| Bombardi, R. J., J. L. Kinter, and O. W. Frauenfeld, 2019: A global gridded dataset of the characteristics of the rainy and dry seasons. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 100, 1315−1328, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-18-0177.1. |
| Bombardi, R. J., V. Moron, and J. S. Goodnight, 2020: Detection, variability, and predictability of monsoon onset and withdrawal dates: A review. International Journal of Climatology, 40, 641−667, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.6264. |
| Bond, N. A., J. E. Overland, M. Spillane, and P. Stabeno, 2003: Recent shifts in the state of the North Pacific. Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 2183, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL018597. |
| Capotondi, A., A. T. Wittenberg, J.-S. Kug, K. Takahashi, and M. J. McPhaden, 2020: ENSO diversity. El Niño Southern Oscillation in a Changing Climate, M. J. McPhaden, A. Santoso, and W. J. Cai, Eds., American Geophysical Union, 65−86. |
| Chen, G. H., and C. H. Sui, 2010: Characteristics and origin of quasi-biweekly oscillation over the western North Pacific during boreal summer. J. Geophys. Res., 115, D14113, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD013389. |
| Chen, S. F., and R. G. Wu, 2018: Impacts of winter NPO on subsequent winter ENSO: Sensitivity to the definition of NPO index. Climate Dyn., 50, 375−389, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-017-3615-z. |
| Chen, W., L. Wang, J. Feng, Z. P. Wen, T. J. Ma, X. Q. Yang, and C. H. Wang, 2019: Recent progress in studies of the variabilities and mechanisms of the East Asian monsoon in a changing climate. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 36, 887−901, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-019-8230-y. |
| Deng, K. Q., S. Yang, D. J. Gu, A. L. Lin, and C. H. Li, 2020: Record-breaking heat wave in southern China and delayed onset of South China Sea summer monsoon driven by the Pacific subtropical high. Climate Dyn., 54, 3751−3764, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05203-8. |
| Ding, R. Q., J. P. Li, Y.-H. Tseng, C. Sun, and Y. P. Guo, 2015: The Victoria mode in the North Pacific linking extratropical sea level pressure variations to ENSO. J. Geophys. Res., 120, 27−45, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD022221. |
| Ding, R. Q., J. P. Li, Y.-H. Tseng, L. J. Li, C. Sun, and F. Xie, 2018: Influences of the North Pacific Victoria mode on the South China Sea summer monsoon. Atmosphere, 9, 229, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos9060229. |
| Fan, Y., K. Fan, Z. Q. Xu, and S. L. Li, 2018: ENSO–South China Sea summer monsoon interaction modulated by the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation. J. Climate, 31, 3061−3076, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0448.1. |
| Feng, J. Q., and D. X. Hu, 2014: How much does heat content of the western tropical Pacific Ocean modulate the South China Sea summer monsoon onset in the last four decades. J. Geophys. Res., 119, 4029−4044, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JC009683. |
| Feng, J. Q., F. J. Wang, L. J. Yu, Q. Y. Wang, and D. X. Hu, 2021: Revisiting the relationship between Indo-Pacific heat content and South China Sea summer monsoon onset during 1980−2020. International Journal of Climatology, 41, 1998−2016, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.6943. |
| Geen, R., 2021: Forecasting South China Sea monsoon onset using insight from theory. Geophy. Res. Lett., 48, e2020GL091444, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL091444. |
| Geng, X., W. J. Zhang, F.-F. Jin, and M. F. Stuecker, 2018: A new method for interpreting nonstationary running correlations and its application to the ENSO-EAWM relationship. Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, 327−334, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL076564. |
| Gill, A. E., 1980: Some simple solutions for heat-induced tropical circulation. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 106, 447−462, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49710644905. |
| He, B., Y. Zhang, T. Li, and W.-T. Hu, 2017: Interannual variability in the onset of the South China Sea summer monsoon from 1997 to 2014. Atmos. Ocean. Sci. Lett., 10, 73−81, https://doi.org/10.1080/16742834.2017.1237853. |
| He, J. H., and Z. W. Zhu, 2015: The relation of South China Sea monsoon onset with the subsequent rainfall over the subtropical East Asia. International Journal of Climatology, 35, 4547−4556, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4305. |
| Hu, P., W. Chen, R. P. Huang, and D. Nath, 2018: On the weakening relationship between the South China Sea summer monsoon onset and cross-equatorial flow after the late 1990s. International Journal of Climatology, 38, 3202−3208, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5472. |
| Hu, P., W. Chen, R. P. Huang, and D. Nath, 2019: Climatological characteristics of the synoptic changes accompanying South China Sea summer monsoon withdrawal. International Journal of Climatology, 39, 596−612, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5828. |
