doi:10.1007/s00376-016-6034-x

Casati B., G. Ross, and D. B. Stephenson, 2004: A new intensity-scale approach for the verification of spatial precipitation forecasts. Meteorological Applications,11, 141-154, doi: 10.1017/S1350482704001239.10.1017/S1350482704001239

2b3606fcb0a0c8f2ee8e20301ae13b03

http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1017%2FS1350482704001239%2Fabstract

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1017/S1350482704001239/abstractA new intensity-scale method for verifying spatial precipitation forecasts is introduced. The technique provides a way of evaluating the forecast skill as a function of precipitation rate intensity and spatial scale of the error. Six selected case studies of the UK Met Office now-casting system NIMROD are used to illustrate the method.

Chen J., Y. G. Zheng, X. L. Zhang,X.L. Zhang, and P. J. Zhu, 2013: Distribution and diurnal variation of warm-season short-duration heavy rainfall in relation to the MCSs in China. Acta Meteor. Sinica,27(6), 868-888, doi: 10.1007/s13351-013-0605-x.10.1007/s13351-013-0605-x

2cfd5cc1979a2f2650a1129b7a990310

http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2Fs13351-013-0605-x

http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/qxxb-e201306008Short-duration heavy rainfall (SDHR) is a type of severe convective weather that often leads to substantial losses of property and life. We derive the spatiotemporal distribution and diurnal variation of SDHR over China during the warm season (April–September) from quality-controlled hourly raingauge data taken at 876 stations for 19 yr (19912-2009), in comparison with the diurnal features of the mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) derived from satellite data. The results are as follows. 1) Spatial distributions of the frequency of SDHR events with hourly rainfall greater than 10–40 mm are very similar to the distribution of heavy rainfall (daily rainfall 82 50 mm) over mainland China. 2) SDHR occurs most frequently in South China such as southern Yunnan, Guizhou, and Jiangxi provinces, the Sichuan basin, and the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, among others. Some SDHR events with hourly rainfall 82 50 mm also occur in northern China, e.g., the western Xinjiang and central-eastern Inner Mongolia. The heaviest hourly rainfall is observed over the Hainan Island with the amount reaching over 180 mm. 3) The frequency of the SDHR events is the highest in July, followed by August. Analysis of pentad variations in SDHR reveals that SDHR events are intermittent, with the fourth pentad of July the most active. The frequency of SDHR over mainland China increases slowly with the advent of the East Asian summer monsoon, but decreases rapidly with its withdrawal. 4) The diurnal peak of the SDHR activity occurs in the later afternoon (1600–1700 Beijing Time (BT)), and the secondary peak occurs after midnight (0100–0200 BT) and in the early morning (0700–0800 BT); whereas the diurnal minimum occurs around late morning till noon (1000–1300 BT). 5) The diurnal variation of SDHR exhibits generally consistent features with that of the MCSs in China, but the active periods and propagation of SDHR and MCSs differ in different regions. The number and duration of local maxima in the diurnal cycles of SDHR and MCSs also vary by region, with single, double, and even multiple peaks in some cases. These variations may be associated with the differences in large-scale atmospheric circulation, surface conditions, and land-sea distribution.

Chen X. C., K. Zhao, and M. Xue, 2014: Spatial and temporal characteristics of warm season convection over Pearl River Delta region,China, based on 3 years of operational radar data. J. Geophys. Res., 119, 12 447-12 465, doi: 10.1002/ 2014JD021965.10.1002/2014JD021965

