doi:10.1007/s00376-016-6118-7

Boos W. R., Z. M. Kuang, 2010: Dominant control of the South Asian monsoon by orographic insulation versus plateau heating. Nature, 463( 7278), 218- 222.10.1038/nature08707

20075917

904464c9510fc5093d645e7febe9b3ae

http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fabstractpagefinder%2F10.1038%2Fnature08707

http://med.wanfangdata.com.cn/Paper/Detail/PeriodicalPaper_PM20075917The Tibetan plateau, like any landmass, emits energy into the atmosphere in the form of dry heat and water vapour, but its mean surface elevation is more than 5 km above sea level. This elevation is widely held to cause the plateau to serve as a heat source that drives the South Asian summer monsoon, potentially coupling uplift of the plateau to climate changes on geologic timescales. Observati...

Chen B., X.-D. Xu, S. Yang, and W. Zhang, 2012: On the origin and destination of atmospheric moisture and air mass over the Tibetan Plateau. Theor. Appl. Climatol., 110, 423- 435.10.1007/s00704-012-0641-y

02aab151f4eb993d551c72e793db7ee3

http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs00704-012-0641-y

http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00704-012-0641-yThe Tibet Plateau (TP) is a key region that imposes profound impacts on the atmospheric water cycle and energy budget of Asia, even the global climate. In this work, we develop a climatology of origin

Chen B., X.-D. Xu, and T. L. Zhao, 2013: Main moisture sources affecting lower Yangtze River Basin in boreal summers during 2004-2009. Int. J. Climatol., 33, 1035- 1046.10.1002/joc.3495

ecf5a4e62bfdf2d39e2f60040e52d163

http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fjoc.3495%2Ffull

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/joc.3495/fullThis study presented a quantitative climatology of atmospheric moisture affecting the Yangtze River Basin (YRB) region in boreal summer season, as well as the spatial evolution of atmospheric moisture passage towards the target regions. A three‐dimensional Lagrangian particle dispersion model FLEXPART was driven by the National Centers for Environmental Prediction Final Operational Global Analysis data combined with a backtracking scheme, and the transport contributions to the moisture budget over the YRB region was identified through the continuous calculation of changes in specific humidity along the FLEXPART back trajectories of all air masses residing over this region for a period of six summers of year 2004–2009. The back trajectory analysis revealed four major moisture sources contributed to the YRB summer water vapour with different transport timescales: the East China Sea (17.5%), South China Sea (26.6%), Indian peninsula and the Bay of Bengal (20.5%) and Arabian Sea (13.6%). The properties of moisture sources and its transport processes are dominated by the Asian Summer Monsoon regimes. The Tibetan Plateau also acts as an effective barrier for the meridional moisture transport, leading to distinct moisture sinks at the southern slope. In contrast to the previous results, the tropical western Pacific only plays a minor role in the water vapour contributors. The importance of the four source areas varies over the summer: East and South China Sea sources persist throughout the summer, whereas the Indian peninsula, the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea sources reach the strongest moisture supply to the YRB region only in high summer (July), showing a close association with the March of Asian monsoon. The further evaluation shows that the inter‐annual variability of precipitation over YRB is strongly related to the moisture sources in the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea. Copyright 08 2012 Royal Meteorological Society

Chen L.X., E. R. Reiter, and Z. Q. Feng, 1985: The atmospheric heat source over the Tibetan Plateau: may-august 1979. Mon. Wea. Rev., 113( 10), 1771- 1790.10.1175/1520-0493(1985)1132.0.CO;2

c9198782cfda56e2d1712e4d53801307

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F1985MWRv..113.1771C

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985MWRv..113.1771CNot Available

Chen S. X., 1982: The definition and index of summer monsoon in the south of China. Chinese Tropical Geography, 2( 2), 10- 14. (in Chinese)

Chow K. C., H. W. Tong, and J. C. L. Chan, 2008: Water vapor sources associated with the early summer precipitation over China. Climate Dyn., 30, 497- 517.10.1007/s00382-007-0301-6

