agreement with observed multidecadal variability in both Atlantic basin tropical cyclone activity and in U.S. landfall frequency.

Klotzbach P. J., E. C. J. Oliver, 2015: Variations in global tropical cyclone activity and the Madden-Julian oscillation since the midtwentieth Century. Geophys. Res. Lett.,42, 4199-4207, doi: 10.1002/2015GL06396.10.1002/2015GL063966

37606a4bfeaedbefb0ad98d7717f44ba

http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2F2015GL063966%2Ffull

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2015GL063966/fullThe Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO) has been documented in previous studies to significantly impact tropical cyclone activity in all ocean basins. Most of these studies have utilized the Wheeler-Hendon index. This index is only available since 1974, the period over which remotely sensed outgoing longwave radiation data has been available. Our study utilizes a long reconstructed MJO index, based on surface pressures, which extends back to 1905. We document consistent modulation of tropical cyclone activity by the MJO in all basins over this time period. These modulations are shown to be remarkably stable over the entire analysis period. We also examine the combined impacts of El Nino-Southern Oscillation and the MJO on tropical cyclone activity in each basin over multidecadal time scales.

Land er, M. A., 1994: An exploratory analysis of the relationship between tropical storm formation in the western North Pacific and ENSO. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 636- 651.10.1175/1520-0493(1994)1222.0.CO;2

51cf8aeb7b40aed7f6fa94a8f36df927

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F1994MWRv..122..636L

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994MWRv..122..636LNot Available

Lau K.-H., N.-C. Lau, 1990: Observed structure and propagation characteristics of tropical summertime synoptic scale disturbances. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 1888- 1913.10.1175/1520-0493(1990)1182.0.CO;2

7e1bac0a83d85475ef35af3d09978797

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F1990MWRv..118.1888L

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990MWRv..118.1888LAbstract The three-dimensional structure and propagation characteristics of tropical synoptic scale transients during the northern summer we studied with twice daily ECMWF global gridded analyses for the 1980-1987 period. Regions of enhanced variability in relative vorticity at 850 mb are identified in the western Pacific, eastern Pacific, Bay of Bengal/northern India and eastern Atlantic/western Africa sectors. Dominant spectral peaks with time scales ranging from 3 to 8 days are noted in the power spectra for these locations. The lag-correlation and regression statistics of tropical fluctuations with synoptic time scales are examined. Strong teleconnectivity and temporal coherence are found over all of the active sites with enhanced vorticity variance, as well as over the western Atlantic/Caribbean and the Indochinese Peninsula. These results indicate that a substantial amount of synoptic scale variability in the tropics is associated with propagating wavelike disturbances that remain coherent over seve...

Lee J.-Y., B. Wang, M. C. Wheeler, X. H. Fu, D. E. Waliser, and I.-S. Kang, 2013: Real-time multivariate indices for the boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation over the Asian summer monsoon region. Climate Dyn., 40, 493- 509.10.1007/s00382-012-1544-4

13e33dc2946aadad564f7cdf0db52fd8

http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2Fs00382-012-1544-4

http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00382-012-1544-4The boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation (BSISO) of the Asian summer monsoon (ASM) is one of the most prominent sources of short-term climate variability in the global monsoon system. Compared with the related Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) it is more complex in nature, with prominent northward propagation and variability extending much further from the equator. In order to facilitate detection, monitoring and prediction of the BSISO we suggest two real-time indices: BSISO1 and BSISO2, based on multivariate empirical orthogonal function (MV-EOF) analysis of daily anomalies of outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR) and zonal wind at 850 hPa (U850) in the region 10°S―40°N, 40°―160°E, for the extended boreal summer (May-October) season over the 30-year period 1981-2010. BSISO1 is defined by the first two principal components (PCs) of the MV-EOF analysis, which together represent the canonical northward propagating variability that often occurs in conjunction with the eastward MJO with quasi-oscillating periods of 30-60 days. BSISO2 is defined by the third and fourth PCs, which together mainly capture the northward/northwestward propagating variability with periods of 10-30 days during primarily the pre-monsoon and monsoon-onset season. The BSISO1 circulation cells are more Rossby wave like with a northwest to southeast slope, whereas the circulation associated with BSISO2 is more elongated and front-like with a southwest to northeast slope. BSISO2 is shown to modulate the timing of the onset of Indian and South China Sea monsoons. Together, the two BSISO indices are capable of describing a large fraction of the total intraseasonal variability in the ASM region, and better represent the northward and northwestward propagation than the real-time multivariate MJO (RMM) index of Wheeler and Hendon.

Li C. Y., Y. P. Zhou, 1995: On quasi-two-week (10-20-day) oscillation in the tropical atmosphere. Scientia Atmospherica Sinica, 19, 435- 444. (in Chinese)ccc7b5e11f360c8e540d218d1e657dd9

http%3A%2F%2Fen.cnki.com.cn%2FArticle_en%2FCJFDTOTAL-DQXK504.005.htm

http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-DQXK504.005.htmBased on the 10-20 day band-pass filtered data which are computed from ECMWF global dais (1981-1987), the 10-20 day (quasi-two-week) atmospheric oscillation in the tropics is studied systematically in this paper. The oscillation includes that in the distribution and evolution of kinetic energy,the structure and propagation feature of this kind of low-frequency and so on. It is shown that the 10-20 day osCillation is another important low-frequency system in the tropical atthosphere. Its kinetic energy is even stronger than 30-60 day oscillation. Its structllre and activity is different from the 30-60day oscillation. For instance, the 10-20 day oscillation in the tropical atmosphere is dominated by the perturbances of the zonal wavenumber 2-4. Its vertical structure mainly displays barotropic feature. It mainly propagates westwards. The meridional wind component and zonal wind component are same important. Therefore, the study focused on the 10-20 day oscillation in the tropical atmoSPhere is very necessary.