02feb9f0ccf76057b32dff154651390e

http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2F2014JD021965%2Fpdf

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2014JD021965/pdfThis study examines the temporal and spatial characteristics and distributions of convection over the Pearl River Delta region of Guangzhou, China, during the May-September warm season, using, for the first time for such a purpose, 3 years of operational Doppler radar data in the region. Results show that convective features occur most frequently along the southern coast and the windward slope of the eastern mountainous area of Pearl River Delta, with the highest frequency occurring in June and the lowest in September among the 5 months. The spatial frequency distribution pattern also roughly matches the accumulated precipitation pattern. The occurrence of convection in this region also exhibits strong diurnal cycles. During May and June, the diurnal distribution is bimodal, with the maximum frequency occurring in the early afternoon and a secondary peak occurring between midnight and early morning. The secondary peak is much weaker in July, August, and September. Convection near the coast is found to occur preferentially on days when a southerly low-level jet (LLJ) exists, especially during the Meiyu season. Warm, moist, and unstable air is transported from the ocean to land by LLJs on these days, and the lifting along the coast by convergence induced by differential surface friction between the land and ocean is believed to be the primary cause for the high frequency along the coast. In contrast, the high frequency over mountainous area is believed to be due to orographic lifting of generally southerly flows during the warm season.

Fowle M. A., P. J. Roebber, 2003: Short-range (0-48 h) numerical prediction of convective occurrence,mode, and location. Wea. Forecasting, 18, 782-794, doi: 10.1175/1520-0434 (2003)018<0782:SHNPOC>2.0.CO;2.10.1175/1520-0434(2003)0182.0.CO;2

51e987de409f529b98dee83521635e6d

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2003WtFor..18..782F

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003WtFor..18..782FA verification of high-resolution (6-km grid spacing) short-range (0–48 h) numerical model forecasts of warm-season convective occurrence, mode, and location was conducted over the Lake Michigan region. All available days from 5 April through 20 September 1999 were evaluated using 0.5° base reflectivity and accumulated precipitation products from the national radar network and the day-1 (0–24 h) and day-2 (24–48 h) forecasts from a quasi-operational version of the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5). Contingency measures show forecast skill for convective occurrence is high, with day-1 (day 2) equitable threat scores and Kuipers skill scores (KSS) of 0.69 (0.60) and 0.84 (0.75), respectively. Forecast skill in predicting convective mode (defined as linear, multicellular, or isolated) is also high, with KSS of 0.91 (0.86) for day 1 (day 2). Median timing errors for convective initiation/dissipation were within 2.5 h for all modes of convection at both forecast ranges. Forecasts of the areal coverage of the 24-h accumulated precipitation in convective events exhibited skill comparable to the lower-resolution, operational models, with median threat scores at day 1 (day 2) of 0.21 (0.24). When small displacements (less than 85 km) in the precipitation pattern were taken into account, threat scores increased to as high as 0.44 for the most organized convective modes. The implications of these results for the use of mesoscale models in operational forecasting are discussed.

Frich P., L. V. Alexand er, P. Della-Marta B. Gleason, M. Haylock, A. M. G. K. Tank, and T. Peterson, 2002: Observed coherent changes in climatic extremes during the second half of the twentieth century. Climate Research, 19, 193- 212.10.3354/cr019193

81589def43f2db979886ad985d85dfe7

http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.3354%2Fcr019193

http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/cr019193ABSTRACT A new global dataset of derived indicators has been compiled to clarify whether frequency and/or severity of climatic extremes changed during the second half of the 20th century, This period provides the best spatial coverage of homogenous daily series, which can be used for calculating the proportion of global land area exhibiting a significant change in extreme or severe weather. The authors chose 10 indicators of extreme climatic events, defined from a larger selection, that could be applied to a large variety of climates. It was assumed that data producers were more inclined to release derived data in the form of annual indicator time series than releasing their original daily observations. The indicators are based on daily maximum and minimum temperature series, as well as daily totals of precipitation, and represent changes in all seasons of the year. Only time series which had 40 yr or more of almost complete records were used, A total of about 3000 indicator time series were extracted from national climate archives and collated into the unique dataset described here. Global maps showing significant changes from one multi-decadal period to another during the interval from 1946 to 1999 were produced. Coherent spatial patterns of statistically significant changes emerge, particularly an increase in warm summer nights, a decrease in the number of frost days and a decrease in intra-annual extreme temperature range. All but one of the temperature-based indicators show a significant change. Indicators based on daily precipitation data show more mixed patterns of change but significant increases have been seen in the extreme amount derived from wet spells and number of heavy rainfall events. We can conclude that a significant proportion of the global land area was increasingly affected by a significant change in climatic extremes during the second half of the 20th century. These clear signs of change are very robust; however, large areas are still not represented, especially Africa and South America.

