doi:10.1007/s00376-016-5277-x

Anderson C. J., R. W. Arritt, 1998: Mesoscale convective complexes and persistent elongated convective systems over the United States during 1992 and 1993. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 578- 599.fbcd771cfc330e92c6966096e7cff180

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fnph-data_query%3Fbibcode%3D1998MWRv..126..578A%26db_key%3DPHY%26link_type%3DABSTRACT

http://xueshu.baidu.com/s?wd=paperuri%3A%28986d8c733543b686bd2bd01262e73930%29&filter=sc_long_sign&tn=SE_xueshusource_2kduw22v&sc_vurl=http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fnph-data_query%3Fbibcode%3D1998MWRv..126..578A%26db_key%3DPHY%26link_type%3DABSTRACT&ie=utf-8&sc_us=3250868996915071335

Augustine J. A., K. W. Howard, 1988: Mesoscale convective complexes over the United States during 1985. Mon. Wea. Rev., 116, 685- 701.10.1175/1520-0493(1988)116<0685:MCCOTU>2.0.CO;2

453ffcf055e2f965a6529ff73f4178cb

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F1988MWRv..116..685A

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988MWRv..116..685AAbstract Infrared imagery from GOES was used to document mesoscale convective complexes (MCCs) over the United States during 1986 and 1987. A near-record 58 MCCs occurred in 1986, and 44 occurred in 1987. Although these totals were above average relative to MCC numbers of the 7 years prior to 1985, seasonal distributions for both years were atypical. Particularly, each had an extended period (3 weeks) when no MCCs occurred in late spring and early summer, a time when the mean MCC seasonal distribution peaks. This peculiarity was investigated by comparing mean large-scale surface and upper-air environments of null- and active-MCC periods of both years. Results confirmed the primary importance to MCC development of strong low-level thermal forcing, as well as proper vertical phasing of favorable lower- and midtropospheric environments. A cursory survey of MCCs documented outside of the United States reveals that MCCs, or MCC-type storms, are a warm-season phenomenon of midlatitude, subtropical, and low-lat...

Barnes G. M., E. J. Zipser, D. Jorgensen, and F. Marks, 1983: Mesoscale and convective structure of a hurricane rainband. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 2125- 2137.10.1175/1520-0469(1983)0402.0.CO;2

1d86c9125e56ca4250b292af6fd9ff7e

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F1983JAtS...40.2125B

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983JAtS...40.2125BThe mesoscale thermodynamic, kinematic, and radar structure of a Hurricane Floyd rainband observed on 7 September 1981 is presented. Data are from 26 aircraft passes through the rainband from 150 to 6400 m. A composite technique which presents rainband structure as a function of distance from the storm circulation center reveals inflow from the outer edge of the band and a partial barrier to this flow below 3 km. In the direction parallel to rainband orientation, radar reveals cellular reflectivity structure on the upwind and central portions of the rainband; the frequency of cellular precipitation decreases in favor of stratiform precipitation further downwind as the band spirals gradually towards the eyewall. In the radial direction, a decrease of 12 K in -, is observed across the rainband in the subcloud layer. Convective scale up- and downdrafts that are associated with cellular reflectivity structure are hypothesized to be responsible for the thermodynamic modification of the cloud and subcloud layers.

Barnes G. M., J. F. Gamache, M. A. LeMone, and G. J. Stossmeister, 1991: A convective cell in a hurricane rainband. Mon. Wea. Rev., 119, 776- 794.10.1175/1520-0493(1991)1192.0.CO;2

9c120f6f37053a4bec722e978fe88507

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F1991MWRv..119..776B

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991MWRv..119..776BOn 10 October 1983 the two NOAA WP-3D aircraft completed a mission designed to provide airborne Doppler radar data for a convective cell embedded in a weak rainband on the trailing side of Hurricane Raymond. Comparisons of the wind field produced from the pseudo-dual-Doppler radar technique with in situ wind measurements suggest that the larger convective-scale feature may be resolved if the sampling time is kept to a minimum. The convective cell was found to move downband faster than any environmental winds but slightly slower than the winds found in the reflectivity core that delineates the cell. In the core of the cell the tangential wind is increased and the radial inflow turns to outflow with respect to the circulation center. The flow field demonstrates that the downband stratiform portion of a rainband is not from cells currently active since the updraft detrains upwind relative to the cell but rather it is due to the fallout from ice particles placed into the upper troposphere by clouds that have since dissipated. The mass flux of this cell is estimated to be 5%-10% of the mass flux accomplished by an eyewall of a moderate tropical cyclone. This finding supports the concept that large, convectively active rainbands have a major effect on the subcloud layer air flowing toward the eyewall.

Blank M. L., J. F. Gamache, F. D. Marks, C. E. Samsury, and H. E. Willoughby, 2002: Eastern Pacific hurricanes Jimena of 1991 and Olivia of 1994: The effect of vertical shear on structure and intensity. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 2291- 2312.10.1175/1520-0493(2002)1302.0.CO;2

81f65226a8dd11da7a97d0e8513ea865

http%3A%2F%2Fci.nii.ac.jp%2Fnaid%2F80015453904

http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/80015453904Abstract Shear is a key inhibitor of tropical cyclone intensification. Although its signature is readily recognized in satellite imagery and theoretical or modeling studies provide some insight, detailed observations have been limited. Airborne radar and in situ observations in Hurricanes Jimena of 1991 and Olivia of 1994 are a step toward better understanding. Each storm was observed on two consecutive days. Initially, both had small eyes, 16-18-km radius, and maximum winds of 6557 m s611 over sea surface temperatures (SST) >28C in easterly environmental shear. Jimena maintained constant intensity or weakened gradually for 2 days in 13-20 m s611 easterly shear. Olivia intensified in 8 m s611 shear on the first day. Overnight, the shear diminished to reverse and became westerly. On the second day, Olivia weakened as the shear increased to >15 m s611 from the west, the storm moved over cooler SST, and became surrounded by dryer air. As convection weakened and the outer rainbands ceased to be effective barriers...