865dac28d3977f38cbafc080b045c9b9

http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs00382-007-0301-6

http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-007-0301-6This study investigates the water vapor sources for the early summer precipitation over China in association with the Asian summer monsoon, based on the sensitivity experiments performed by a regional climate model for the year 1998. It is found that the northern South China Sea (NSCS) is an important region for the early summer precipitation over China, particularly the south China region. The evaporative water vapor flux or sea surface temperature over the NSCS could significantly affect the southwesterly water vapor transport towards the NSCS. This in turn may significantly change the water vapor transport from the NSCS to China and so changes the precipitation there. The results of the experiments also show that the precipitation over China does not particularly depend on the water vapor transports from some distant sources by the large-scale flows. Most of the required water vapor could be obtained from the ocean within the monsoon region. The results suggest that the water vapor transport over China is basically a combination of the southeasterly water vapor transport associated with the north Western Pacific subtropical high and the southwesterly water vapor transport associated with the Indian summer monsoon. Without the latter, the early summer precipitation over China could be reduced by up to half of the original amount.

Gao G. D., P. M. Zhai, 1993: Water vapour transport during two wet/drought summers over the Yangtze river valley. Advances in Water Science, 4, 10- 16. (in Chinese)60f4a50768731a7f9f1d1fc2cbb4b45c

http%3A%2F%2Fen.cnki.com.cn%2FArticle_en%2FCJFDTotal-SKXJ199301001.htm

http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-SKXJ199301001.htmBased on the radiosonde data observed two times a day for 125 stations in China, the total transport, eddy transport and divergence fields of water vapour are calculated and analyzed for the whole atmospheric layer over the Yangze River Valley during two typical wet/drough summers (1980/1985), when there were three currents that carried water vapour steadily from the southwest, northwest and southeast respectively, and then joined together over the Yangtze River Valley, high precipitation would appear near a convergence belt, yielding floods and water-loggings. On the other hand, during drought period, the three currents are weak and unstable, so that the condition of convergence belt formation cannot be met. Eddy transport also has similar feature. Water vapour transport due to a strong and stable current from the southwest, is a main source of precipitation.

Guan Z. Y., J. Han, and M. G. Li, 2011: Circulation patterns of regional mean daily precipitation extremes and their linear trends over the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River during boreal summer. Climate Research, 50, 171- 185.10.3354/cr01045

39186021f734d8b30e3f0d53c7a9d5e0

http%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F274419772_Circulation_patterns_of_regional_mean_daily_precipitation_extremes_over_the_middle_and_lower_reaches_of_the_Yangtze_River_during_the_boreal_summer

http://www.researchgate.net/publication/274419772_Circulation_patterns_of_regional_mean_daily_precipitation_extremes_over_the_middle_and_lower_reaches_of_the_Yangtze_River_during_the_boreal_summerABSTRACT By employing the composite analysis and using daily data from the National Center for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis and precipitation records at 743 stations in China, the anomalous circulation patterns for the regional mean daily precipitation extreme (DPE) events over the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River (MLRYR) in June, July and August of the boreal summer during the period from 1979 to 2008 were investigated. This analysis determined that there have been 93 DPE events in the past 30 yr. Two types of anomalous circulation patterns were revealed in association with these DPE events. A Type I circulation pattern demonstrates an anomalous cyclone over MLRYR and an anomalous anticyclone in the South China Sea (SCS) and tropical northwestern Pacific Ocean (NWP) in the lower troposphere. An anomalous anticyclone in the upper troposphere exists in the region south of the MLRYR. The water vapor is transported not only from the Bay of Bengal, the SCS and the NWP, but also from areas northwest of the MLRYR. The apparent heating anomalies are favorable for intensifying the anomalous vertical meridional circulations in East Asia. The pattern of sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) in the Indo-Pacific sector looks similar to the SSTA pattern during the maturing and decaying phases of El Nino episodes. Of the 93 DPE events 16 were induced by a Type II circulation pattern. This pattern looks largely different from the Type I pattern in aspects of distributions of anomalous winds, divergence, water vapor sources, thermal forcings and SSTAs. These results will help us understand the occurrences of DPE events in the MLRYR.