Jirak I. L., W. R. Cotton, and R. L. McAnelly, 2003: Satellite and radar survey of mesoscale convective system development. Mon. Wea. Rev., 131, 2428- 2449.10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<2428:SARSOM>2.0.CO;2

767268647886f416135924604bd27a32

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2003MWRv..131.2428J

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003MWRv..131.2428JAn investigation of several hundred mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) during the warm seasons (April-August) of 1996-98 is presented. Circular and elongated MCSs on both the large and small scales were classified and analyzed in this study using satellite and radar data. The satellite classification scheme used for this study includes two previously defined categories and two new categories: mesoscale convective complexes (MCCs), persistent elongated convective systems (PECSs), meso- circular convective systems (MCCSs), and meso- elongated convective systems (MECSs). Around two-thirds of the MCSs in the study fell into the larger satellite-defined categories (MCCs and PECSs). These larger systems produced more severe weather, generated much more precipitation, and reached a peak frequency earlier in the convective season than the smaller, meso- systems. Overall, PECSs were found to be the dominant satellite-defined MCS, as they were the largest, most common, most severe, and most prolific precipitation-producing systems. In addition, 2-km national composite radar reflectivity data were used to analyze the development of each of the systems. A three-level radar classification scheme describing MCS development is introduced. The classification scheme is based on the following elements: presence of stratiform precipitation, arrangement of convective cells, and interaction of convective clusters. Considerable differences were found among the systems when categorized by these features. Grouping systems by the interaction of their convective clusters revealed that more than 70% of the MCSs evolved from the merger of multiple convective clusters, which resulted in larger systems than those that developed from a single cluster. The most significant difference occurred when classifying systems by their arrangement of convective cells. In particular, if the initial convection were linearly arranged, the mature MCSs were larger, longer-lived, more severe, and more effective at producing precipitation than MCSs that developed from areally arranged convection.

Lewis M. W., S. L. Gray, 2010: Categorisation of synoptic environments associated with mesoscale convective systems over the UK. Atmos. Res., 97, 194- 213.10.1016/j.atmosres.2010.04.001

c0e45cdeb85f473161aedf79b1a8de8e

http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0169809510000888

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169809510000888Mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) are relatively rare events in the UK but, when they do occur, can be associated with weather that is considered extreme with respect to climatology (as indicated by the number of such events that have been analysed as case studies). These case studies usually associate UK MCSs with a synoptic environment known as the Spanish plume. Here a previously published 17 year climatology of UK MCS events is extended to the present day (from 1998 to 2008) and these events classified according to the synoptic environment in which they form. Three distinct synoptic environments have been identified, here termed the classical Spanish plume, modified Spanish plume, and European easterly plume. Detailed case studies of the two latter, newly defined, environments are presented. Composites produced for each environment further reveal the differences between them. The classical Spanish plume is associated with an eastward propagating baroclinic cyclone that evolves according to idealised life cycle 1. Conditional instability is released from a warm moist plume of air advected northeastwards from Iberia that is capped by warmer, but very dry air, from the Spanish plateau. The modified Spanish plume is associated with a slowly moving mature frontal system associated with a forward tilting trough (and possibly cut-off low) at 500 hPa that evolves according to idealised life cycle 2. As in the classical Spanish plume, conditional instability is released from a warm plume of air advected northwards from Iberia. The less frequent European easterly plume is associated with an omega block centred over Scandinavia at upper levels. Conditional instability is released from a warm plume of air advected westwards across northern continental Europe. Unlike the Spanish plume environments, the European easterly plume is not a warm sector phenomena associated with a baroclinic cyclone. However, in all environments the organisation of convection is associated with the interaction of an upper-level disturbance with a low-level region of warm advection.