Boyd J. P., 2001: Chebyshev and Fourier Spectral Methods. 2nd ed., Dover Publications, Inc, 44 pp.10.1007/BF01024832

2222163197a49c1789db2d2ddba43390

http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ams.org%2Fmathscinet-getitem%3Fmr%3D1874071

http://www.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1874071Completely revised text focuses on use of spectral methods to solve boundary value, eigenvalue, and time-dependent problems, but also covers Hermite, Laguerre, rational Chebyshev, sinc, and spherical harmonic functions, as well as cardinal functions, linear eigenvalue problems, matrix-solving methods, coordinate transformations, methods for unbounded intervals, spherical and cylindrical geometry, and much more. 7 Appendices. Glossary. Bibliography. Index. Over 160 text figures.Boyd, John P

Burpee R. W., M. L. Black, 1989: Temporal and spatial variations of rainfall near the centers of two tropical cyclones. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 2204- 2218.10.1175/1520-0493(1989)1172.0.CO;2

7923545177889c538278c2f2ab40d027

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F1989MWRv..117.2204B

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989MWRv..117.2204BAbstract The Hurricane Research Division collected radar reflectivity data with a portable recorder attached to National Weather Service (NWS) WSR-57 radar as Hurricanes Alicia of 1983 and Elena of 1985 approached the coastline of the United States. The reflectivity data were used to estimate rain rates for the eyewall region, including the rain-free eye, and the rainbands in the annular area outside the eyewall, but within 75 km of the center of the eye. The rain rates include reflectivity corrections that were based upon the variation of average returned power with range in four hurricanes This study examines the temporal and spatial variations of rain rates in the cores of Hurricanes Alicia and Elena. In Alicia, variations of area-averaged rain rate (R) in the eyewall region were caused by the growth and decay of mesoscale convective areas. In Elena, the life cycles of individual convective cells also accounted for large changes in the eyewall R. In both hurricanes, the time series of R in the rainband...

Carbone R. E., J. D. Tuttle, D. A. Ahijevych, and S. B. Trier, 2002: Inferences of predictability associated with warm season precipitation episodes. J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 2033- 2056.10.1175/1520-0469(2002)0592.0.CO;2

8856fd28ec3701ad597b9156f3635154

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2002JAtS...59.2033C

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002JAtS...59.2033CCiteSeerX - Scientific documents that cite the following paper: 2002: Inferences of Predictability Associated with Warm Season Precipitation Episodes

Carvalho L. M. V., C. Jones, 2001: A satellite method to identify structural properties of mesoscale convective systems based on the maximum spatial correlation tracking technique (MASCOTTE). J. Appl. Meteor., 40, 1683- 1701.10.1175/1520-0450(2001)0402.0.CO;2

9b782e7bcc02b699e5e675d6436fb46b

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2001JApMe..40.1683C

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001JApMe..40.1683CA simple, fully automated, and efficient method to determine the structural properties and evolution (tracking) of cloud shields of convective systems (CS) is described. The method, which is based on the maximum spatial correlation tracking technique (MASCOTTE), is a new alternative to the existent techniques available for studies that monitor the evolution of CS using satellite images. MASCOTTE provides as CS structural properties the following parameters: mean and variance of brightness temperature, horizontal area, perimeter, minimum brightness temperature, fractional convective area, center of gravity, and fragmentation. The fragmentation parameter has the potential to monitor the evolution of the CS. A new way of estimating the orientation and eccentricity of CS is proposed and is based on the empirical orthogonal function analysis of CS pixel coordinates. The method includes an accurate detection of splitting and merging of convective systems, which is a critical step in the automated satellite CS life cycle determination. Based on the magnitudes of the spatial correlation between consecutive satellite images and the changes in horizontal areas of CS, MASCOTTE provides a simple and skillful technique to track the evolution of CS life cycles. The MASCOTTE methodology is applied to infrared satellite images during seven consecutive days of the Wet-Season Atmospheric Mesoscale Campaign of the Large-Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment and ground validation experiment of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission in the Brazilian state of Rondia in the Amazon basin. The results indicate that MASCOTTE is a valuable approach to understanding the variability of CS.

Chan J. C. L., K. S. Liu, S. E. Ching, and E. S. T. Lai, 2004: Asymmetric distribution of convection associated with tropical cyclones making landfall along the south China coast. Mon. Wea. Rev., 132, 2410- 2420.10.1007/s00703-006-0244-1

7dbeb86fd7740de77cb17bbf3a17fcaa

http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs00703-006-0244-1

http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00703-006-0244-1This study examines the convection distribution associated with 18 TCs that made landfall along the South China coast during 1995 and 2005. Cloud-top temperatures from high-resolution satellite imageries of the Geosynchronous Meteorological Satellite 5 are used as proxy of strong convection. It is found that convection tends to be enhanced on the western side of the TC as it makes landfall in 10 of the cases, in agreement with the conclusion of some previous studies. Four cases have stronger convection on the eastern side. This eviation- from the general rule appears to be related to the TCs being more slow-moving or their interaction of the TC with another land surface prior to its making landfall along the South China coast. For the remaining cases in which no significant asymmetries in convection can be identified, the vertical wind shear appears to enhance convection on the east side.