Hu G. Q., Y. H. Ding, 2003: A study on the energy and water cycles over Changjiang-Huaihe river basins during the 1991 heavy rain periods. Acta Meteorologica Sinica, 61( 3), 146- 163. (in Chinese)10.1007/BF02948883

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http%3A%2F%2Fen.cnki.com.cn%2FArticle_en%2FCJFDTOTAL-QXXB200302001.htm

http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-QXXB200302001.htmAfter analysis of the global water vapor background during the 1991 heavy rain over Changjiang-Huaihe (Jianghuai) River Basins (simply called JRB), the energy and water budgets over the JRB heavy rain region are given attention, and main conclusions are gotten as follows: (1)The mechanism of water vapor transport is that, on one side, plentiful water vapor in stationary eddy mode transports to JRB from Bengal Bay and South China Sea, on the other side, the JRB moisture transports to north in transient eddy mode which may be related to meso- scale and meso- scale systems occurring frequently in JRB, and they make part of the JRB plentiful moisture influx drop in precipitation and the others transport to high latitude region (lesser moisture region) in order to maintain the global water vapor balance. (2)During the rainfall, the local evaporation term is very important in the water vapor supplies and recycles, which is 1/3-1/2 of the precipitation. This is the same as in 1998. (3)During the rainfall, the water vapor comes mostly from the southern and western boundaries of the heavy rain region. When the rainfall is strong, inflow of water vapor from the south is stronger than from the west, and the reverse is true in a weak rainfall event. The outflows of water vapor go through the eastern and northern boundaries and mainly the east. Both inflow and outflow of water vapor happen principally in the low and middle layers. (4)During the five rainfall processes, the big value regions of the apparent heat source and the apparent moisture sink correspond to the strong precipitation regions, indicating that the water vapor condensation is the main effect in the air heating. During the whole Meiyu period, it is mainly convection precipitation which is stronger and stronger with the season moving. In the rainfall, vertical ascending motion occurs and when the rainfall is stronger the vertical ascending motion is stronger with higher level ascending center, and these are related to the positive feedback between the release of cumulus condensation and vertical ascending motion.

Jian M. Q., H. B. Luo, 2001: Daily variation of heat sources over the eastern Qinghai-Xizang plateau and surrounding areas and their relationship to the circulation over the Tibetan Plateau. Plateau Meteorology, 21( 2), 25- 30. (in Chinese with English abstract)d5c360b8be036ca390c507c206b2f0c6

http%3A%2F%2Fen.cnki.com.cn%2FArticle_en%2FCJFDTotal-GYQX200201004.htm

http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-GYQX200201004.htmUsing the twice daily routine rawinsonde data in the domain 90°～130°E, -5°～45°N from 1 May to 31 August 1998, the heat source and moisture sink are computed, and the diurnal variation characteristics of heat sources and moisture sinks and their relationship to the circulation over the eastern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau are analyzed. The results show that the heat sources over thearea from Indo-China peninsula to the eastern Plateau are stronger at 12:00 than at 00:00, while the heat sources over the area from the central South China Sea to the central China are strong at 00:00, but weak at 12:00. The moisture sink has a similar diurnal variation to the heat source. The ascending motion over the eastern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau becomes stronger significantly in the evening and the local meridional monsoon circulation also intensifies. Meanwhile, the ascending motion over the middle reaches of Yangtze river at 00:00 becomes weaker and turns to descending motion in the evening. Thus a local thermal diurnal zonal circulation exists with the up branch over the eastern Plateau and the down branch over the middle reaches of Yangtze river. The heavy rainfall in summer, leading to a flooding disaster, occurmainly early in the morning.