Li J., R. C. Yu, and W. Sun, 2013: Duration and seasonality of hourly extreme rainfall in the central eastern China. Acta Meteor. Sinica,27(6), 799-807, doi: 10.1007/s13351-013-0604-y.10.1007/s13351-013-0604-y

63593d9ec521267a1f376d47b2de517d

http%3A%2F%2Fd.wanfangdata.com.cn%2FPeriodical%2Fqxxb-e201306003

http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/qxxb-e201306003Compared with daily rainfall amount, hourly rainfall rate represents rainfall intensity and the rainfall process more accurately, and thus is more suitable for studies of extreme rainfall events. The distribution functions of annual maximum hourly rainfall amount at 321 stations in China are quantified by the Gen-eralized Extreme Value (GEV) distribution, and the threshold values of hourly rainfall intensity for 5-yr return period are estimated. The spatial distributions of the threshold exhibit significant regional differ-ences, with low values in northwestern China and high values in northern China, the mid and lower reaches of the Yangtze River valley, the coastal areas of southern China, and the Sichuan basin. The duration and seasonality of the extreme precipitation with 5-yr return periods are further analyzed. The average duration of extreme precipitation events exceeds 12 h in the coastal regions, Yangtze River valley, and eastern slope of the Tibetan Plateau. The duration in northern China is relatively short. The extreme precipitation events develop more rapidly in mountain regions with large elevation differences than those in the plain areas. There are records of extreme precipitation in as early as April in southern China while extreme rainfall in northern China will not occur until late June. At most stations in China, the latest extreme precipitation happens in August-September. The extreme rainfall later than October can be found only at a small por-tion of stations in the coastal regions, the southern end of the Asian continent, and the southern part of southwestern China.

Ma Y., X. Wang, and Z. Y. Tao, 1997: Geographic distribution and life cycle of mesoscale convective system in China and its vicinity. Progress in Natural Science, 7, 701- 706. (in Chinese)10.1007/s002690050078

fc184ddc8713047fd86c7602bd6c1f3d

http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnki.com.cn%2FArticle%2FCJFDTotal-ZKJY199705009.htm

http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-ZKJY199705009.htm A census of mesoscale convective systems (MCS) has been extended from mesoscale convective complexes (MCCs) to more general meso-a scale convective systems (Ma CSs) and meso-β scale convective systems (Mβ CSs). 234 Ma CSs and 585 Mβ CSs were found in China and its vicinity during the summers of 1993-1995 by the GMS satellite infrared images. The geographic distribution with higher representative shows that the Ma CSs occurred in three favorable zones. One of them, the middle-to-lower reaches basin of the Yellow River and the Yangtze River, were not found in the past researches of MCC census. There are two kinds of life cycles of Ma CS: one is similar to the life cycle of MCC occurring at night and dissipating early in the morning; the other occurs in the afternoon and dissipates in the evening.

Markowski P., Y. Richardson, 2010: Mesoscale Meteorology in Midlatitudes. John Wiley & Sons,407 pp.10.1002/9780470682104.ch2

27b74ae651fe9cd00029769552cbd8d8

http%3A%2F%2Fci.nii.ac.jp%2Fncid%2FBB02962383

http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BB02962383Mesoscale meteorology in midlatitudes Paul Markowski and Yvette Richardson （Advancing weather and climate science） Wiley-Blackwell, 2010

Meng Z. Y., D. C. Yan, and Y. J. Zhang, 2013: General features of squall lines in east China. Mon. Wea. Rev.,141, 1629-1647, doi: 10.1175/mwr-d-12-00208.110.1175/MWR-D-12-00208.1

06aa8679edbba273c85f275458464933

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2013MWRv..141.1629M

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013MWRv..141.1629MNot Available