Chen L. S., Z. Y. Meng, 2001: An overview on tropical cyclone research progress in China during the past ten years. Chinese J. Atmos. Sci., 25( 4), 420- 432. (in Chinese)9062e850033bbe76b9e3238f4065b78e

http%3A%2F%2Fen.cnki.com.cn%2FArticle_en%2FCJFDTOTAL-DQXK200103012.htm

http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-DQXK200103012.htmAt the beginning of the 1990s, several large-scape tropical cyclone (TC) field experiments were launched internationally and domestically. Much valuable intensive observational data have been obtained. With these data, a series of studies on tropical cyclone especially on abnormal typhoons were carried out in China. Under the national key project related to tropical cyclone such as," Typhoon scientific operational experiment and studies on its synoptic and dynamic theories" and international cooperative project on typhoon named " SPECTRUM", TC sudden change phenomena and forecast techniques were investigated with emphasis in China. During the past 10 years, much improvements have been achieved in sudden changes of tropical cyclone motion, its structure and intensity, sudden intensification of typhoon caused heavy rain, TC track forecast methods etc. This paper will summarize briefly these developments.

Chen S. S., J. A. Knaff, and F. D. Marks, 2006: Effects of vertical wind shear and storm motion on tropical cyclone rainfall asymmetries deduced from TRMM. Mon. Wea. Rev., 134( 11), 3190- 3208.f1a8d844a5fadaaaf81ef87ea78f8401

http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioone.org%2Fservlet%2Flinkout%3Fsuffix%3Di1551-5036-67-sp1-109-Chen1%26dbid%3D16%26doi%3D10.2112%252FSI_67_8%26key%3D10.1175%252FMWR3245.1

http://xueshu.baidu.com/s?wd=paperuri%3A%28dd55ae827766f893be008cf310a409ba%29&filter=sc_long_sign&tn=SE_xueshusource_2kduw22v&sc_vurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioone.org%2Fservlet%2Flinkout%3Fsuffix%3Di1551-5036-67-sp1-109-Chen1%26dbid%3D16%26doi%3D10.2112%252FSI_67_8%26key%3D10.1175%252FMWR3245.1&ie=utf-8&sc_us=6627478276274112225

Corbosiero K. L., J. Molinari, 2002: The effects of vertical wind shear on the distribution of convection in tropical cyclones. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130( 8), 2110- 2123.e22cc79d0c229d4224dff62a608075e5

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fnph-data_query%3Fbibcode%3D2002MWRv..130.2110C%26db_key%3DPHY%26link_type%3DEJOURNAL

http://xueshu.baidu.com/s?wd=paperuri%3A%286cb3f7e9e9217596e45ee93403a962db%29&filter=sc_long_sign&tn=SE_xueshusource_2kduw22v&sc_vurl=http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fnph-data_query%3Fbibcode%3D2002MWRv..130.2110C%26db_key%3DPHY%26link_type%3DEJOURNAL&ie=utf-8&sc_us=8130994636086979390

Corbosiero K. L., J. Molinari, 2003: The relationship between storm motion, vertical wind shear, and convective asymmetries in tropical cyclones. J. Atmos. Sci., 60( 3), 366- 376.10.1175/1520-0469(2003)0602.0.CO;2

0a6ba1070a9ecb832ce5f4b6e6de8cf1

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2003JAtS...60..366C

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003JAtS...60..366CAbstract The influence of the direction of storm motion on the azimuthal distribution of electrified convection in 35 Atlantic basin tropical cyclones from 1985 to 1999 was examined using data from the National Lightning Detection Network. In the inner 100 km, flashes most often occurred in the front half of storms, with a preference for the right-front quadrant. In the outer rainbands (r = 100-300 km), flashes occurred predominantly to the right of motion, although the maximum remained in the right-front quadrant. The results are shown to be consistent with previous studies of asymmetries in rainfall, radar reflectivity, and vertical motion with respect to tropical cyclone motion. The motion effect has been attributed to the influence of asymmetric friction in the tropical cyclone boundary layer. The authors previously found a strong signature in the azimuthal distribution of lightning with respect to vertical wind shear. Because both effects show clearly, vertical wind shear and storm motion must themse...

Demaria M., J. A. Knaff, and C. Sampson, 2007: Evaluation of long-term trends in tropical cyclone intensity forecasts. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 97, 19- 28.10.1007/s00703-006-0241-4

ffae03528c8bd1c2a7ad5eed49371785

http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs00703-006-0241-4

http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00703-006-0241-4The National Hurricane Center and Joint Typhoon Warning Center operational tropical cyclone intensity forecasts for the three major northern hemisphere tropical cyclone basins (Atlantic, eastern North Pacific, and western North Pacific) for the past two decades are examined for long-term trends. Results show that there has been some marginal improvement in the mean absolute error at 24 and 4865h for the Atlantic and at 7265h for the east and west Pacific. A new metric that measures the percent variance of the observed intensity changes that is reduced by the forecast (variance reduction, VR) is defined to help account for inter-annual variability in forecast difficulty. Results show that there have been significant improvements in the VR of the official forecasts in the Atlantic, and some marginal improvement in the other two basins. The VR of the intensity guidance models was also examined. The improvement in the VR is due to the implementation of advanced statistical intensity prediction models and the operational version of the GFDL hurricane model in the mid-1990s. The skill of the operational intensity forecasts for the 5-year period ending in 2005 was determined by comparing the errors to those from simple statistical models with input from climatology and persistence. The intensity forecasts had significant skill out to 9665h in the Atlantic and out to 7265h in the east and west Pacific. The intensity forecasts are also compared to the operational track forecasts. The skill was comparable at 1265h, but the track forecasts were 2 to 5 times more skillful by 7265h. The track and intensity forecast error trends for the two-decade period were also compared. Results showed that the percentage track forecast improvement was almost an order of magnitude larger than that for intensity, indicating that intensity forecasting still has much room for improvement.