Li R. C. Y., W. Zhou, 2013a: Modulation of Western North Pacific tropical cyclone activity by the ISO. Part I: Genesis and intensity. J.Climate, 26, 2904- 2918.10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00211.1

4eb5bfe78e1906c6b54dfa27a66033b2

http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fdevelopmental-cell%2Fabstract%2FS1534-5807%2813%2900473-5%3Fscript%3Dtrue

http://www.cell.com/developmental-cell/abstract/S1534-5807(13)00473-5?script=trueAbstract This study investigates the intraseasonal variability of tropical cyclones (TCs) by systematically examining the two major components of the intraseasonal oscillation (ISO), the 30–60-day Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) and the 10–20-day quasi-biweekly oscillation (QBWO). Results suggest that these two ISO modes exhibit different origins, spatial scales, and propagation characteristics, which result in distinctive TC modulation in the western North Pacific Ocean (WNP). The northeastward-propagating MJO predominantly controls the basinwide TC frequency. The significant increase (reduction) in cyclogenesis in the convective (nonconvective) phase is found to be associated with the concomitant strengthening (weakening) of the monsoon trough. In addition, the large contrast in TC frequency also results in a significant difference in daily accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) between the convective and nonconvective MJO phases. The northwestward-propagating QBWO, in contrast, is characterized by alternating signals of positive and negative convection. It leads to the opposite TC modulation in the WNP1 (0°–30°N, 120°–150°E) and WNP2 (0°–30°N, 150°E–180°) regions and results in a northwestward shift in TC genesis locations, which in turn causes substantial differences in intensity distribution and daily ACE for different QBWO phases. Finally, a brief examination of the dual mode situation suggests that the QBWO generally exerts modulation upon the background MJO, and the modulation seems to vary under different MJO conditions.

Li R. C. Y., W. Zhou, 2013b: Modulation of western North Pacific tropical cyclone activity by the ISO. Part II: Tracks and landfalls. J.Climate, 26, 2919- 2930.

Li T., 2006: Origin of the summertime synoptic-scale wave train in the western North Pacific. J. Atmos. Sci.,63, 1093-1102, doi: 10.1175/JAS3676.1.10.1175/JAS3676.1

e33aac2b21666e4eef25433ff389960e

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2006JAtS...63.1093L

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006JAtS...63.1093LThe origin of the summertime synoptic wave train in the western North Pacific is investigated with a multilevel, nonlinear baroclinic model. A realistic three-dimensional summer mean state is specified and eigenvectors are calculated by introducing small perturbation initially to the model. Numerical experiments indicate that the origin of the synoptic wave train may arise from instability of the summer mean flow in the presence of a convection frictional convergence (CFC) feedback. In the lack of the CFC feedback, the summer mean flow supports only a least damped mode, characterized by a northwest southeast-oriented wave train pattern with a zonal wavelength of 2500 km. In the presence of both the realistic summer mean flow and the CFC feedback, the model reproduces a fast growing mode, whose structure and propagation characters are similar to the observed.Sensitivity experiments with different initial perturbation patterns indicate that the model solution is not sensitive to initial conditions. Further sensitivity experiments reveal that the basic-state vertical shear may affect the growth rate and propagation character of the wave train. An easterly shear may lead to a faster growth and northwestward phase propagation, whereas a westerly shear may favor a slower growth and southeastward phase propagation.

Li T., B. Fu, 2006: Tropical cyclogenesis associated with Rossby wave energy dispersion of a preexisting typhoon. Part I: Satellite data analyses.J. Atmos. Sci., 63, 1377- 1389.10.1175/JAS3692.1

1dab8ce1ddbc6cd1f6f9890be0cee0e8

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2006JAtS...63.1377L

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006JAtS...63.1377LAbstract The structure and evolution characteristics of Rossby wave trains induced by tropical cyclone (TC) energy dispersion are revealed based on the Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) and Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI) data. Among 34 cyclogenesis cases analyzed in the western North Pacific during 2000-01 typhoon seasons, six cases are associated with the Rossby wave energy dispersion of a preexisting TC. The wave trains are oriented in a northwest-outheast direction, with alternating cyclonic and anticyclonic vorticity circulation. A typical wavelength of the wave train is about 2500 km. The TC genesis is observed in the cyclonic circulation region of the wave train, possibly through a scale contraction process. The satellite data analyses reveal that not all TCs have a Rossby wave train in their wakes. The occurrence of the Rossby wave train depends to a certain extent on the TC intensity and the background flow. Whether or not a Rossby wave train can finally lead to cyclogenesis depends on large-scale dynamic and thermodynamic conditions related to both the change of the seasonal mean state and the phase of the tropical intraseasonal oscillation. Stronger low-level convergence and cyclonic vorticity, weaker vertical shear, and greater midtropospheric moisture are among the favorable large-scale conditions. The rebuilding process of a conditional unstable stratification is important in regulating the frequency of TC genesis.

Li T., X. Y. Ge, B. Wang, and Y. T. Zhu, 2006: Tropical cyclogenesis associated with Rossby wave energy dispersion of a preexisting typhoon. Part II: Numerical simulations. J. Atmos. Sci., 63, 1390- 1409.10.1175/JAS3692.1

664e9d6c8b8f887f5e91c97ff3cd435f

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2006JAtS...63.1390L

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006JAtS...63.1390LSensitivity experiments with both a single mesh (with a 15-km resolution) and a nested mesh (with a 5-km resolution in the inner mesh) indicate that TC energy dispersion alone in a resting environment does not lead to cyclogenesis, suggesting the important role of the wave train–mean flow interaction. A proper initial condition for background wind and moisture fields is crucial for maintaining a continuous vorticity growth through the multioscillatory phases.

Liebmann B., H. H. Hendon, and J. D. Glick, 1994: The relationship between tropical cyclones of the western Pacific and Indian Oceans and the Madden-Julian Oscillation. J. Meteor. Soc.Japan, 72, 401- 412.10.1063/1.532936

febacbd4320d54c7dbd68efa01cf34a3

http%3A%2F%2Fci.nii.ac.jp%2Fnaid%2F110001807345

http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110001807345The special quasiperiodic solution of the (2+1) -dimensional Kadometsev–Petviashvili equation is separated into three systems of ordinary differential equations, which are the second, third, and fourth members in the well-known confocal involutive hierarchy associated with the nonlinearized Zakharov–Shabat eigenvalue problem. The explicit theta function solution of the Kadometsev–Petviashvili equation is obtained with the help of this separation technique. A generating function approach is introduced to prove the involutivity and the functional independence of the conserved integrals which are essential for the Liouville integrability.