Nesbitt S. W., E. J. Zipser, 2003: The diurnal cycle of rainfall and convective intensity according to three years of TRMM measurements. J. Climate,16, 1456-1475, doi: 10.1175/ 1520-0442-16.10.1456.c9209129c5e80efdc003bf009abbbfed

http%3A%2F%2Fbioscience.oxfordjournals.org%2Fexternal-ref%3Faccess_num%3D10.1175%2F1520-0442-16.10.1456%26link_type%3DDOI

http://bioscience.oxfordjournals.org/external-ref?access_num=10.1175/1520-0442-16.10.1456&link_type=DOI

Newton C. W., 1966: Circulations in large sheared cumulonimbus. Tellus, 18, 699-713, doi: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1966.tb00291. x.10.1111/j.2153-3490.1966.tb00291.x

1e648a1125b060493414df0d00071a70

http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.2153-3490.1966.tb00291.x%2Fabstract

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.2153-3490.1966.tb00291.x/abstractABSTRACT The structure of a cumulonimbus cloud subjected to vertical shear is interpreted in light of the horizontal forces acting upon it, and of the varying thermodynamic influences in its different parts. In-cloud horizontal velocities depart greatly from those in the environment, and the forms assumed by draft columns (updrafts typically leaning in a sense opposing the vertical shear) vary with the shear, vertical motion, and speed of storm movement. The cumulonimbus is viewed as an ensemble of air elements which have undergone varying degrees of mixing with the environment, penetrating upward to different heights. Some of the air in the updraft rises into stratospheric towers, then descends as a vigorous downdraft which, because of mixing-in of heat and of air having no initial vertical momentum, dies out in the upper troposphere. This air, together with air reaching the upper troposphere in the less buoyant outskirts of the updraft, feeds the expanding anvil plume. A separate downdraft in the lower part of the cloud, originating from middle levels where the wet-bulb potential temperature is low, continually regenerates the updraft though mechanical lifting. Estimates of the air and water budgets of squall-line thunderstorms are given.

Orlanski I., 1975: A rational subdivision of scales for atmospheric processes. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 56, 527- 530.102ea44b951efff60a2ad2649803b397

http%3A%2F%2Fwww.citeulike.org%2Fgroup%2F17501%2Farticle%2F12086670

http://www.citeulike.org/group/17501/article/12086670Search all the public and authenticated articles in CiteULike. Include unauthenticated resultstoo (may include "spam") Enter a search phrase. You can also specify a CiteULike article id(123456),. a DOI (doi:10.1234/12345678). or a PubMed ID (pmid:12345678).

Parker M. D., R. H. Johnson, 2000: Organizational modes of midlatitude mesoscale convective systems. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 3413- 3436.10.1175/1520-0493(2001)1292.0.CO;2

bced1c47ac08e60d5a835e4d9b512c6d

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2000mwrv..128.3413p

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000mwrv..128.3413pThis paper discusses common modes of mesoscale convective organization. Using 2-km national composite reflectivity data, the authors investigated linear mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) that occurred in the central United States during May 1996 and May 1997. Based upon the radar-observed characteristics of 88 linear MCSs, the authors propose a new taxonomy comprising convective lines with trailing (TS), leading (LS), and parallel (PS) stratiform precipitation. While the TS archetype was found to be the dominant mode of linear MCS organization, the LS and PS archetypes composed nearly 40% of the studied population. In this paper, the authors document the characteristics of each linear MCS class and use operational surface and upper air data to describe their different environments. In particular, wind profiler data reveal that the stratiform precipitation arrangement associated with each class was roughly consistent with the advection of hydrometeors implied by the mean middle- and upper-tropospheric storm-relative winds, which were significantly different among the three MCS modes. Case study examples are presented for both the LS and PS classes, which have received relatively little attention to this point. As well, the authors give a general overview of the synoptic-scale meteorology accompanying linear MCSs in this study, which was generally similar to that observed by previous investigators.