| Hu, P., W. Chen, S. F. Chen, Y. Y. Liu, and R. D. Huang, 2020a: Extremely early summer monsoon onset in the South China Sea in 2019 following an El Niño Event. Mon. Wea. Rev., 148, 1877−1890, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-19-0317.1. |
| Hu, P., W. Chen, S. F. Chen, Y. Y. Liu, L. Wang, and R. P. Huang, 2021: Impact of the March Arctic Oscillation on the South China Sea summer monsoon onset. International Journal of Climatology, 41, E3239−E3248, https://doi.org/10.1002/JOC.6920. |
| Hu, Z. Z., A. Kumar, B. H. Huang, J. S. Zhu, M. L’Heureux, M. J. McPhaden, and J. Y. Yu, 2020c: The interdecadal shift of ENSO properties in 1999/2000: A review. J. Climate, 33, 4441−4462, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0316.1. |
| Huangfu, J. L., R. H. Huang, and W. Chen, 2017a: Relationship between the South China Sea summer monsoon onset and tropical cyclone genesis over the western North Pacific. International Journal of Climatology, 37, 5206−5210, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5141. |
| Huangfu, J. L., R. H. Huang, and W. Chen, 2017b: Statistical analysis and a case study of tropical cyclones that trigger the onset of the South China Sea summer monsoon. Scientific Reports, 7, 12732, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-13128-2. |
| Huangfu, J. L., W. Chen, X. Wang, and R. H. Huang, 2018: The role of synoptic‐scale waves in the onset of the South China Sea summer monsoon. Atmospheric Science Letters, 19, e858, https://doi.org/10.1002/asl.858. |
| Jiang, N., and C. W. Zhu, 2020: Tropical Pacific cold tongue mode triggered by enhanced warm pool convection due to global warming. Environmental Research Letters, 15, 054015, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab7d5e. |
| Jiang, N., and C. W. Zhu, 2021: Seasonal forecast of South China Sea summer monsoon onset disturbed by cold tongue La Niña in the past decade. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 38, 147−155, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-020-0090-y. |
| Jiang, X. W., Z. Y. Wang, and Z. N. Li, 2018: Signature of the South China Sea summer monsoon onset on spring-to-summer transition of rainfall in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Basin. Climate Dyn., 51, 3785−3796, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4110-x. |
| Kajikawa, Y., and B. Wang, 2012: Interdecadal change of the South China Sea summer monsoon onset. J. Climate, 25, 3207−3218, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00207.1. |
| Kajikawa, Y., T. Yasunari, S. Yoshida, and H. Fujinami, 2012: Advanced Asian summer monsoon onset in recent decades. Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L03803, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL050540. |
| Kanamitsu, M., W. Ebisuzaki, J. Woollen, S.-K. Yang, J. J. Hnilo, M. Fiorino, and G. L. Potter, 2002: NCEP–DOE AMIP-II Reanalysis (R-2). Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 83, 1631−1644, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-83-11-1631. |
| Kumar, K. K., B. Rajagopalan, and M. A. Cane, 1999: On the weakening relationship between the Indian monsoon and ENSO. Science, 284, 2156−2159, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.284.5423.2156. |
| Li, C. H., Z. B. Zheng, D. J. Gu, and A. L. Lin, 2019: Asymmetric effects of atmospheric circulation on the South China Sea summer monsoon onset. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 87, 101099, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2019.101099. |
| Li, J. P., and L. Zhang, 2009: Wind onset and withdrawal of Asian summer monsoon and their simulated performance in AMIP models. Climate Dyn., 32, 935−968, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-008-0465-8. |
| Li, K. P., Y. L. Liu, Z. Li, Y. Yang, L. Feng, S. Khokiattiwong, W. D. Yu, and S. H. Liu, 2018: Impacts of ENSO on the Bay of Bengal summer monsoon onset via modulating the intraseasonal oscillation. Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, 5220−5228, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL078109. |
| Li, T. M., B. Wang, B. Wu, T. J. Zhou, C.-P. Chang, and R. H. Zhang, 2017: Theories on formation of an anomalous anticyclone in western North Pacific during El Niño: A review. J. Meteor. Res., 31, 987−1006, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13351-017-7147-6. |
| Liang, J.-Y., Z.-P. Wen, J.-P. Chen, and L.-J. Wu, 2013: Characteristics of tropical sea surface temperature anomalies and their influences on the onset of South China Sea summer monsoon. Atmos. Ocean. Sci. Lett., 6, 266−272, https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1674-2834.13.0026. |
| Lin, A. L., and R. H. Zhang, 2020: Climate shift of the South China Sea summer monsoon onset in 1993/1994 and its physical causes. Climate Dyn., 54, 1819−1827, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-05086-4. |
| Linkin, M. E., and S. Nigam, 2008: The North Pacific Oscillation–West Pacific teleconnection pattern: Mature-Phase structure and winter impacts. J. Climate, 21, 1979−1997, https://doi.org/10.1175/2007JCLI2048.1. |