Jin Z. H., 1981: The budget of moisture in the summer of 1979 in China South Sea. The Tropical Summer Monsoon Conference. Yunnan People Press, 151- 164. (in Chinese)

Li J. P., 2012: The study of characteristics, circulation situation and vapor track of low vortex on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. PhD dissertation, Lanzhou University, 31- 47. (in Chinese)

Liu Y. Y., Y. H. Ding, 2009: Influence of the western north Pacific summer monsoon on summer rainfall over the Yangtze River Basin. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 33( 6), 1225- 1237. (in Chinese with English abstract)10.1016/S1003-6326(09)60084-4

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http%3A%2F%2Fen.cnki.com.cn%2FArticle_en%2FCJFDTOTAL-DQXK200906010.htm

http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-DQXK200906010.htmBased on the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis circulation data and the precipitation data from 1979 to 2005, the relationship between the western North Pacific summer monsoon (WNPSM) and the summer rainfall over the Yangtze River basin has been discussed from both time and space aspects by the analysis of the precipitation, atmospheric circulations, water vapor transport and intraseasonal oscillations in the summer monsoon period. The results show that: (1) There is a remarkable negative correlation between WNPSM and the precipitation over the Yangtze River basin. When the WNPSM strengthens, the western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) is abnormally northern and the southerly current along the western flank of WPSH is weaker than normal, which induces divergence of the low-level circulations anomalies and the water vapor transport anomalies over the Yangtze River basin, as a result, the precipitation over the Yangtze River basin is reduced. While in the weak WNPSM years, the WPSH is abnormally southern and western, and the strong southerly water vapor transport anomalies form in the Yangtze River basin and its southern area, which induces convergence of the southern and northern wind anomalies over the Yangtze River basin, the atmospheric ascending motion over it is exceptionally active, which is favorable for the precipitation over the Yangtze River basin.(2) The East Asian local Hadley circulation also displays obvious distinctions in the strong and weak monsoon years. When the WNPSM is strong, the local Hadley circulation in East Asia is quite weak, with the anomalous subsidence occurring over the Yangtze River Basin, which makes the rainfall over the Yangtze River basin decline, while the situation is just the opposite in the weak monsoon years.(3) There is a significant climatological intraseasonal oscillation (CISO) in the WNPSM region. In the period of the weak WNPSM, the Yangtze River rainfall is simultaneously influenced by the westerly CISO from the tropical western Pacific and the easterly CISO from the tropical Indian Ocean together, which gives rise to more rainfall than normal there. In the strong monsoon years, however, only the westward propagating CISO from the western Pacific exerts impact on the Yangtze River basin, so it is not easy to stimulate the precipitation.

Shen R. G., G. S. Huang, 1981: The relation between circulation of tropical summer monsoon and water vapor transport in the south of China. The Tropical Summer Monsoon Conference. Yunnan People Press, 116- 128. (in Chinese)

Tao S. Y., 1980: Heavy Rainfalls in China. Science Press, 225 pp. (in Chinese)

Tao S. Y., 1987: A review of recent research on the East Asian summer monsoon in China. Monsoon Meteorology, C. P. Chang, and T. N. Krishnamuti, Eds., Oxford University Press, 60- 92.7a7cf2cfdb1d11184ad32b44ecf07d62

http%3A%2F%2Fci.nii.ac.jp%2Fnaid%2F10012388648

http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/10012388648A review of recent research on the East Asian summer monsoon in China TAO S. Y. Monsoon Meteorology, 1987

Wang J. Q., S. P. Zheng, Y. Q. Cui, S. P. Xu, and W. G. Chen, 1991: An overview of the regional distribution of heavy rainfall in China. Hydrology, 1991( 3), 1- 7. (in Chinese)

Wu G. X., Y. S. Zhang, 1998: Tibetan Plateau forcing and the timing of the monsoon onset over south Asia and the South China Sea. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 913- 927.10.1175/1520-0493(1998)1262.0.CO;2