Raymond D. J., H. Jiang, 1990: A theory for long-lived mesoscale convective systems. J. Atmos. Sci.,47, 3067-3077, doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(1990)047<3067:ATFLLM>2.0.CO; 2.10.1175/1520-0469(1990)0472.0.CO;2

b2feb8573f617af33b2422b5e942cb9f

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F1990JAtS...47.3067R

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990JAtS...47.3067RIt is proposed that certain long-lived mesoscale convective systems maintain themselves through an interaction between quasi-balanced vertical motions and the diabatic effects of moist convection. Latent heat release, evaporation and melting of precipitation, and thermal radiation are all shown to contribute to the creation of a positive potential vorticity anomaly in the lower troposphere. This anomaly can interact with a sheared environment so as to induce further lifting of low-level air and subsequent release of conditional instability.

Schumacher R. S., R. H. Johnson, 2006: Characteristics of U.S. Extreme Rain Events during 1999-2003. Wea.Forecasting, 21, 69- 85. doi:10.1175/WAF900.1

10.1175/WAF900.1

74d72c6ef3d6306ee7d82094430ce882

http%3A%2F%2Fci.nii.ac.jp%2Fnaid%2F30022368284

http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/30022368284This study examines the characteristics of a large number of extreme rain events over the eastern two-thirds of the United States. Over a 5-yr period, 184 events are identified where the 24-h precipitation total at one or more stations exceeds the 50-yr recurrence amount for that location. Over the entire region of study, these events are most common in July. In the northern United States, extreme rain events are confined almost exclusively to the warm season; in the southern part of the country, these events are distributed more evenly throughout the year. National composite radar reflectivity data are used to classify each event as a mesoscale convective system (MCS), a synoptic system, or a tropical system, and then to classify the MCS and synoptic events into subclassifications based on their organizational structures. This analysis shows that 66% of all the events and 74% of the warm-season events are associated with MCSs; nearly all of the cool-season events are caused by storms with strong synoptic forcing. Similarly, nearly all of the extreme rain events in the northern part of the country are caused by MCSs; synoptic and tropical systems play a larger role in the South and East. MCS-related events are found to most commonly begin at around 1800 local standard time (LST), produce their peak rainfall between 2100 and 2300 LST, and dissipate or move out of the affected area by 0300 LST.

Wang C.-C., J. C.-S. Hsu, G. T.-J. Chen, and D.-I. Lee, 2014: A study of two propagating heavy-rainfall episodes near Taiwan during SoWMEX/TiMREX IOP-8 in June 2008. Part I: Synoptic evolution, episode propagation, and model control simulation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 142, 2619- 2643.10.1175/MWR-D-13-00331.1

bd30d2c0c4b448394c4c8984943c38b9

http%3A%2F%2Fconnection.ebscohost.com%2Fc%2Farticles%2F97319520%2Fstudy-two-propagating-heavy-rainfall-episodes-near-taiwan-during-sowmex-timrex-iop-8-june-2008-part-i-synoptic-evolution-episode-propagation-model-control-simulation

http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/97319520/study-two-propagating-heavy-rainfall-episodes-near-taiwan-during-sowmex-timrex-iop-8-june-2008-part-i-synoptic-evolution-episode-propagation-model-control-simulationAbstract This paper is the first of a two-part study to investigate two rain-producing episodes in the longitude–time (Hovm02ller) space upstream from Taiwan during the eighth intensive observing period (IOP-8, 12–17 June 2008) of the Southwest Monsoon Experiment/Terrain-influenced Monsoon Rainfall Experiment (SoWMEX/TiMREX), with a goal to better understand the mechanism and controlling factors for their organization and propagation. Both in a prefrontal environment, the first episode moved eastward and the second was a rare westward-moving event, and each caused heavy rainfall in Taiwan, on 14 and 16 June, respectively. In Part II, the roles played by synoptic conditions and terrain effects are further examined through sensitivity tests. With the aid from a successful simulation with a grid spacing of 2.5 km, the structure and organization of convection embedded in the two episodes are shown to be different. With stronger low-level vertical wind shear in its environment, the first episode consisted of well-organized squall-line-type convective systems and propagated eastward mainly through cold-pool dynamics. However, the convection of the second episode was scattered and less organized with weaker vertical shear, and individual cells traveled with background flow toward the north-northeast. Throughout the 6-day case period, the southwesterly low-level jet (LLJ) is found to have much control over the general region of convection, and thus dictates the overall rainfall pattern in the Hovm02ller space at the regional scale. The rapid development of the mei-yu front and LLJ over southeastern China during 16–17 June, to the west of the previous location of the jet, is found to result in the westward movement of the second episode.