Frank W. M., E. A. Ritchie, 1999: Effects of environmental flow upon tropical cyclone structure.Mon. Wea. Rev., 127( 9), 2044- 2061.10.1175/1520-0493(1999)1272.0.CO;2

dca0dabfd3ad2709c4b756436bc71a0f

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F1999MWRv..127.2044F

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999MWRv..127.2044FAbstract Numerical simulations of tropical-cyclone-like vortices are performed to analyze the effects of unidirectional vertical wind shear and translational flow upon the organization of convection within a hurricanecore region and upon the intensity of the storm. A series of dry and moist simulations is performed using the Pennsylvania State University ational Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model version 5 (MM5) with idealized initial conditions. The dry simulations are designed to determine the patterns of forced ascent that occur as the vortex responds to imposed vertical wind shear and translational flow, and the mechanisms that modulate the vertical velocity field are explored. The moist simulations are initialized with the same initial conditions as the dry runs but with a cumulus parameterization and explicit moisture scheme activated. The moist simulations are compared to the dry runs in order to test the hypothesis that the forced vertical circulation modes modulate the convection...

Frank W. M., E. A. Ritchie, 2001: Effects of vertical wind shear on the intensity and structure of numerically simulated hurricanes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129( 9), 2249- 2269.5f1c156264b7fcd36d588789473feb48

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fnph-data_query%3Fbibcode%3D2001MWRv..129.2249F%26db_key%3DPHY%26link_type%3DABSTRACT

http://xueshu.baidu.com/s?wd=paperuri%3A%28a4082a554b992bcf9b4aef8e3ef598a9%29&filter=sc_long_sign&tn=SE_xueshusource_2kduw22v&sc_vurl=http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fnph-data_query%3Fbibcode%3D2001MWRv..129.2249F%26db_key%3DPHY%26link_type%3DABSTRACT&ie=utf-8&sc_us=16582585971990525617

Houze, R. A. Jr., D. C. Wilton, B. F. Smull, 2007: Monsoon convection in the Himalayan region as seen by the TRMM Precipitation Radar. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 133, 1389- 1411.10.1002/qj.106

028aa5645765e6ed5d8ba5e4acee6346

http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fqj.106%2Ffull

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.106/fullThree-dimensional structure of summer monsoon convection in the Himalayan region and its overall variability are examined by analyzing data trom the Iropical Raintall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Precipitation Radar over the June-September seasons of 2002 and 2003. Statistics are compiled for both convective and stratiform components of the observed radar echoes. Deep intense convective echoes (40 dBZ echo reaching heights >10 km) occur primarily just upstream (south) of and over the lower elevations of the Himalayan barrier, especially in the northwestern concave indentation of the barrier. The deep intense convective echoes are vertically erect, consistent with the relatively weak environmental shear. They sometimes extend above 17 km, indicating that exceptionally strong updraughts loft graupel to high altitudes. Occasionally, scattered isolated deep intense convective echoes occur over the Tibetan Plateau. Wide intense convective echoes (40 dBZ echo >1000 km

Jirak I. L., W. R. Cotton, and R. L. McAnelly, 2003: Satellite and radar survey of mesoscale convective system development. Mon. Wea. Rev., 131( 10), 2428- 2449.10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<2428:SARSOM>2.0.CO;2

767268647886f416135924604bd27a32

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2003MWRv..131.2428J

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003MWRv..131.2428JAn investigation of several hundred mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) during the warm seasons (April-August) of 1996-98 is presented. Circular and elongated MCSs on both the large and small scales were classified and analyzed in this study using satellite and radar data. The satellite classification scheme used for this study includes two previously defined categories and two new categories: mesoscale convective complexes (MCCs), persistent elongated convective systems (PECSs), meso-circular convective systems (MCSs), and meso- elongated convective systems (MCSs). Around two-thirds of the MCSs in the study fell into the larger satellite-defined categories (MCCs and PECSs). These larger systems produced more severe weather, generated much more precipitation, and reached a peak frequency earlier in the convective season than the smaller, meso-systems. Overall, PECSs were found to be the dominant satellite-defined MCS, as they were the largest, most common, most severe, and most prolific precipitation-producing systems. In addition, 2-km national composite radar reflectivity data were used to analyze the development of each of the systems. A three-level radar classification scheme describing MCS development is introduced. The classification scheme is based on the following elements: presence of stratiform precipitation, arrangement of convective cells, and interaction of convective clusters. Considerable differences were found among the systems when categorized by these features. Grouping systems by the interaction of their convective clusters revealed that more than 70% of the MCSs evolved from the merger of multiple convective clusters, which resulted in larger systems than those that developed from a single cluster. The most significant difference occurred when classifying systems by their arrangement of convective cells. In particular, if the initial convection were linearly arranged, the mature MCSs were larger, longer-lived, more severe, and more effective at producing precipitation than MCSs that developed from areally arranged convection.

Johnson R. H., S. L. Aves, P. E. Ciesielski, and T. D. Keenan, 2005: Organization of oceanic convection during the onset of the 1998 East Asian summer monsoon. Mon. Wea. Rev., 133( 2), 131- 148.10.1175/MWR-2843.1

a26cfcb2a19fb97f9a4dbaceb3cf5ea1

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2005MWRv..133..131J

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005MWRv..133..131JAbstract The organizational modes of convection over the northern South China Sea (SCS) during the onset of the summer monsoon are documented using radar and sounding data from the Mayune 1998 South China Sea Monsoon Experiment (SCSMEX). The onset occurred in mid-May with a rapid increase in deep convection over a 10-day period, accompanied by a major shift in the circulation over the east Asian region. Analysis of Bureau of Meteorology Research Centre (BMRC) radar data from Dongsha Island reveals a wide range of organizational modes of convection over the northern SCS. Proximity sounding data indicate that lower- and middle-level vertical wind shears exerted a dominant control over the orientation of convective lines within mesoscale convective systems in this region, as has been found in the Australian monsoon region and the equatorial western Pacific. The results are consistent with the conceptual model of LeMone et al. based on the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Oceantmosphere Response E...