962b26850b5f2203cd21fef2c436af5f

http%3A%2F%2Fci.nii.ac.jp%2Fnaid%2F10013127342%2F

http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/10013127342/Observations were employed to study the thermal characteristics of the Tibetan Plateau and its neighboring regions, and their impacts on the onset of the Asian monsoon in 1989. Special attention was paid to the diagnosis of the temporal and spatial distributions of surface sensible and latent heat fluxes. Results show that the whole procedure of the outbreak of the Asian monsoon onset is composed of three consequential stages. The first is the monsoon onset over the eastern coast of the Bay of Bengal (BOB) in early May. It is followed by the onset of the East Asian monsoon over the South China Sea (SCS) by 20 May, then the onset of the South Asian monsoon over India by 10 June. It was shown that the onset of the BOB monsoon is directly linked to the thermal as well as mechanical forcing of the Tibetan Plateau. It then generates a favorable environment for the SCS monsoon onset. Afterward, as the whole flow pattern in tropical Asia shifts westward, the onset of the South Asian monsoon occurs. Finally, the timing of the onset of the Asian monsoon in 1989 was explored. It was shown that the onset of the Asian monsoon occurs when the warm or rising phase of different low-frequency oscillations reach the East Asian monsoon area (EAMA) concurrently. These include the warm phase of the eastward propagating two-to three-week oscillation (TTO) of the upper-layer temperature in middle latitudes, the rising phase of the northward propagating Madden-Julian oscillation of the southern tropical divergence, and the rising phase of the westward propagating TTO of the western Pacific divergence. It was concluded that the timing of the Asian monsoon onset is determined when the favorable phases of different low-frequency oscillations are locked over the EAMA.

Xu, X. D., Coauthors, 2002: A comprehensive physical pattern of land-air dynamic and thermal structure on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences, 45, 577- 594.10.3969/j.issn.1674-7313.2002.07.001

d00796fb74ca4de8966c373db7675975

http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1360%2F02yd9060

http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical_zgkx-ed200207001.aspxAccording to the boundary layer observations of three stations (Garze, Damxung and Qamdu) and relevant earth satellite, radiosonde and surface observations during the intensive observational period (IOP) of the second Tibetan (Qinghai-Xizang) Plateau Experiment of atmospheric science (TIPEX), the land-air physical process and dynamic model on the Tibetan Plateau were comprehensively analyzed in this study. The dynamic characteristics of boundary layer and the rules of turbulent motion on the plateau were illustrated. The characteristics of distributions of wind speed and direction with mutiple-layer structure and deep convective mixed layer on the plateau, the strong buoyancy effect in turbulent motion on the plateau on which the air density is obviously smaller than on the plain, and the Ekman spiral and its dynamic pump effect of the plateau deep boundary layer have been found. The local static distribution of water vapor and the horizontal advection of water vapor in the plateau boundary layer were studied. The abnomal thermodynamic structure on the plateau surface and boundary layer, including the plateau strong radiation phenomenon and strong heating source characteristics of the middle plateau, was also analyzed. The authors synthesized the above dynamic and thermodynamic structures of both surface and boundary layers on the plateau and posed the comprehensive physical model of the turbulence and convective mixture mechanism on the plateau boundary layer. The characteristics of formation, development and movement for convective cloud cluster over the plateau influencing floods in the Yangtze River area of China were studied. The conceptual model of dynamic and thermodynamic structures of turbulent motion and convective plume related to the frequent occurrence of "pop-corn-like" cloud system is given as well.

Xu X. D., L. S. Chen, 2006: Advances of the Study on Tibetan Plateau Experiment of Atmospheric Sciences. Journal of Applied Meteorological Science, 17( 6), 756- 772. (in Chinese)21d50eeb082a05a43f2af840ca33b5f6

http%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F288676075_Advances_of_the_study_on_Tibetan_Plateau_experiment_of_atmosphere_sciences