Liu K. S., J. C. L. Chan, 2008: Interdecadal variability of western North Pacific tropical cyclone tracks. J.Climate, 21, 4464- 4476.fc1df8275b85bd7cfec41adfaa55cbc7

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fnph-data_query%3Fbibcode%3D2008JCli...21.4464L%26db_key%3DPHY%26link_type%3DABSTRACT%26high%3D545ac9cfd425044

http://xueshu.baidu.com/s?wd=paperuri%3A%2848653f90585ce0a0a89c019e012ad3bc%29&filter=sc_long_sign&tn=SE_xueshusource_2kduw22v&sc_vurl=http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fnph-data_query%3Fbibcode%3D2008JCli...21.4464L%26db_key%3DPHY%26link_type%3DABSTRACT%26high%3D545ac9cfd425044&ie=utf-8&sc_us=9140394844520107100

Madden R. A., P. R. Julian, 1971: Detection of a 40-50 day oscillation in the zonal wind in the tropical Pacific. J. Atmos. Sci., 28, 702- 708.a33db74c6b65a47f5bd8c4d77c78e938

http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scielosp.org%2Fscielo.php%3Fpid%3DS0102-311X2008000800009%26script%3Dsci_arttext

http://www.scielosp.org/scielo.php?pid=S0102-311X2008000800009&script=sci_arttext

McBride J. L., 1981: Observational analysis of tropical cyclone formation. Part III: Budget analysis. J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 1152- 1166.10.1175/1520-0469(1981)0382.0.CO;2

865debdb-44c5-45fd-84cf-2f74a54b25bd

8f560b2819997f4835b2abf4e965215e

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F1979PhDT.......165M

refpaperuri:(dc8ac8723ded80174fe939756e62f98d)

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979PhDT.......165MAbstract Twelve composite data sets are constructed from rawinsonde data in the tropical northwest Pacific and tropical northwest Atlantic Oceans. Each data set is a composite average of approximately 80 individual disturbances. Four different types of non-developing oceanic tropical disturbance are composited. For comparison, disturbances in each ocean are composited at four different stages of intensification from pre-hurricane to hurricane and pre-typhoon to typhoon. In total, 912 different tropical weather systems go into the composites and approximately 40 000 rawinsonde observations are used. Details are presented on data density, number of individual weather systems averaged and mean position for each composite system. The basic thermodynamic and dynamic properties of the systems are discussed as well as regional differences between the Pacific and the Atlantic. The analyses presented here form a framework for Part II and subsequent papers which use these composite data sets to investigate the gene...

McBride J. L., R. Zehr, 1981: Observational analysis of tropical cyclone formation. Part II: Comparison of non-developing versus developing systems. J. Atmos. Sci., 38( 6), 1132- 1151.10.1175/1520-0469(1981)0382.0.CO;2

a6327c54d1bba8d5854aaadb86d2b856

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F1981JAtS...38.1132M

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981JAtS...38.1132MAbstract The thermodynamic and dynamic fields surrounding the composite tropical weather systems described in Part I (McBride, 1981a) are examined for differences between non-developing and developing systems. The main findings are as follows: (i) Both non-developing and developing systems are warm core in the upper levels. The temperature (and height) gradients are more pronounced in the developing system, but the magnitudes are so small that the differences would be difficult to measure for individual systems. (ii) The developing or pre-typhoon cloud cluster exists in a warmer atmosphere over a large horizontal scale, for example, out to 8 latitude radius in all directions. (iii) There is no obvious difference in vertical stability for moist convection between the systems. (iv) There is no obvious difference in moisture content or moisture gradient. (v) Pre-typhoon and pre-hurricane systems are located in large areas of high values of low-level relative vorticity. The low-level vorticity in the vicinit...

Nakazawa T., 1986: Intraseasonal variations of OLR in the tropics during the FGGE year. J. Meteor. Soc.Japan, 64, 17- 34.29672e00fe351f11aa10579abbb8842d

http%3A%2F%2Fci.nii.ac.jp%2Fnaid%2F40000634345

http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/40000634345

Nakazawa T., 1988: Tropical super clusters within intraseasonal variations over the Western Pacific. J. Meteor. Soc.Japan, 66, 823- 839.

Onogi, K., Coauthors, 2007: The JRA-25 reanalysis. J. Meteor. Soc.Japan, 85, 369- 432.10.2151/jmsj.85.369

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http%3A%2F%2Fci.nii.ac.jp%2Fnaid%2F110006318054

refpaperuri:(d414385782241d61675aa2139a5f686e)

http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110006318054A long-term global atmospheric reanalysis, named "Japanese 25-year Reanalysis (JRA-25)" was completed using the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) numerical assimilation and forecast system. The analysis covers the period from 1979 to 2004. This is the first long-term reanalysis undertaken in Asia. JMA's latest numerical assimilation system, and specially collected observational data, were used to generate a consistent and high-quality reanalysis dataset designed for climate research and operational monitoring and forecasts. One of the many purposes of JRA-25 is to enhance the analysis to a high quality in the Asian region. Six-hourly data assimilation cycles were performed, producing 6-hourly atmospheric analysis and forecast fields of various physical variables. The global model used in JRA-25 has a spectral resolution of T106 (equivalent to a horizontal grid size of around 120 km) and 40 vertical layers with the top level at 0.4 hPa. In addition to conventional surface and upper air observations, atmospheric motion vector (AMV) wind retrieved from geostationary satellites, brightness temperature from TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder (TOYS), precipitable water retrieved from orbital satellite microwave radiometer radiance and other satellite data are assimilated with three-dimensional variational method (3D-Var). JMA produced daily sea surface temperature (SST), sea ice and three-dimensional ozone profiles for JRA-25. A new quality control method for TOYS data was developed and applied in advance. Many advantages have been found in the JRA-25 reanalysis. Predicted 6-hour global total precipitation distribution and amount are well reproduced both in space and time. The performance of the long time series of the global precipitation is the best among the other reanalyses, with few unrealistic variations from degraded satellite data contaminated by volcanic eruptions. Secondly, JRA-25 is the first re-analysis to assimilate wind profiles around tropical cyclones reconstructed from historical best track in-formation; tropical cyclones were analyzed properly in all the global regions. Additionally, low-level cloud along the subtropical western coast of continents is well simulated and snow depth analysis is also of a good quality. The article also covers material which requires attention when using JRA-25.