Kane, R. J. Jr., C. R. Chelius, J. M. Fritsch, 1987: Precipitation characteristics of mesoscale convective weather systems. J. Appl. Meteor., 26, 1345- 1357.10.1175/1520-0450(1987)0262.0.CO;2

6f24fb94025ffb71b6e3c3c2b4697bc7

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F1987JApMe..26.1345K

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987JApMe..26.1345KPrecipitation from 74 mesoscale convective complexes is examined to determine the total precipitation, areal extent, and characteristic precipitation pattern of an average convective complex. The relationship between the average precipitation pattern and the track of the centroid of the satellite-observed, cold-cloud shield is determined as an aid to forecasting. The amount and spatial distribution of precipitation during each stage (i.e., initiation, maturation and dissipation) of the average convective system's life cycle are presented, as well as the precipitation patterns for systems that form in particular synoptic environments. The precipitation characteristics of MCCs are compared to those from 32 other convective weather systems that are similar to MCCs but do not meet all the MCC-definition criteria.

Lee C. S., B. F. Chen, and R. L. Elsberry, 2012: Long-lasting convective systems in the outer region of tropical cyclones in the western North Pacific. J. Geophys. Res., 39, L21812.d952ebc7628e8d097d56ad7965b692df

http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1029%2F2012GL053685%2Ffull

http://xueshu.baidu.com/s?wd=paperuri%3A%28a1161a80875972d6b98103f113d555b0%29&filter=sc_long_sign&tn=SE_xueshusource_2kduw22v&sc_vurl=http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1029%2F2012GL053685%2Ffull&ie=utf-8&sc_us=11216735214274718622

Lee C. S., K. K. W. Cheung, J. S. N Hui, and R. L. Elsberry, 2008: Mesoscale features associated with tropical cyclone formations in the Western North Pacific. Mon. Wea. Rev., 136, 2006- 2022.10.1175/2007MWR2267.1

f291a8796294ddddb1d68dee81d3444b

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2008MWRv..136.2006L

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008MWRv..136.2006LThe mesoscale features of 124 tropical cyclone formations in the western North Pacific Ocean during 1999-2004 are investigated through large-scale analyses, satellite infrared brightness temperature (TB), and Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) oceanic wind data. Based on low-level wind flow and surge direction, the formation cases are classified into six synoptic patterns: easterly wave (EW), northeasterly flow (NE), coexistence of northeasterly and southwesterly flow (NEW), southwesterly flow (SW), monsoon confluence (MC), and monsoon shear (MS). Then the general convection characteristics and mesoscale convective system (MCS) activities associated with these formation cases are studied under this classification scheme. Convection processes in the EW cases are distinguished from the monsoon-related formations in that the convection is less deep and closer to the formation center. Five characteristic temporal evolutions of the deep convection are identified: (i) single convection event, (ii) two convection events, (iii) three convection events, (iv) gradual decrease in TB, and (v) fluctuating TB, or a slight increase in TB before formation. Although no dominant temporal evolution differentiates cases in the six synoptic patterns, evolutions ii and iii seem to be the common routes taken by the monsoon-related formations. The overall percentage of cases with MCS activity at multiple times is 63%, and in 35% of cases more than one MCS coexisted. Most of the MC and MS cases develop multiple MCSs that lead to several episodes of deep convection. These two patterns have the highest percentage of coexisting MCSs such that potential interaction between these systems may play a role in the formation process. The MCSs in the monsoon-related formations are distributed around the center, except in the NEW cases in which clustering of MCSs is found about 100-200 km east of the center during the 12 h before formation. On average only one MCS occurs during an EW formation, whereas the mean value is around two for the other monsoon-related patterns. Both the mean lifetime and time of first appearance of MCS in EW are much shorter than those developed in other synoptic patterns, which indicates that the overall formation evolution in the EW case is faster. Moreover, this MCS is most likely to be found within 100 km east of the center 12 h before formation. The implications of these results to internal mechanisms of tropical cyclone formation are discussed in light of other recent mesoscale studies.

Li Q. Q., Y. H. Duan, 2013: Sensitivity of quasi-periodic outer rainband activity of tropical cyclones to the surface entropy flux. Acta Meteorologica Sinica, 27( 5), 636- 657.10.1007/s13351-013-0502-3

bd4ab277fbf21c53a5124d2b3997b225

http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cqvip.com%2FQK%2F88418X%2F201305%2F47640916.html

http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/qxxb-e201305003The influence of outer-core surface entropy fluxes(SEFs)on tropical cyclone(TC)outer rainband activity is investigated in this study with a fully compressible,nonhydrostatic model.A control simulation and two sensitivity experiments with the outer-core SEF artificially increased and decreased by 20%respectively were conducted to examine the quasi-periodic outer rainband behavior.Larger negative horizontal advection due to the greater radial wind and the positive contribution by asymmetric eddies leads to a longer period of outerrainband activity in the SEF-enhanced experiment.The well-developed outer rainbands in the control and SEF-reduced simulations significantly limit the TC intensity,whereas such an intensity suppression influence is not pronounced in the SEF-enhanced experiment.As diabatic heating in outer rainbands strengthens the outer-core tangential wind,the quasi-periodic activity of outer rainbands contributes to the quasi-periodic variations of the inner-core size of the TCs.