http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-YYQX200606012.htmA review of the research work on Tibetan Plateau for the recent 50 years is given.Especially,the important results for the first atmospheric science experiment on Tibetan Plateau in 1979(QXPMEX) and the second one in 1998(TIPEX) are suggested.It is found the long-frenquency oscillation which is inherent in Tibet Plateau tropospheric circulation and marked by out-ward propagation and the characteristics of Ekman spiral of PBL can be seen over Tibetan Plateau.The height of PBL is found to be as high as 2200 m over Tibetan Plateau,it is much higher than those in the plain areas.Dynamic and thermodynamic structures,as well as the characteristics of turbulence and convective clouds in the Plateau are discussed.A comprehensive physical pattern of convective structure of PBL is also given.It is found that under the condition of proper cloud cover,extremely high values of global solar radiation,effective radiation and surface net radiation are measured and the rain storm and flooding associated with the initial convective cloud system can be tracked to the Tibetan Plateau area.The regional impacts of heat source and heat sink associated with changes of the surface albedo over Tibetan Plateau are discussed.And the seasonal scale change of mid-long wave in the atmosphere is under the influence of the regional and seasonal change that is brought by the heat source and sink.The feedback of annual scale change of snow cover on the Tibetan Plateau is also emphasized in the research result,it shows that the planetary scale circulation on the Tibetan Plateau,the anomaly of SST and their interactions can be influenced by the snow cover.There are remarkable evolutions of the interactions of Tibetan Plateau and Asian monsoon.It is found that the availability of sensitive heat pump(SHAP) induces the abrupt air circulation from winter to summer and the South Asian High jump to the north,and maintains the period of the monsoon.It is found that Tibetan Plateau and its eastern areas "large triangle" are key areas for the transportation of water vapor flow.It is a very important rule to form the rain storm and the flooding in the Yangtze River during Meiyu period.The characteristics of matter transfer and ozone anomaly on Tibetan Plateau are found.There is a low value center of ozone on Tibetan Plateau in summer and the descending trend of ozone in Lhasa is notable than that of the east of China at the same latitude.Lhasa locates in the areas of ozone low value center.

Xu X. D., C. G. Lu, X. H. Shi, and S. T. Gao, 2008: World water tower: An atmospheric perspective. Geophys Res Lett,35(20), doi: 10.1029/2008GL035867.10.1029/2008GL035867

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http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1029%2F2008GL035867%2Ffull

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2008GL035867/fullA large amount of water is stored in the world's highest and largest plateau, the Tibetan Plateau, in the forms of glaciers, snowpacks, lakes, and rivers. It is vital to understand where these waters come from and whether the supply to these water resources has been experiencing any changes during recent global warming. Here we show the maintenance of water content in the atmosphere over the Tibetan Plateau, the atmospheric circulations and transports of water vapor to this part of the world, and the trend of the water vapor supply. The Tibetan Plateau serves as a role of ``the world water tower'', and its land-ocean-atmosphere interaction provides a profound impact on the global natural and climate environment. The analyses of a half-century time series of atmospheric water vapor, precipitation, and surface temperature indicate that the atmospheric supply to this water tower presents an increasing trend under recent global warming condition.

Xu X. D., X. H. Shi, and C. G. Lu, 2012: Theory and Application for Warning and Prediction of Disastrous Weather Downstream from the Tibetan Plateau. Environmental Science,Engineering and Technology Series. Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 111 pp.9d391cec33de1837eddfccd533aaf108

http%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F288432627_Theory_and_application_for_warning_and_prediction_of_disastrous_weather_downstream_from_the_Tibetan_Plateau

http://www.researchgate.net/publication/288432627_Theory_and_application_for_warning_and_prediction_of_disastrous_weather_downstream_from_the_Tibetan_PlateauThe dramatic rise of the Tibetan Plateau's land surface exerts a particular thermal and mechanical force on air flows above and surrounding this highland, which gives rise to many unique weather patterns and climate environments. A case in point is the Asian summer monsoon, the largest monsoonal system on Earth. Apart from its special role in the Asian summer monsoon, the Tibetan Plateau also imposes significant influences on global and regional weather and climate systems. This book unravels several aspects of land-water-atmosphere interaction over the plateau, and describes most recent advances in scientific research and technological developments related to the Tibetan Plateau.

Xu X. D., C. G. Lu, Y. H. Ding, X. H. Shi, Y. D. Guo, and W. H. Zhu, 2013: What is the relationship between China summer precipitation and the change of apparent heat source over the Tibetan Plateau. Atmospheric Science Letters, 14( 5), 227- 234.10.1002/asl2.444

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http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fasl2.444%2Ffull