Reed R. J., E. E. Recker, 1971: Structure and properties of synoptic-scale wave disturbances in the equatorial western Pacific. J. Atmos. Sci., 28, 1117- 1133.10.1175/1520-0469(1971)0282.0.CO;2

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http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F1971jats...28.1117r

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1971jats...28.1117rAbstract A compositing technique is used to obtain the average structure of 18 disturbances which traversed an area in the equatorial western Pacific during the wet season (July–September) of 1967. Principal emphasis is placed on the wave properties in the triangular area described by Ponape, Kwajalein and Eniwetok within which it was possible to measure divergence and vertical motion and to compute moisture and heat budgets. Meridional wind maxima of nearly opposite phase occurred in the lower and upper troposphere. Negative temperature deviations were found in the vicinity of the wave trough at low and high levels; positive deviations were observed at intermediate levels. Highest relative humidities occurred in the trough region. This was also the region of strongest upward motion and greatest rainfall and cloud amount. The maximum upward velocity of 2.5 cm sec611 was found at 300 mb. Convergence was strongest in the sub-cloud layer; divergence was concentrated near 175 mb. The maximum anticyclonic vorti...

Reed R. J., D. C. Norquist, and E. E. Recker, 1977: The structure and properties of African wave disturbances as observed during phase III of GATE. Mon. Wea. Rev., 105, 317- 333.10.1175/1520-0493(1977)1052.0.CO;2

da7ee0105f91063b500f2215e273c0b3

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F1977MWRv..105..317R

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1977MWRv..105..317RAbstract A compositing method is used to determine the average structure and properties of eight wave disturbances observed over west Africa and the eastern Atlantic during the period 23 August-19 September, 1974, a period marked by well-developed and regular wave activity. The disturbance centers propagated westward in the zone of cyclonic shear to the south of the 700 mb easterly jet, located at 16–17°N. The mean wave- length was about 25M km and the mean period 3.5 days. The mean zonal current satisfied the necessary condition for barotropic instability. The composite disturbance was most intense at 650 mb, being cold core below and warm core above. Two circulation centers were evident at the surface, one located below the upper center and the other displaced 10° to the north at about the latitude of the monsoon trough. When separate composites were constructed for land and ocean stations, the dual centers were found to be primarily a land phenomenon. Distinctive features of the high-level (200 inb) ci...

Ritchie E. A., G. J. Holland, 1999: Large-scale patterns associated with tropical cyclogenesis in the western Pacific. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127, 2027- 2043.10.1175/1520-0493(1999)1272.0.CO;2

7265faeae48e51584694ce58556a4a97

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F1999MWRv..127.2027R

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999MWRv..127.2027RAbstract Five characteristic, low-level, large-scale dynamical patterns associated with tropical cyclogenesis in the western North Pacific basin are examined along with their capacity to generate the type of mesoscale convective systems that precede genesis. An 8-yr analysis set for the region is used to identify, and create composites for, the five characteristic patterns of monsoon shear line, monsoon confluence region, monsoon gyre, easterly waves, and Rossby energy dispersion. This brings out the common processes that contribute to tropical cyclogenesis within that pattern, which are described in detail. A 3-yr set of satellite data is then used to analyze the mesoscale convective system activity for all cases of genesis in that period and to stratify based on the above large-scale patterns. It is found that mesoscale convective systems develop in all cases of genesis except one. Seventy percent of cases developed mesoscale convective systems at more than one time during the genesis period and 44% of ...

Sobel A. H., C. S. Bretherton, 1999: Development of synoptic-scale disturbances over the summertime tropical northwest Pacific. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 3106- 3127.10.1175/1520-0469(1999)0562.0.CO;2

bc3175d80b4f4597e001d19b129dad04

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F1999JAtS...56.3106S

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999JAtS...56.3106SThis study addresses the origin of the synoptic-scale disturbances that occur in the tropical western North Pacific ocean (WP) region in Northern Hemisphere summer. These have been called “easterly waves” and“tropical depression–type” (TD) disturbances. This analysis uses the National Center for Environmental Prediction–National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis dataset. By performing a regression analysis on several terms in the vorticity equation at 850 hPa, it is shown that the TD disturbances propagate approximately as barotropic Rossby waves at 850 hPa. Given this, ray-tracing calculations and the wave activity diagnostic introduced by Plumb are used to show that wave accumulation is a promising candidate for the initial development mechanism of the TD disturbances. The expected local “growth rate” from this mechanism is simply the convergence of the group velocity, which reaches values corresponding to a growth timescale of 3 days. This convergence is dominated by, but somewhat larger than, the convergence in the time-mean flow. The wave accumulation mechanism can operate either on waves coming from outside the WP region or on those generated in situ; in particular, mature tropical cyclones are probably a climatologically important source of waves. While the results presented here provide no direct information on the nature of the feedbacks between diabatic processes and large-scale wave dynamics, they do indicate that no instability mechanism involving any diabatic process need be invoked to explain the initial development of TD disturbances. It is possible, rather, that diabatic processes do not provide a positive feedback until the disturbances reach finite amplitude, whether at the stage of true tropical cyclogenesis or some prior intermediate stage.

Takayabu N. Y., T. Nitta, 1993: 3-5 day-period disturbances coupled with convection over the tropical Pacific Ocean, J. Meteor. Soc.Japan, 71, 221- 246.41e1e8c6423b224aba9285a25421aa54

http%3A%2F%2Fci.nii.ac.jp%2Fnaid%2F10003552502

http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/100035525023-5 day-period disturbances coupled with convection over the tropical Pacific ocean TAKAYABU Y. N. J. Met. Soc. Japan 71, 221-246, 1993

Wang B., X. H. Xu, 1997: Northern hemisphere summer monsoon singularities and climatological intraseasonal oscillation. J.Climate, 10( 5), 1071- 1085.10.1175/1520-0442(1997)0102.0.CO;2