| Liu, B. Q., and C. W. Zhu, 2019: Extremely late onset of the 2018 South China Sea summer monsoon following a La Niña event: Effects of triple SST anomaly mode in the North Atlantic and a weaker Mongolian cyclone. Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 2956−2963, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL081718. |
| Liu, B. Q., and C. W. Zhu, 2020: Boosting effect of tropical cyclone “Fani” on the onset of the South China Sea summer monsoon in 2019. J. Geophys. Res., 125, e2019JD031891, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD031891. |
| Liu, B. Q., and C. W. Zhu, 2021: Subseasonal-to-seasonal predictability of onset dates of South China Sea summer monsoon: A perspective of meridional temperature gradient. J. Climate, 34, 5601−5616, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-20-0696.1. |
| Liu, B. Q., Y. M. Liu, G. X. Wu, J. H. Yan, J. H. He, and S. L. Ren, 2015: Asian summer monsoon onset barrier and its formation mechanism. Climate Dyn., 45, 711−726, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2296-0. |
| Liu, B. Q., C. W. Zhu, Y. Yuan, and K. Xu, 2016: Two types of interannual variability of South China Sea summer monsoon onset related to the SST anomalies before and after 1993/94. J. Climate, 29, 6957−6971, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0065.1. |
| Liu, F., Y. Ouyang, B. Wang, J. Yang, J. Ling, and P.-C. Hsu, 2020: Seasonal evolution of the intraseasonal variability of China summer precipitation. Climate Dyn., 54, 4641−4655, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05251-0. |
| Liu, Y. M., J. C. L. Chan, J. Y. Mao, and G. X. Wu, 2002: The role of Bay of Bengal convection in the onset of the 1998 South China Sea summer monsoon. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 2731−2744, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<2731:TROBOB>2.0.CO;2. |
| Lu, M.-M., C.-H. Sui, J.-R. Sun, and P.-H. Lin, 2020: Influences of subseasonal to interannual oscillations on the SCS summer monsoon onset in 2018. Terrestrial,Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, 31, 197−209, https://doi.org/10.3319/TAO.2020.02.25.01. |
| Luo, M., and L. J. Lin, 2017: Objective determination of the onset and withdrawal of the South China Sea summer monsoon. Atmospheric Science Letters, 18, 276−282, https://doi.org/10.1002/asl.753. |
| Luo, M., Y. Leung, H. F. Graf, M. Herzog, and W. Zhang, 2016: Interannual variability of the onset of the South China Sea summer monsoon. International Journal of Climatology, 36, 550−562, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4364. |
| Martin, G. M., A. Chevuturi, R. E. Comer, N. J. Dunstone, A. A. Scaife, and D. Q. Zhang, 2019: Predictability of South China Sea summer monsoon onset. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 36, 253−260, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-018-8100-z. |
| Matsuno, T., 1966: Quasi-geostrophic motions in the equatorial area. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 44, 25−43, https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj1965.44.1_25. |
| McPhaden, M. J., A. Santoso, and W. J. Cai, 2021: Introduction to El Niño southern oscillation in a changing climate. El Niño Southern Oscillation in a Changing Climate, M. J. McPhaden, A. Santoso, and W. J. Cai, Eds., American Geophysical Union, 3−20, |
| Mohapatra, S., C. Gnanaseelan, and J. S. Deepa, 2020: Multidecadal to decadal variability in the equatorial Indian Ocean subsurface temperature and the forcing mechanisms. Climate Dyn., 54, 3475−3487, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05185-7. |
| Newman, M., and Coauthors, 2016: The pacific decadal oscillation, revisited. J. Climate, 29, 4399−4427, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0508.1. |
| Rayner, N. A., D. E. Parker, E. B. Horton, C. K. Folland, L. V. Alexander, D. P. Rowell, E. C. Kent, and A. Kaplan, 2003: Global analyses of sea surface temperature, sea ice, and night marine air temperature since the late nineteenth century. J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4407, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002670. |
| Shaman, J., and E. Tziperman, 2005: The Effect of ENSO on Tibetan Plateau Snow Depth: A stationary wave teleconnection mechanism and implications for the South Asian Monsoons. J. Climate, 18, 2067−2079, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3391.1. |
| Shao, X., P. Huang, and R.-H. Huang, 2015: Role of the phase transition of intraseasonal oscillation on the South China Sea summer monsoon onset. Climate Dyn., 45, 125−137, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2264-8. |
| Vimont, D. J., D. S. Battisti, and A. C. Hirst, 2001: Footprinting: A seasonal connection between the tropics and mid-latitudes. Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 3923−3926, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GL013435. |
| Vimont, D. J., J. M. Wallace, and D. S. Battisti, 2003: The seasonal footprinting mechanism in the Pacific: Implications for ENSO. J. Climate, 16, 2668−2675, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<2668:TSFMIT>2.0.CO;2. |