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/asl2.444/fullAbstract Top of page Abstract 1.Introduction 2.Data and data quality control 3.Anomalies and long-term trends in spring heating over the Tibetan Plateau 4.Anomalous patterns in China summer precipitation 5.Change of monsoonal moisture transport in response to anomalous heating over the Tibetan Plateau 6.Long-term trend of precipitation distribution over China 7.Conclusion and discussions Acknowledgements References It is well documented that the East Asian summer monsoon has been experiencing a steady weakening trend in recent decades. Because the Asian summer monsoon (including both East Asian monsoon and South Asian monsoon) is the largest and most pronounced monsoonal system in the world, its change in strength may exert a profound impact on global weather and climate systems, especially on the rainfall pattern in South and East Asia. On the other hand, as a vast elevated landmass, the Tibetan Plateau forms a huge heat source protruding into the free atmosphere. Setting against the backdrop of global climate change, whether or not does the change of this heating affect the change of Asian summer monsoon and thus rainfall distribution? Here we show that the apparent heat source over the Tibetan Plateau is closely correlated with the East Asian summer monsoonal circulation, and that the weakening of the East Asian summer monsoon is closely associated with the decreasing trend of the Tibetan Plateau apparent heat source. Further analysis indicates that the change of rainfall pattern in China in recent decades is consistent with the decreasing of the East Asian summer monsoon .

Yanai M., C. F. Li, and Z. S. Song, 1992: Seasonal heating of the Tibetan Plateau and its effects on the evolution of the Asian summer monsoon. J. Meteor. Soc.Japan, 70( 1B), 319- 351.10.1175/1520-0469(1992)049<0256:PAPIAP>2.0.CO;2

05428d0802b7cc6c4be6e6800db6178a

http%3A%2F%2Fci.nii.ac.jp%2Fnaid%2F40000634880

http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/40000634880Using the objectively analyzed FGGE II-b upper-air data, the large-scale circulation, heat sources and moisture sinks over the Tibetan Plateau and surrounding areas are examined for a 9-month period from December 1978 to August 1979. In addition to the FGGE data, special soundings obtained during the Chinese Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau Meteorological Experiment (QXPMEX) from May to August 1979 are also used in the objective analyses. The evolution of the large-scale flow patterns, temperature, outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) and vertical circulation is described in order to identify the distinct seasonal changes from winter to summer that lead to the onset of the Asian summer monsoon. The Tibetan Plateau maintains a large-scale thermally driven vertical circulation which is originally separated from the planetary-scale monsoon system. The rising motion exists only on the western Plateau in winter and then spreads to the whole Plateau as the season progresses. The monsoon onset over Asia is an interaction process between the Plateau-induced circulation and the circulation associated with the principal rainbelt migrating northward. During winter the Plateau is a heat sink, but it is surrounded by regions of more intense cooling. In spring the Plateau becomes a heat source, but the cooling in the surrounding areas continues. The sensible heat flux from the surface provides the major source of heating on the Plateau. However, additional contribution from condensation heating is observed in the western Plateau during all seasons and, more significantly, in the eastern Plateau during summer. The sensible heating of the elevated Plateau surface and the radiative cooling in the environment maintain the horizontal temperature contrast that drives the thermally direct vertical circulation. The detailed examination of the warming process of the upper troposphere during two transition periods, i. e. , the onset of the Southeast Asian monsoon in May and that of the Indian monsoon in June, reveals that the temperature increase over the eastern Plateau during the first onset was mainly the result of diabatic heating, whereas that over the Iran-Afghanistan-western Plateau region leading to the second onset was caused by intense subsidence. There are large diurnal variations in the boundary layer and vertical circulation over the Plateau. As a result of diurnal heating of the surface, a deep mixed layer of nearly uniform potential temperature exists over the Plateau in the evening (1200 UTC), suggesting the role of thermal convection in the upward transport of heat. However, moisture is not well mixed vertically and there is a large horizontal temperature gradient in the boundary layer. From late spring to summer the boundary layer becomes more stable for dry convection. On the other hand, the vertical distributions of equivalent potential temperature in late spring and afterwards show a conditionally unstable stratification for moist convection with the increase of moisture of surface air.