Lonfat, M, F. D. Marks, S. S. Chen, 2004: Precipitation distribution in tropical cyclones using the tropical rainfall measuring mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager: A global perspective. Mon. Wea. Rev., 132( 7), 1645- 1660.347eb0738a0a959a254e5c3dd8c618f0

http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioone.org%2Fservlet%2Flinkout%3Fsuffix%3Di1551-5036-67-sp1-109-Lonfat1%26dbid%3D16%26doi%3D10.2112%252FSI_67_8%26key%3D10.1175%252F1520-0493%282004%291322.0.CO%253B2

http://xueshu.baidu.com/s?wd=paperuri%3A%28351df68365eab9fac2da1189798738b4%29&filter=sc_long_sign&tn=SE_xueshusource_2kduw22v&sc_vurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioone.org%2Fservlet%2Flinkout%3Fsuffix%3Di1551-5036-67-sp1-109-Lonfat1%26dbid%3D16%26doi%3D10.2112%252FSI_67_8%26key%3D10.1175%252F1520-0493%282004%291322.0.CO%253B2&ie=utf-8&sc_us=13096078972896950794

Luo Y. L., R. H. Zhang, W. M. Qian, Z. Z. Luo, and X. Hu, 2011: Intercomparison of deep convection over the Tibetan Plateau-Asian Monsoon Region and subtropical North America in boreal summer using CloudSat/CALIPSO Data. J.Climate, 24, 2164- 2177.10.1175/2010JCLI4032.1

bc23e0a1ffaa510210f301aa40ca3192

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2010AGUFM.A11D0074L

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AGUFM.A11D0074LDeep convection in the Tibetan Plateau-southern Asian monsoon region (TP-SAMR) is analyzed using CloudSat and Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) data for the boreal summer season (June-August) from 2006 to 2009. Three subregions are definedhe TP, the southern slope of the plateau (PSS), and the SAMRnd deep convection properties (such as occurrence frequency, internal vertical structure, system size, and local environment) are compared among these subregions. To cast them in a broader context, four additional regions that bear some similarity to the TP-SAMR are also discussed: East Asia (EA), tropical northwestern Pacific (NWP), and western and eastern North America (WNA and ENA, respectively). The principal findings are as follows: 1) Compared to the other two subregions of the TP-SAMR, deep convection over the TP is shallower, less frequent, and embedded in smaller-size convection systems, but the cloud tops are more densely packed. These characteristics of deep convection over the TP are closely related to the unique local environment, namely, a significantly lower level of neutral buoyancy (LNB) and much drier atmosphere. 2) In a broader context in which all seven regions are brought together, deep convection in the two tropical regions (NWP and SAMR; mostly over ocean) is similar in many regards. A similar conclusion can be drawn among the four subtropical continental regions (TP, EA, WNA, and ENA). However, tropical oceanic and subtropical land regions present some significant contrasts: deep convection in the latter region occurs less frequently, has lower cloud tops but comparable or slightly higher tops of large radar echo (e.g., 0 and 10 dBZ), and is embedded in smaller systems. The cloud tops of the subtropical land regions are generally more densely packed. Hence, the difference between the TP and SAMR is more of a general contrast between subtropical land regions and tropical oceanic regions during the boreal summer. 3) Deep convection over the PSS possesses some uniqueness of its own because of the distinctive terrain (slopes) and moist low-level monsoon flow. 4) Results from a comparison between the daytime (1:30 p.m.) and nighttime (1:30 a.m.) overpasses are largely consistent with researchers' general understanding of the diurnal variation of tropical and subtropical deep convection.

Maddox R. A., 1980: Mesoscale convective complexes. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 61, 1374- 1387.2e172054-7cd8-460f-a4b0-4c6b265664fd

36bcf1b059922cd6608b9b43eef0ce5f

http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mendeley.com%2Fresearch%2Fmesoscale-convective-complexes-6%2F

refpaperuri:(69df345c180d3808b3acab0596548a6d)

http://www.mendeley.com/research/mesoscale-convective-complexes-6/

May P. T., 1996: The organization of convection in the rainbands of Tropical Cyclone Laurence. Mon. Wea. Rev., 124( 5), 807- 815.10.1175/1520-0493(1996)1242.0.CO;2

0497a2404af49de21e5776f435e9428d

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F1996MWRv..124..807M

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996MWRv..124..807MA slow-moving weak tropical cyclone passed near Darwin, Australia, in December 1990. Rainbands were observed by a Doppler weather radar and a 50-MHz wind profiler for over 24 h. The principal bands were seen to be organized on two distinct scales. Bands of stratiform precipitation formed at a radius of about 100 km from the center of the storm and moved outward at about 6 m s. These decayed after they moved past Darwin over land. A distinct midlevel jet extended along the bands. Within the bands, convective lines formed at regular intervals, propagated against and outward with respect to the mean flow, and acted as a partial barrier to the radial inflow. Deep, active convection was confined to these lines. The vertical motion in the convection showed a distinct acceleration above the freezing level with measured updrafts of up to 10 m s. The convection elevated the tropopause height over the rainband. It is hypothesized that an inertia-gravity wave propagating from near the storm eye was responsible for triggering the convection within the lines. This hypothesis, although difficult to test, accounts for the propagation characteristics of the convective lines and offers an explanation of why similar features have not been seen in more intense storms.