9cfd137d08ddf5caf4703a3d9a42118e

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F1997JCli...10.1071W

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997JCli...10.1071WUsing climatological pentad mean outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) and European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts analysis winds, the authors show that the Northern Hemisphere summer monsoon displays statistically significant climatological intraseasonal oscillations (CISOs). The extreme phases of CISO characterize monsoon singularities-monsoon events that occur on a fixed pentad with usual regularity, whereas the transitional phases of CISO represent the largest year-to-year monsoon variations. The CISO results from a phase-locking of transient intraseasonal oscillation to annual cycle. It exhibits a dynamically coherent structure between enhanced convection and low-level convergent (upper-level divergent) cyclonic (anticyclonic) circulation. Its phase propagates primarily northward from the equator to the northern Philippines during early summer (May-July), and westward along 15N from 170E to the Bay of Bengal during August and September. The propagation of CISO links monsoon singularities occurring in different regions. Four CISO cycles are identified from May to October. The first cycle has a peak wet phase in mid-May that starts the monsoon over the South China Sea and Philippines. Its dry phase in late May and early June brings the premonsoon dry weather over the regions of western North Pacific summer monsoon (WNPSM), Meiyu/Baiu, and Indian summer monsoon (ISM). The wet phase of Cycle II peaking in mid-June marks the onsets of WNPSM, continental ISM, and Meiyu, whereas the dry phase in early to mid-July corresponds to the first major breaks in WNPSM and ISM, and the end of Meiyu. The wet phase of Cycle III peaking in mid-August benchmarks the height of WNPSM, which was followed by a conspicuous dry phase propagating westward and causing the second breaks of WNPSM (in early September) and ISM (in mid-September). The wet phase of Cycle IV represents the last active WNPSM and withdrawal of ISM in mid-October. The relationships among ISM, WNPSM, and East Asian Subtropical Monsoon (EASM) are season dependent. During Cycle II, convective activities in the three monsoon regions are nearly in phase. During Cycle III, however, the convective activities are out of phase between ISM and WNPSM; meanwhile, little linkage exists between WNPSM and EASM. The causes of unstable relationships and the phase propagation of CISO are discussed.

Wang B., J. C. L. Chan, 2002: How strong ENSO events affect tropical storm activity over the western North Pacific. J.Climate, 15, 1643- 1658.10.1175/1520-0442(2002)0152.0.CO;2

248bb77da7a55c482abfa57c1313880e

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2002JCli...15.1643W

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002JCli...15.1643WAn analysis of 35-yr (1965-99) data reveals vital impacts of strong (but not moderate) El Ni09o and La Ni09a events on tropical storm (TS) activity over the western North Pacific (WNP). Although the total number of TSs formed in the entire WNP does not vary significantly from year to year, during El Ni09o summer and fall, the frequency of TS formation increases remarkably in the southeast quadrant (0°-17°N, 140°E-180°) and decreases in the northwest quadrant (17°-30°N, 120°-140°E). The July-September mean location of TS formation is 6° latitude lower, while that in October-December is 18° longitude eastward in the strong warm versus strong cold years. After the El Ni09o (La Ni09a), the early season (January-July) TS formation in the entire WNP is suppressed (enhanced). In strong warm (cold) years, the mean TS life span is about 7 (4) days, and the mean number of days of TS occurrence is 159 (84) days. During the fall of strong warm years, the number of TSs, which recurve northward across 35°N, is 2.5 times more than during strong cold years. This implies that El Ni09o substantially enhances poleward transport of heat-moisture and impacts high latitudes through changing TS formation and tracks.The enhanced TS formation in the SE quadrant is attributed to the increase of the low-level shear vorticity generated by El Ni09o-induced equatorial westerlies, while the suppressed TS generation over the NW quadrant is ascribed to upper-level convergence induced by the deepening of the east Asian trough and strengthening of the WNP subtropical high, both resulting from El Ni09o forcing. The WNP TS activities in July-December are noticeably predictable using preceding winter-spring Ni09o-3.4 SST anomalies, while the TS formation in March-July is exceedingly predictable using preceding October-December Ni09o-3.4 SST anomalies. The physical basis for the former is the phase lock of ENSO evolution to the annual cycle, while for the latter it is the persistence of Philippine Sea wind anomalies that are excited by ENSO forcing but maintained by local atmosphere-ocean interaction.

Wang B., X. Zhou, 2008: Climate variation and prediction of rapid intensification in tropical cyclones in the western North Pacific, Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 99, 1-16, doi: 10.1007/s00703-006-0238-z.10.1007/s00703-006-0238-z

3a8bdfab2c0a6d8f5754d422e983233d

http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs00703-006-0238-z

http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00703-006-0238-zThe RI is an essential characteristic of category 4 and 5 hurricanes and super typhoons because all category 4 and 5 hurricanes in the Atlantic basin and 90% of the super typhoons in the western North Pacific experience at least one RI process in their life cycles. Over the past 40 years, the annual total of RI in the western North Pacific shows pronounced interdecadal variation but no significant trend. This result suggests that the number of supper typhoons has no upward trend in the past 40 years. Our results also suggest that when the mean latitude, where the tropical storms form, shifts southward (either seasonally or from year to year) the proportion of super typhoon or major hurricane will likely increase. This shift is determined by large scale circulation change rather than local SST effects. This idea differs from the current notion that increasing SST can lead to more frequent occurrence of category 4 or 5 hurricanes through local thermodynamics.

Wang L., G. H. Chen, and R. H. Huang, 2009: The modulation of quasi-biweekly oscillation on tropical cyclone activity over the western North Pacific. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 33, 416- 424. (in Chinese)10.1016/S1003-6326(09)60084-4

6f123a5c901e34bdc56d6e9bed142a8c

http%3A%2F%2Fen.cnki.com.cn%2FArticle_en%2FCJFDTOTAL-DQXK200903001.htm

http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-DQXK200903001.htmThis paper explores the modulation of quasi-biweekly oscillation(QBWO) on tropical cyclogenesis over the western North Pacific(WNP),using the Japanese reanalysis(JRA) daily data,NOAA/NCEP data and tropical cyclones(TCs) dataset obtained from the Joint Typhoon Warming Center.Through the classification of four phases,the composites indicate that the zonal wind and convective activity on 10-20-day scale propagate northwestward.During phases 1 and 4,the number and the occurrence probability of the TCs are lower.In contrast,the number of the TCs is relatively large and the occurrence probability of the TCs is higher during phases 2 and 3.Moreover,during phase 3,the number of the TCs landing in China is largest.From phases 1 to 4,the location of monsoon trough shifts westward over the WNP.The westward-propagating synoptic-scale disturbances due to the convergence of zonal wind on the eastern flank of the monsoon trough over the WNP are prone to translating to TD-type(tropical depression-type) disturbances,which is favorable for developing into TC by means of kinetic energy conversion from basic state in the monsoon trough.