Yu R. C., J. Li, 2012: Hourly rainfall changes in response to surface air temperature over eastern contiguous China. J.Climate, 25( 19), 6851- 6861.10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00656.1

cff43ede691866c68834b8bacd2d889c

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2012JCli...25.6851Y

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JCli...25.6851YNot Available

Yu R. C., T. J. Zhou, A. Y. Xiong, Y. J. Zhu, and J. M. Li, 2007: Diurnal variations of summer precipitation over contiguous China. Geophys. Res. Lett., 34,L01704, doi: 10.1029/2006 GL028129.10.1029/2006GL028129

9dca2266e41acf2c3e6fcd2f9d465f95

http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1029%2F2006GL028129%2Fabstract

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2006GL028129/abstract[1] Diurnal variations of summer precipitation over contiguous China are studied using hourly rain-gauge data from 588 stations during 1991-2004. It is found that summer precipitation over contiguous China has large diurnal variations with considerable regional features. Over southern inland China and northeastern China summer precipitation peaks in the late afternoon, while over most of the Tibetan Plateau and its east periphery it peaks around midnight. The diurnal phase changes eastward along the Yangtze River Valley, with a midnight maximum in the upper valley, an early morning peak in the middle valley, and a late afternoon maximum in the lower valley. Summer precipitation over the region between the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers has two diurnal peaks: one in the early morning and another in the late afternoon.

Zhai P. M., R. E. Eskridge, 1997: Atmospheric water vapor over China. J. Climate,10, 2643-2652, doi: 10.1175/1520-0442(1997)010<2643:AWVOC>2.0.CO;2.10.1175/1520-0442(1997)0102.0.CO;2

800233c6eab38f9b1ac800521503daa1

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F1997JCli...10.2643Z

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997JCli...10.2643ZAbstract Chinese radiosonde data from 1970 to 1990 are relatively homogeneous in time and are used to examine the climatology, trends, and variability of China’s atmospheric water vapor content. The climatological distribution of precipitable water (PW) is primarily dependent on surface temperature. Influenced by the east Asia monsoon, China’s precipitable water exhibits very large seasonal variations. Station elevation is also a dominant factor affecting water vapor distribution in China. An increase (decrease) in precipitable water over China is associated with an increase (decrease) of precipitation in most regions. Increases in the percentage of PW relative to climatology are greater in winter and spring than in summer and autumn. Interannual variation and trends in precipitable water and surface temperature are closely correlated in China, confirming a positive “greenhouse” feedback. Interannual variations between precipitable water and precipitation are also significantly correlated.

Zhang H., P. M. Zhai, 2011: Temporal and spatial characteristics of extreme hourly precipitation over eastern China in the warm season. Adv. Atmos. Sci.,28, 1177-1183, doi: 10.1007/ s00376-011-0020-0.10.1007/s00376-011-0020-0

e8c4b593a69b036cacf1dbda66a132e5

http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnki.com.cn%2FArticle%2FCJFDTotal-DQJZ201105018.htm