Merrill, R. T, 1988: Environmental influences on hurricane intensification. J. Atmos. Sci., 45( 11), 1678- 1687.10.1175/1520-0469(1988)0452.0.CO;2

9cd46d8e708cabfcad12497a7c948a95

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F1985PhDT.......145M

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985PhDT.......145MAbstract Although driven by internal processes, hurricanes are also regulated by conditions in their oceanic and atmospheric surroundings. Sea surface temperature determines an upper bound on the intensity of hurricanes, but most never reach this potential, apparently because of adverse atmospheric conditions. Winds measured by satellite cloud tracking, commercial aircraft, and rawinsondes are composited using a rotated coordinate system designed to preserve the asymmetries in the upper-tropospheric environment. Composites of upper-tropospheric environmental flows for intensifying and nonintensifying hurricanes for a five-year period are compared. Nonintensifying composites indicate stronger mean environmental flow relative to the hurricane motion, unidirectional flow over and near the hurricane center, and slightly weaker radial outflow and/or more pronounced anticyclonic flow surrounding the center in the upper troposphere.

Miller B. I., 1958: Rainfall rates in Florida hurricanes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 86, 258- 264.10.1175/1520-0493(1958)0862.0.CO;2

2fffe263aa798ff64c46891b00a4ea21

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F1958MWRv...86..258M

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1958MWRv...86..258MNot Available

Rodgers E. B., S. W. Chung, and H. F. Pierce, 1994: A satellite observational and numerical study of precipitation characteristics in western North Atlantic tropical cyclones. J. Appl. Meteor., 33( 3), 129- 139.10.3724/SP.J.1077.2011.00271

7ca0b27f1e0bd4af74eb7e89045ef9d5

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F1994JApMe..33..129R

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994JApMe..33..129RAbstract Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) observations were used to examine the spatial and temporal changes of the precipitation characteristics of tropical cyclones. SSM/I observations were also combined with the results of a tropical cyclone numerical model to examine the role of inner-core diabatic heating in subsequent intensity changes of tropical cyclones. Included in the SSM/I observations were rainfall characteristics of 18 named western North Atlantic tropical cyclones between 1987 and 1989. The SSM/I rain-rate algorithm that employed the 85-GHz channel provided an analysis of the rain-rate distribution in greater detail. However, the SSM/I algorithm underestimated the rain rates when compared to in situ techniques but appeared to be comparable to the rain rates obtained from other satellite-borne passive microwave radiometers. The analysis of SSM/I observations found that more intense systems had higher rain rates, more latent heat release, and a greater contribution from heavier rain to...

Shapiro L. J., 1983: The asymmetric boundary layer flow under a translating hurricane. J. Atmos. Sci., 40( 8), 1984- 1998.10.1175/1520-0469(1983)0402.0.CO;2

68420d0bf743638b9a63153fbc383a2a

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F1983JAtS...40.1984S

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983JAtS...40.1984SAn investigation is made of the role of the translation of a hurricane in determining the distribution of boundary layer winds and in the organization of convection. A slab boundary layer model of constant depth is used to analyze the steady flow under a specified translating symmetric vortex in gradient balance. A truncated spectral formulation is used, including asymmetries through wavenumber 2. The role of linear and nonlinear asymmetric effects in the determination of the boundary layer response is diagnosed. These effects am relevant to relatively slowly and rapidly translating hurricanes, respectively.The analysis is compared to observations of Hurricanes Frederic of 1979 and Allen of 1980, as well as to other observational and theoretical cures. Allen's translation speed was approximately twice that of Frederic. It is found that the simple boundary layer formulation simulates the qualitative features of the wind field observed in Frederic. The distribution of convection in Frederic and Allen compares favorably with boundary layer convergence diagnosed from the model.

Wang Y. Q., 2009: How do outer spiral rainbands affect tropical cyclone structure and intensity? J. Atmos. Sci., 66, 1250- 1273.10.1175/2008JAS2737.1

cd8d5604045d66cacadd3ba570056c28

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2009JAtS...66.1250W

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009JAtS...66.1250WA long-standing issue on how outer spiral rainbands affect the structure and intensity of tropical cyclones is studied through a series of numerical experiments using the cloud-resolving tropical cyclone model TCM4. Because diabatic heating due to phase changes is the main driving force of outer spiral rainbands, their effect on the tropical cyclone structure and intensity is evaluated by artificially modifying the heating and cooling rate due to cloud microphysical processes in the model. The view proposed here is that the effect of diabatic heating in outer spiral rainbands on the storm structure and intensity results mainly from hydrostatic adjustment; that is, heating (cooling) of an atmospheric column decreases (increases) the surface pressure underneath the column. The change in surface pressure due to heating in the outer spiral rainbands is significant on the inward side of the rainbands where the inertial stability is generally high. Outside the rainbands in the far field, where the inertial stability is low and internal atmospheric heating is mostly lost to gravity wave radiation and little is left to warm the atmospheric column and lower the local surface pressure, the change in surface pressure is relatively small. This strong radially dependent response reduces the horizontal pressure gradient across the radius of maximum wind and thus the storm intensity in terms of the maximum low-level tangential wind while increasing the inner-core size of the storm. The numerical results show that cooling in the outer spiral rainbands maintains both the intensity of a tropical cyclone and the compactness of its inner core, whereas heating in the outer spiral rainbands decreases the intensity but increases the size of a tropical cyclone. Overall, the presence of strong outer spiral rainbands limits the intensity of a tropical cyclone. Because heating or cooling in the outer spiral rainbands depends strongly on the relative humidity in the near-core environment, the results have implications for the formation of the annular hurricane structure, the development of concentric eyewalls, and the size change in tropical cyclones.