Wheeler M. C., H. H. Hendon, 2004: An all-season real-time multivariate MJO index: Development of an index for monitoring and prediction. Mon. Wea. Rev., 132, 1917- 1932.10.1175/1520-0493(2004)1322.0.CO;2

ff3949520e2db3649691459062f6df4d

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2004mwrv..132.1917w

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004mwrv..132.1917wAbstract A seasonally independent index for monitoring the Madden-ulian oscillation (MJO) is described. It is based on a pair of empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) of the combined fields of near-equatorially averaged 850-hPa zonal wind, 200-hPa zonal wind, and satellite-observed outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) data. Projection of the daily observed data onto the multiple-variable EOFs, with the annual cycle and components of interannual variability removed, yields principal component (PC) time series that vary mostly on the intraseasonal time scale of the MJO only. This projection thus serves as an effective filter for the MJO without the need for conventional time filtering, making the PC time series an effective index for real-time use. The pair of PC time series that form the index are called the Real-time Multivariate MJO series 1 (RMM1) and 2 (RMM2). The properties of the RMM series and the spatial patterns of atmospheric variability they capture are explored. Despite the fact that RMM1 and RMM...

Wu L., J. Liang, and C.-C. Wu, 2011: Monsoonal Influence on Typhoon Morakot (2009). Part I: Observational Analysis. J. Atmos. Sci., 68, 2208- 2221.10.1175/2011JAS3730.1

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http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2011JAtS...68.2208W

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JAtS...68.2208WTyphoon Morakot made landfall on Taiwan with a record rainfall of 3031.5 mm during 6-13 August 2009. While previous studies have emphasized the influence of southwesterly winds associated with intraseasonal oscillations and monsoon surges on moisture supply, the interaction between Morakot and low-frequency monsoon flows and the resulting influence on the slow movement and asymmetric precipitation structure of the typhoon were examined observationally. Embedded in multi-time-scale monsoonal flows. Morakot generally moved westward prior to its landfall on Taiwan and underwent a coalescence process first with a cyclonic gyre on the quasi-biweekly oscillation time scale and then with a cyclonic gyre on the Madden-Julian oscillation time scale. The coalescence enhanced the synoptic-scale southwesterly winds of Morakot and thus decreased its westward movement and turned the track northward, leading to an unusually long residence time in the vicinity of Taiwan. The resulting slow movement and collocation with the low-frequency gyres also maintained the major rainfall in southern Taiwan because the low-frequency flows played an important role in enhancing the winds on the southern side, especially during 6-9 August 2009. In addition to the lifting effect of the Taiwan terrain and the moisture supply associated with monsoon flows, the study suggests that the monsoonal influence maintained the major rainfall area in southern Taiwan through reducing the translation speed, shifting Morakot northward, and enhancing the low-frequency flows on the southern side of the typhoon. Since the enhanced low-frequency flows did not shift northward with the movement of Morakot, its primary rainfall expanded outward with time as the typhoon center moved northwestward after its landfall on Taiwan.

Wu L., J. Duan, 2015: Extended simulation of tropical cyclone formation in the western North Pacific monsoon trough. J. Atmos. Sci., 72, 4469- 4485.10.1175/JAS-D-14-0375.1

fde9587710ea1d84c4464360573ebaf7

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2015JAtS...72.4469W

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JAtS...72.4469WAbstractPrevious studies suggest that the low-frequency background makes an important contribution to the predictability of tropical cyclone (TC) activity on the intraseasonal time scale by providing large-scale conditions favorable for TC formation. Extended numerical experiments were conducted to demonstrate additional low-frequency influence on TC activity, which results from the development of a synoptic-scale wave train. The cyclonic circulation of the wave train provides low-level synoptic-scale disturbances for TC formation.The observed TC formation events over the western North Pacific during 14 August to 10 September 2004 were first successfully simulated with the initial and lateral conditions derived from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Final (FNL) Operational Global Analysis. Then the 27-day extended experiment was repeated only with the initial and lateral boundary conditions derived from the FNL low-frequency (longer than 20 days) background. It is found that the dev...

Yasunari T., 1979: Cloudiness fluctuations associated with the northern hemisphere summer monsoon. J. Meteor. Soc.Japan, 57, 227- 242.1ed18e95e9491edb8fc3e6e9a31cde65

http%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F266375479_Cloudiness_fluctuations_associated_with_the_northern_hemisphere_summer_monsoon

http://www.researchgate.net/publication/266375479_Cloudiness_fluctuations_associated_with_the_northern_hemisphere_summer_monsoonABSTRACT The broad-scale fluctuations of cloudiness over the Eastern Hemisphere during the northern summer monsoon were investigated by using daily satellite mosaic pictures taken from June 1 to September 30, 1973. Spectral analysis revealed two dominant periodicities, of around 40 days and around 15 days. Cross-spectral, time-sectional, time-lag correlation and phase-lag vector analysis were applied to reveal the characteristics of these two modes in the time-space field. The fluctuation of 40-day period shows marked northward movement of cloudiness from the equatorial zone to the mid-latitudes (around 30 * E) over the whole Asian monsoon area, and southward movement over Africa and the central Pacific. The northward move-ment is most apparent over the India-Indian Ocean sector. The fluctuation of this mode is associated with the major "active"-"break" cycle of the monsoon over the whole Asian monsoon area. The fluctuation of 15-day period shows similar features to that of 40-day period, but includes two clockwise rotations, one over India and Southeast Asia and the other over the western Pacific. A southward movement from the equatorial zone to the Southern Hemisphere middle latitudes is also prominent to the east and west of Australia. The fluctuation of this mode seems to correspond with the movements of equatorial, monsoon (or tropical), and westerly disturbances. It is also suggested that the fluctuation of 40-day period may be closely connected with the global-scale zonal oscillation in the equatorial zone and that of 15-day period may exist as a result of meridional wave interactions.