Yang K. M., B. G. Bi, Y. A. Li, and L. Q. Dong, 2001: On flood-causing Torrential Rainfall in the Upstream District of Changjiang River in 1998. Meteorological Monthly, 27( 8), 9- 14. (in Chinese)b934aea7db789e97b4d2fe4cbd31a94f

http%3A%2F%2Fen.cnki.com.cn%2FArticle_en%2FCJFDTOTAL-QXXX200108001.htm

http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-QXXX200108001.htmBy using conventional observation data, HLAFS grid data and GMS cloud data, physical mechanism affecting weather system and rain formation, interaction and inter impact between low and middle latitude weather system are analyzed and diagnosed. The results indicate that several strong rain procedures occur in the large scale background of middle high latitude in Eurasia. The low eddy which forms in the east area of Qingzang plateau and develops in the Sichuan Basin and its shear line are the main weather systems. The rain intensification is closely related with interaction between middle and low latitude systems, specific construction of plateau eddys.

Yu S. H., 2008: New research advances of the Tibetan plateau vortex in summer. Torrential Rain and Disasters, 27( 5), 367- 372. (in Chinese)ffac95479eccf5555a51f3c035cc1daf

http%3A%2F%2Fen.cnki.com.cn%2FArticle_en%2FCJFDTOTAL-HBQX200804019.htm

http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-HBQX200804019.htmTibetan Plateau Vortex is one of the major heavy rain systems in China during summer.The advances about studying Tibetan Plateau Vortex in the current and the previous QXPMEX are simply summarized.The obtained results in studying Tibetan Plateau Vortex in TIPEX and recent years are emphatically summarized in the activity characteristic,the mechanics,the macroscale conditions of development and moving eastward,and the structure of Tibetan Plateau Vortex.In this paper,the study limitations and the research direction are pointed out for the furth research.

Zhou Y. S., S. T. Gao, and G. Deng, 2005: A diagnostic study of water vapor transport and budget during heavy precipitation over the Changjiang River and the Huaihe River basins in 2003. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 29( 3), 195- 204. (in Chinese)a2702efe7b1adb1d729975b123bd68d8

http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jourlib.org%2Fpaper%2F1556817

http://www.jourlib.org/paper/1556817By analyzing the features of the atmospheric circulation systems from 21 June to 11 July 2003, which corresponds to the heavy precipitation over the Changjiang River and the Huaihe River basins in 2003, the water vapor transport vector is decomposed into the sum of its nondivergent (rotational) and divergent (irrotational) components in terms of the streamfunction and potential, and the water vapor budgets are calculated in three regions of the Meiyu front system. The results indicate that the Changjiang River and the Huaihe River basins are the strongest water vapor sink over the global from 21 June to 11 July 2003. The minimum potential region (the maximum convergent region) of water vapor transport vector corresponds to strong precipitation region. The Indian monsoon circulation and the South China Sea monsoon in summer play important roles in the moisture transportation. Besides the vertical ascending motion transporting the moisture up to the middle levels, the moisture, which comes from low latitudes and turns to west when it goes through the Tibetan Plateau, can increase the humidity content in the middle levels over the Changjiang River and the Huaihe River basins and is favorable for the forming of the severe precipitation.

Zou J. S., M. H. Wang, and W. Zhang, 1987: A preliminary study on the demarcation of rain storms in China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 42( 3), 151- 163. (in Chinese)4cd8aec5919f1ddaf79106d3e5cad82f

http%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F304893886_A_preliminary_study_on_the_demarcation_of_rain_storms_in_China

http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-DLXB198702005.htmBased on the average and extreme values of maximum 24-hr rainfall for the last 30 years at hydrological and meteorological stations in China, the demarcation of severe rainstorms in China is investigated. The intensities and seasonal distribution features of severe rainstorms, weather systems and the direction of water vapour transfer and some geographical factors, including topography, elevation and the contrast nature of sea and continent, are comprehensively considered for demarcation. First of all, based on synoptic climatology, ten regions, where rainstorms occur, may be preliminarily delimitated. Secondly, by calculating the areal rainfall index of each region, the correlation coefficient of the areal rainfall index with annual rainfall (or precipitation in May-Aug.) at every station in a given region can be computed. If the correlation coefficient reaches the level of significance (a = 0.05) it means that the station belongs in the same climate region. Finally, ten homogeneous climate regions of severe rain storms and four subregions are delimitated. The genesis of rainstorms and its characteristics in each of the regions are briefly dis-cribed.