http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical_dqkxjz-e201105017.aspxBased on hourly precipitation data in eastern China in the warm season during 1961 2000,spatial distributions of frequency for 20 mm h-1 and 50 mm h-1 precipitation were analyzed,and the criteria of short-duration rainfall events and severe rainfall events are discussed.Furthermore,the percentile method was used to define local hourly extreme precipitation; based on this,diurnal variations and trends in extreme precipitation were further studied.The results of this study show that,over Yunnan,South China,North China,and Northeast China,the most frequent extreme precipitation events occur most frequently in late afternoon and/or early evening.In the Guizhou Plateau and the Sichuan Basin,the maximum frequency of extreme precipitation events occursin the late night and/or early morning.And in the western Sichuan Plateau,the maximum frequency occursin the middle of the night.The frequency of extreme precipitation (based on hourly rainfall measurements) has increased in mostparts of eastern China,especially in Northeast China and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River,but precipitation has decreased significantly in North China in the past 50 years.In addition,stations inthe Guizhou Plateau and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River exhibit significant increasing trends in hourly precipitation extremes during the nighttime more than during the daytime.

Zheng Y. G., J. Chen, and P. J. Zhu, 2008: Climatological distribution and diurnal variation of mesoscale convective systems over China and its vicinity during summer. Chin. Sci. Bull.,53(10), 1574-1586, doi: 10.1007/s11434-008-0116-9.10.1007/s11434-008-0116-9

acd920c76e21caadef6faf173899cc13

http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2Fs11434-008-0116-9

http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-JXTW200810018.htmThe climatological distribution of mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) over China and its vicinity during summer is statistically analyzed, based on the 10-year (1996―2006, 2004 excluded) June-August infrared TBB (Temperature of black body) dataset. Comparing the results obtained in this paper with the distribution of thunderstorms from surface meteorological stations over China and the distribution of lightning from low-orbit satellites over China and its vicinity in the previous studies, we find that the statistic characteristics of TBB less than -52℃ can better represent the spatiotemporal distribution of MCSs over China and its vicinity during summer.The spreading pattern of the MCSs over this region shows three transmeridional bands of active MCSs, with obvious fluctuation of active MCSs in the band near 30°N. It can be explained by the atmospheric circulation that the three bands of active MCSs are associated with each other by the summer monsoon over East Asia. We focus on the diurnal variations of MCSs over different underlying surfaces, and the result shows that there are two types of MCSs over China and its vicinity during summer. One type of MCSs has only one active period all day long (single-peak MCSs), and the other has multiple active periods (multi-peak MCSs). Single-peak MCSs occur more often over plateaus or mountains, and multi-peak MCSs are more common over plains or basins. Depending on lifetimes and active periods, single-peak MCSs can be classified as Tibetan Plateau MCSs, general mountain MCSs, Ryukyu MCSs, and so on. The diurnal variation of multi-peak MCSs is very similar to that of MCCs (mesoscale convective complexes), and it reveals that multi-peak MCSs has longer life cycle and larger horizontal scale, becomes weaker after sunset, and develops again after midnight. Tibetan Plateau MCSs and general mountain MCSs both usually develop in the afternoon, but Tibetan Plateau MCSs have longer life cycle and more active MαCSs. Ryukyu MCSs generally develop after midnight, last longer time, and also have more active MαCS. The abundant moisture and favorable large-scale environment over Indian monsoon surge areas lead to active MCSs and MαCSs almost at any hour all day during summer. Due to local mountain-valley breeze circulation over the Sichuan Basin, MCSs are developed remarkably more often during the nighttime, and again there are also more active MαCSs. Because of local prominent sea-land breeze circulation over Guangxi and Guangdong, the MCSs over this region propagate from sea to land in the afternoon and from land to sea after midnight. The statistic characteristics of TBB less than -52℃ clearly display the different climatological characteristics of MCSs owing to the thermal difference among water, land and rough terrain. Not only the large-scale atmospheric circulation but also the local atmospheric circulation caused by the thermal difference among water, land and rough terrain, to a great extent, determines the climatological distribution of MCSs over China and its vicinity during summer.