Yoshida R., H. Ishikawa, 2013: Environmental factors contributing to tropical cyclone genesis over the western North Pacific. Mon. Wea. Rev., 141, 451- 467.10.1175/MWR-D-11-00309.1

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http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2013MWRv..141..451Y

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013MWRv..141..451YNot Available

Yoshida R., Y. Kajikawa, and H. Ishikawa, 2014: Impact of boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation on environment of tropical cyclone genesis over the Western North Pacific. SOLA, 10, 15- 18.10.2151/sola.2014-004

f31fcf92b84e87013e1452d55f666779

http%3A%2F%2Fci.nii.ac.jp%2Fnaid%2F130004448381

http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/130004448381ABSTRACT The impact of intraseasonal oscillation on tropical cyclone genesis (TCG) over the western North Pacific during boreal summer was examined in association with categorized synoptic-scale low-level flow patterns. Five synoptic-scale flow patterns were considered as synoptic-scale environment connecting the large-scale intraseasonal oscillation and meso-scale TCG: a shear line, a confluence region, an easterly wave, a monsoon gyre, and a pre-existing tropical cyclone. The phase and amplitude of the boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation (BSISO) were used. It is found that the phase 7 was favorable for TCG associated with the shear line, and the phases 7 and 8 were also favorable for TCG associated with the confluence region. During the favorable phases for each flow pattern associated with TCG, the BSISO affected the large-scale zonal wind distribution, and the large-scale zonal wind forms synoptic-scale flow patterns over the suitable environment for TCG. The link between the intraseasonal oscillation and synoptic-scale flow patterns is an important factor in TCG.

Zhang Q., Q. Liu, and L. Q. Wu, 2009: Tropical cyclone damages in China 1983-2006. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 90, 489- 495.10.1175/2008BAMS2631.1

2a4db01a52380d08715ffaa06781a7e4

http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cabdirect.org%2Fabstracts%2F20093158281.html

http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/20093158281.htmlBased on damage records released by the Department of Civil Affairs of China, direct economic losses and casualties associated with tropical cyclones that made landfall over China during 1983-2006 are examined. In an average year, landfalling tropical cyclones cause 472 deaths and 28.7 billion yuans (2006 RMB) in direct economic losses, accounting for 0.38% of the annual total gross domestic pr...

Zhao H. K., L. G. Wu, 2014: Inter-decadal shift of the prevailing tropical cyclone tracks over the western North Pacific and its mechanism study. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 125, 89- 101.10.1007/s00703-014-0322-8

ec5b2727e7cdbc11d8dc8a1e3b2f7593

http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs00703-014-0322-8

http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00703-014-0322-8On the basis of observations and results from the combination of a statistical formation model and a trajectory model, the inter-decadal shift of prevailing TC tracks in the western North Pacific (WNP) are examined. The contributions of the changes in large-scale steering flows and tropical cyclone (TC) formation locations to the observed inter-decadal shift are investigated and their relative importance is determined. This study focuses on two periods, 1965-1986 (ID1) and 1987-2010 (ID2), which are determined based on the abrupt change of the annual category 4 and 5 TC frequency derived from the Bayesian change-point detection analysis. It is found that the models can well simulate the primary features of prevailing TC tracks on the inter-decadal timescale. From ID1 to ID2, a significant decrease in the frequency of TC occurrences is observed over the central South China Sea and well simulated by the models. Areas with a remarkable increase in the TC frequency, which extends from the Philippine Sea to the eastern coast of China and in the west of the WNP basin, are also reasonably simulated. Above changes in the prevailing TC tracks are attributed to (1) intensified cyclonic circulation centered over the western part of China and (2) more westward-southward expansion and intensification of the subtropical high over the WNP. Further analysis reveals that the inter-decadal shift in prevailing TC tracks is mainly resulted from the combined effects of changes in large-scale steering flows and TC formation locations. Although both contribute to the inter-decadal shift in the prevailing TC tracks, changes in large-scale steering flows play a more important role compared to changes in TC formation locations.

Zhao H. K., C. Z. Wang, 2015: Interdecadal modulation on the relationship between ENSO and typhoon activity during the late season in the Western North Pacific. Climate Dyn., doi: 10.1007/s00382-015-2837-1.10.1007/s00382-015-2837-1

45b88c18f5ba07b5d232ec3c80fef36f

http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2Fs00382-015-2837-1

http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00382-015-2837-1The present study identifies an interdecadal modulation of the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) on the relationship between El Nino-Southern oscillation (ENSO) and typhoon activity during the late season (October-December) in the western North Pacific. The PDO is uncorrelated with ENSO during the warm phase of 1979-1997, while the PDO is positively correlated with ENSO during the cold phase of 1998-2012. Further analyses show that the warm phase is associated with the reduced ENSO-typhoon activity relationship and more typhoons, whereas the cold phase is corresponded to the enhanced ENSO-typhoon activity relationship and fewer typhoons. These variations are mainly manifested by a significant difference of typhoon activity in the southeastern part of the western North Pacific. Moreover, the change of ENSO-typhoon relationship is largely due to changes in large-scale environmental conditions especially from low-level vorticity and vertical wind shear between the two phases, which are related to the changes in tropical Indo-Pacific sea surface temperature. The study implies that the phase of the PDO should be taken into account when ENSO is used as a predictor for predicting typhoon activity in the western North Pacific.

Zhao H. K., L. G. Wu, and W. C. Zhou, 2010: Assessing the influence of the ENSO on tropical cyclone prevailing tracks in the western North Pacific. Adv. Atmos. Sci.,27(6), 1361-1371, doi: 10.1007/s00376-010-9161-9.10.1007/s00376-010-9161-9

4de0053304f5dc937f96a235425bc874

http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ams.org%2Fmathscinet-getitem%3Fmr%3D2243122

http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical_dqkxjz-e201006012.aspxUsing a statistical model for simulating tropical cyclone （TC） formation and a trajectory model for simulating TC tracks, the influence of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation （ENSO） on the peak-season （July-September） TC prevailing tracks in the western North Pacific basin is assessed based on 14 selected El Nino and 14 selected La Nina years during the period 1950-2007. It is found that the combination of statistical formation model and a trajectory model can simulate well the primary features of TC prevailing tracks on the interannual timescale. In the El Nino years, the significant enhancement of TC activity primarily occurs south of 20°N, especially east of 130°E. TCs that take the northwestward prevailing track and affect East Asia, including Taiwan Island, the Chinese mainland, Korea, and Japan, tend to move more westward in the El Nino years, while taking a more northward track in the La Nina years. Numerical simulations confirm that the ENSO-related changes in large-scale steering flows and TC formation locations can have a considerable influence on TC prevailing tracks.