Wingo M. T., D. J. Cecil, 2010: Effects of vertical wind shear on tropical cyclone precipitation.Mon. Wea. Rev., 138( 4), 645- 662.10.1175/2009MWR2921.1

44a8b93c9bc7a15621ac92034692b7b4

http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cabdirect.org%2Fabstracts%2F20103129515.html

http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/20103129515.htmlAbstract The response of the precipitation field for tropical cyclones in relation to the surrounding environmental vertical wind shear has been investigated using 6520 000 snapshots of passive-microwave satellite rain rates. Composites of mean rain rates, 95th percentile rain rates, and rain coverage were constructed to compare how the spatial distribution of the precipitation was organized under varying environmental shear. Results indicated that precipitation is displaced downshear and to the left (right for Southern Hemisphere) of the shear vector. The amplitude of this displacement increases with stronger shear. The majority of the asymmetry found in the mean rain rates is accounted for by the asymmetry in the occurrence of heavy rain. Although rain is common in all quadrants of the sheared tropical cyclones, heavy rain (8 mm h611 at the 6525-km scale) is comparatively rare in the upshear-right quadrant. It is shown that the effect that shear has on the rain field is nearly instantaneous. Strong wester...

Wu C. C., T. H. Yen, Y. H. Kuo, and W. Wang, 2002: Rainfall simulation associated with Typhoon Herb (1996) near Taiwan. Part I: The topographic effect. Wea.Forecasting, 17( 5), 1001- 1015.10.1175/1520-0434(2003)0172.0.CO;2

1f69329d23d292946f3d9e71038cfbde

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2002WtFor..17.1001W

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002WtFor..17.1001WIn this study, a series of numerical experiments are performed to examine the ability of a high-resolution mesoscale model to predict the track, intensity change, and detailed mesoscale precipitation distributions associated with Typhoon Herb (1996), which made landfall over Taiwan. The fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University-National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5), with a 2.2-km horizontal grid spacing, successfully simulates the mesoscale rainfall distribution associated with Herb, and the predicted maximum 24-h rainfall of 1199 mm accounts for about 70% of the observed amount of 1736 mm at Mount A-Li. It is shown that, with an accurate track simulation, the ability of the model to simulate successfully the observed rainfall is dependent on two factors: the model's horizontal grid spacing and its ability to describe the Taiwan terrain. The existence of the Central Mountain Range has only a minor impact on the storm track, but it plays a key role in substantially increasing the total rainfall amounts over Taiwan. The analysis presented here shows that the model and terrain resolutions play a nearly equivalent role in the heavy precipitation over Mount A-Li. The presence of maximum vertical motion and heating rate in the lower troposphere, above the upslope mountainous region, is a significant feature of forced lifting associated with the interaction of the typhoon's circulation and Taiwan's mountainous terrain. Overall, Typhoon Herb is a case in point to indicate the intimate relation between Taiwan's topography and the rainfall distribution associated with a typhoon at landfall.

Yang X. R., J. F. Fei, X. G. Huang, X. P. Cheng, L. W. V. Carvalho, and H. R. He, 2015: Characteristics of mesoscale convective systems over China and its vicinity using geostationary satellite FY2. J.Climate, 28, 4890- 4907.10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00491.1

011de2daaade7c90c4a1651ea7790620

http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2015JCli...28.4890Y

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JCli...28.4890YNot Available

Zheng Y. G., J. Chen, and P. J. Zhu, 2008: Climatological distribution and diurnal variation of mesoscale convective systems over China and its vicinity during summer. Chin. Sci. Bull., 53( 10), 1574- 1586.10.1007/s11434-008-0116-9

acd920c76e21caadef6faf173899cc13

http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2Fs11434-008-0116-9

http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-JXTW200810018.htmThe climatological distribution of mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) over China and its vicinity during summer is statistically analyzed, based on the 10-year (1996-2006, 2004 excluded) June-August infrared TBB (Temperature of black body) dataset. Comparing the results obtained in this paper with the distribution of thunderstorms from surface meteorological stations over China and the distribution of lightning from low-orbit satellites over China and its vicinity in the previous studies, we find that the statistic characteristics of TBB less than -52 can better represent the spatiotemporal distribution of MCSs over China and its vicinity during summer.The spreading pattern of the MCSs over this region shows three transmeridional bands of active MCSs, with obvious fluctuation of active MCSs in the band near 30N. It can be explained by the atmospheric circulation that the three bands of active MCSs are associated with each other by the summer monsoon over East Asia. We focus on the diurnal variations of MCSs over different underlying surfaces, and the result shows that there are two types of MCSs over China and its vicinity during summer. One type of MCSs has only one active period all day long (single-peak MCSs), and the other has multiple active periods (multi-peak MCSs). Single-peak MCSs occur more often over plateaus or mountains, and multi-peak MCSs are more common over plains or basins. Depending on lifetimes and active periods, single-peak MCSs can be classified as Tibetan Plateau MCSs, general mountain MCSs, Ryukyu MCSs, and so on. The diurnal variation of multi-peak MCSs is very similar to that of MCCs (mesoscale convective complexes), and it reveals that multi-peak MCSs has longer life cycle and larger horizontal scale, becomes weaker after sunset, and develops again after midnight. Tibetan Plateau MCSs and general mountain MCSs both usually develop in the afternoon, but Tibetan Plateau MCSs have longer life cycle and more active MCSs. Ryukyu MCSs generally develop after midnight, last longer time, and also have more active MCS. The abundant moisture and favorable large-scale environment over Indian monsoon surge areas lead to active MCSs and MCSs almost at any hour all day during summer. Due to local mountain-valley breeze circulation over the Sichuan Basin, MCSs are developed remarkably more often during the nighttime, and again there are also more active MCSs. Because of local prominent sea-land breeze circulation over Guangxi and Guangdong, the MCSs over this region propagate from sea to land in the afternoon and from land to sea after midnight. The statistic characteristics of TBB less than -52 clearly display the different climatological characteristics of MCSs owing to the thermal difference among water, land and rough terrain. Not only the large-scale atmospheric circulation but also the local atmospheric circulation caused by the thermal difference among water, land and rough terrain, to a great extent, determines the climatological distribution of MCSs over China and its vicinity during summer.