| Wang, B., and Q. Zhang, 2002: Pacific–East Asian teleconnection. Part II: How the Philippine Sea anomalous anticyclone is established during El Niño development. J. Climate, 15, 3252−3265, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<3252:PEATPI>2.0.CO;2. |
| Wang, B., R. G. Wu, and X. H. Fu, 2000: Pacific–East Asian teleconnection: How does ENSO affect East Asian climate. J. Climate, 13, 1517−1536, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<1517:PEATHD>2.0.CO;2. |
| Wang, B., R. G. Wu, and T. Li, 2003: Atmosphere–Warm Ocean interaction and its impacts on Asian–Australian monsoon variation. J. Climate, 16, 1195−1211, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2003)16<1195:AOIAII>2.0.CO;2. |
| Wang, B., LinHo, Y. S. Zhang, and M. M. Lu, 2004: Definition of South China Sea monsoon onset and commencement of the East Asia summer monsoon. J. Climate, 17, 699−710, https://doi.org/10.1175/2932.1. |
| Wang, B., F. Huang, Z. W. Wu, J. Yang, X. H. Fu, and K. Kikuchi, 2009: Multi-scale climate variability of the South China Sea monsoon: A review. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 47, 15−37, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2008.09.004. |
| Wang, H., F. Liu, B. Wang, and T. Li, 2018: Effects of intraseasonal oscillation on South China Sea summer monsoon onset. Climate Dyn., 51, 2543−2558, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-017-4027-9. |
| Wang, H., F. Liu, B. Wang, G. S. Chen, and W. J. Dong, 2021: Diversity of intraseasonal oscillation over the western North Pacific. Climate Dyn., 57, 1881−1893, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-021-05780-2. |
| Wang, L., and G. H. Chen, 2018: Relationship between South China Sea summer monsoon onset and landfalling tropical cyclone frequency in China. International Journal of Climatology, 38, 3209−3214, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5485. |
| Wu, C., S. Yang, A. Wang, and S. Fong, 2005: Effect of condensational heating over the Bay of Bengal on the onset of the South China Sea monsoon in 1998. Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 90, 37−47, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00703-005-0115-1. |
| Wu, R. G., and X. Cao, 2017: Relationship of boreal summer 10–20-day and 30–60-day intraseasonal oscillation intensity over the tropical western North Pacific to tropical Indo-Pacific SST. Climate Dyn., 48, 3529−3546, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-016-3282-5. |
| Wu, X. F., and J. Y. Mao, 2019: Decadal changes in interannual dependence of the bay of Bengal summer monsoon onset on ENSO modulated by the Pacific decadal oscillation. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 36, 1404−1416, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-019-9043-8. |
| Xiang, B. Q., and B. Wang, 2013: Mechanisms for the advanced Asian summer monsoon onset since the mid-to-late 1990s. J. Climate, 26, 1993−2009, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00445.1. |
| Xie, S.-P., Y. Kosaka, Y. Du, K. M. Hu, J. S. Chowdary, and G. Huang, 2016: Indo-western Pacific ocean capacitor and coherent climate anomalies in post-ENSO summer: A review. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 33, 411−432, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-015-5192-6. |
| Yu, L.-J., and D.-X. Hu, 2008: Role of snow depth in spring of Tibetan Plateau in onset of South China Sea summer monsoon. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 51, 1682−1694, https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:0001-5733.2008.06.008. (in Chinese with English abstract |
| Zeng, Z. J., Y. Y. Guo, and Z. P. Wen, 2021: Interdecadal change in the relationship between the Bay of Bengal summer monsoon and South China Sea summer monsoon onset. Frontiers in Earth Science, 8, 610982, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2020.610982. |
| Zhang, R. H., A. Sumi, and M. Kimoto, 1996: Impact of El Niño on the East Asian monsoon: A diagnostic study of the '86/87 and '91/92 events. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 74, 49−62, https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj1965.74.1_49. |
| Zhang, R. H., Q. Y. Min, and J. Z. Su, 2017: Impact of El Niño on atmospheric circulations over East Asia and rainfall in China: Role of the anomalous western North Pacific anticyclone. Science China Earth Sciences, 60, 1124−1132, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-016-9026-x. |
| Zhang, Y., T. Li, J. Y. Gao, and W. Wang, 2020: Origins of quasi-biweekly and intraseasonal oscillations over the South China Sea and Bay of Bengal and scale selection of unstable equatorial and off-equatorial modes. J. Meteor. Res., 34, 137−149, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13351-020-9109-7. |
| Zhu, Z. W., and T. Li, 2017: Empirical prediction of the onset dates of South China Sea summer monsoon. Climate Dyn., 48, 1633−1645, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-016-3164-x. |