Zhao H. K., L. G. Wu, and W. C. Zhou, 2011: Interannual changes of tropical cyclone intensity in the western north Pacific. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan,89(3), 243-253, doi: 10.2151/jmsj.2011-305.10.2151/jmsj.2011-305

c925b66825ff413aac105baebab1e96f

http%3A%2F%2Fci.nii.ac.jp%2Fnaid%2F40018855001

http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/40018855001The individual contributions of changes in sea surface temperature(SST),vertical wind shear and tropical cyclone(TC) tracks to the interannual TC intensity change in the western North Pacific(WNP) basin are examined based on the selected 7 warm years and 7 cold years during the period 1970-2007.The selected warm and cold years are defined by the Nino-3.4 SST anomalies index,corresponding to the El Ni o and La Ni a events,respectively.The intensity model used in this study can simulate the spatial distribution and differences of TC intensity when the model is integrated along the observed TC tracks in the warm and cold years.It is found that the change of TC tracks plays a dominant role in the observed TC intensity difference between the warm and cold years.During the warm years,TC formation is enhanced in the southeast quadrant,and more TCs take a northwestward track during the warm years than during the cold years because of the interannual change in the large-scalesteering flows.As a result,more TCs have longer time for intensification and develop into intense TCs during the warm years than during the cold years.

Zhao H. K., L. G. Wu, and R. F. Wang, 2014: Decadal variations of intense tropical cyclones over the western North Pacific during 1948-2010. Adv. Atmos. Sci.,31(2), 57-65, doi: 10.1007/s00376-013-3011-5.10.1007/s00376-013-3011-5

9e8dfaea731895442aacbf74c9e6b7e0

http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnki.com.cn%2FArticle%2FCJFDTotal-DQJZ201401007.htm

http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical_dqkxjz-e201401007.aspxUsing Joint Warning Typhoon Center(JTWC) best track data during the period 1948–2010, decadal and interdecadal changes of annual category 4 and 5 tropical cyclone(TC) frequency in the western North Pacific basin were examined. By allowing all of the observed TCs in the JTWC dataset to move along the observed TC tracks in a TC intensity model, the annual category 4 and 5 TC frequency was simulated. The results agreed well with observations when the TC intensity prior to 1973 was adjusted based on time-dependent biases due to changes in measurement and reporting practices. The simulated and adjusted time series showed significant decadal(12–18 years) variability, while the interdecadal(18–32 years) variability was found to be statistically insignificant. Numerical simulations indicated that changes in TC tracks are the most important factor for the decadal variability in the category 4 and 5 TC frequency in the western North Pacific basin, while a combined effect of changes in SST and vertical wind shear also contributes to the decadal variability. Further analysis suggested that the active phase of category 4 and 5 TCs is closely associated with an eastward shift in the TC formation locations, which allows more TCs to follow a longer journey, favoring the development of category 4 and 5 TCs. The active phase corresponds with the SST warming over the tropical central and eastern Pacific and the eastward extension of the monsoon trough, thus leading to the eastward shift in TC formation locations.

Zhao H. K., X. A. Jiang, and L. G. Wu, 2015a: Modulation of Northwest Pacific tropical cyclone genesis by the intraseasonal variability. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan,93(2), 81-97, doi: 10.2151/jmsj.2015-006.10.2151/jmsj.2015-006

c97a9e2ebc7615c4c27e5d3c56b3f162

http%3A%2F%2Fci.nii.ac.jp%2Fnaid%2F130004788806

http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/130004788806The modulation of tropical cyclone (TC) genesis over the western North Pacific (WNP) by the intraseasonal variability (ISV) is investigated in this study. The two leading ISV modes, i.e., the 40-day Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO) and the 16-day quasi-biweekly oscillation, are found to exert significant impacts on TC genesis over the WNP. A majority of TC geneses over the WNP is found to occur during the period when both the modes are active, suggesting a joint influence of the two modes on TC genesis over the WNP. -he modulation of TC genesis over the WNP by the two leading ISV modes can be well depicted by the genesis potential index (GPI). Contributions of the four terms to the total GPI anomalies are further analyzed to determine the key factors involved in modulations of TC genesis by both of the ISV modes. Results indicate that while, in general, the low-level absolute vorticity and the mid-level relative humidity are the two most important factors affecting WNP TC genesis, relative roles of the four GPI factors also tend to be dependent on the ISV phases. This study provides further understanding of the ISV modulation of WNP TC genesis, which could benefit the intraseasonal prediction of the TC activity.

Zhao H. K., R. Yoshida, and G. B. Raga, 2015b: Impact of the madden-Julian oscillation on Western North Pacific tropical cyclogenesis associated with large-scale patterns. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology,54, 1423-1429, doi: 10.1175/JAMC-D-14-0254.1.10.1175/JAMC-D-14-0254.1

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http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2015JApMC..54.1413Z

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JApMC..54.1413ZNot Available

Zhao H. K., X. A. Jiang, and L. G. Wu, 2016: Boreal summer synoptic-scale waves over the western North Pacific in multimodel simulations. J.Climate, doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0696.10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0696.1

53cb537b1e6c031cca7c0a9e49ad1890

http%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F299500831_Boreal_Summer_Synoptic-Scale_Waves_over_the_Western_North_Pacific_in_Multi-model_Simulations

http://www.researchgate.net/publication/299500831_Boreal_Summer_Synoptic-Scale_Waves_over_the_Western_North_Pacific_in_Multi-model_Simulations

Zhou C. H., T. Li, 2010: Upscale feedback of tropical synoptic variability to intraseasonal oscillations through the nonlinear rectification of the surface latent heat flux. J.Climate, 23, 5738- 5754.10.1175/2010JCLI3468.1

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http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cabdirect.org%2Fabstracts%2F20103379136.html

http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/20103379136.htmlABSTRACT Analysis of observational data suggests two-way interactions between the tropical intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) and synoptic-scale variability (SSV). On one hand, SSV is strongly modulated by the ISO; that is, a strengthened (weakened) SSV appears during the enhanced (suppressed) ISO phase. The northwest- southeast-oriented synoptic wave train is strengthened and well organized in the northwestern Pacific during the enhanced ISO phase but weakened during the suppressed ISO phase. On the other hand, SSV may exert an upscale feedback to ISO through the nonlinearly rectified surface latent heat flux (LHF). The maximum synoptic contribution exceeds 20%-30% of the total intraseasonal LHF over the tropical Indian Ocean, western Pacific, and northeastern Pacific. The nonlinearly rectified LHF leads the ISO convection and boundary layer specific humidity, and thus it may contribute to the propagation of the ISO in boreal summer through the preconditioning of the surface moisture and moist static energy ahead of the convection.