| Adirosi, E., L. Baldini, N. Roberto, P. Gatlin, and A. Tokay, 2016: Improvement of vertical profiles of raindrop size distribution from micro rain radar using 2D video disdrometer measurements. Atmospheric Research, 169, 404−415, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2015.07.002. |
| Atlas, D., R. C. Srivasta, and R. S. Sekhon, 1973: Doppler radar characteristics of precipitation at vertical incidence. Rev. Geophys., 11, 1−35, https://doi.org/10.1029/RG011i001p00001. |
| Bringi, V. N., V. Chandrasekar, J. Hubbert, E. Gorgucci, W. L. Randeu, and M. Schoenhuber, 2003: Raindrop size distribution in different climatic regimes from disdrometer and dual-polarized radar analysis. J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 354−365, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<0354:RSDIDC>2.0.CO;2. |
| Bringi, V. N., C. R. Williams, M. Thurai, and P. T. May, 2009: Using dual-polarized radar and dual-frequency profiler for DSD characterization: A case study from Darwin, Australia. J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 26, 2107−2122, https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JTECHA1258.1. |
| Calheiros, A. J. P., and L. A. T. Machado, 2014: Cloud and rain liquid water statistics in the CHUVA campaign. Atmospheric Research, 144, 126−140, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2014.03.006. |
| Cao, Y., D. B, Su, X. G. Fan, and H. B. Chen, 2019: Evaluating the algorithm for correction of the bright band effects in QPEs with S-, C- and X-Band dual-polarized radars. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 36(1), 41−54, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-018-8032-7. |
| Chang, W. Y., T. C. C. Wang, and P. L. Lin, 2009: Characteristics of the raindrop size distribution and drop shape relation in typhoon systems in the western Pacific from the 2D video disdrometer and NCU C-band polarimetric radar. J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 26, 1973−1993, https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JTECHA1236.1. |
| Chen, B. J., W. Hu, and J. P. Pu, 2011: Characteristics of the raindrop size distribution for freezing precipitation observed in southern China. J. Geophys. Res., 116, D06201, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD015305. |
| Chen, B. J., Y. Wang, and J. Ming, 2012: Microphysical characteristics of the raindrop size distribution in typhoon Morakot (2009). Journal of Tropical Meteorology, 18, 162−171. |
| Chen, B. J., J. Wang, and D. L. Gong, 2016: Raindrop size distribution in a midlatitude continental squall line measured by Thies optical disdrometers over East China. J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol., 55, 621−634, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-15-0127.1. |
| Chen, Y., H. Z. Liu, J. L. An, U. Görsdorf, and F. H. Berger, 2010: Error analysis and intercalibrations of vertically pointing radars on the rainfall measurement. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 34, 1114−1126, https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2010.06.07. (in Chinese with English abstract |
| Cheng, R., R. C. Yu, Y. F. Fu, and Y. P. Xu, 2011: Impact of cloud microphysical processes on the simulation of typhoon Rananim near shore. Part I: Cloud structure and precipitation features. Acta Meteorologica Sinica, 25, 441−455, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13351-011-0405-0. |
| Chu, Z. G., Y. Yin, and S. S. Gu, 2014: Characteristics of velocity ambiguity for CINRAD-SA Doppler weather radars. Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 50, 221−227, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13143-014-0010-0. |
| Cifelli, R., and S. A. Rutledge, 1994: Vertical motion structure in maritime continent mesoscale convective systems: Results from a 50-Mhz Profiler. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 2631−2652, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1994)051<2631:VMSIMC>2.0.CO;2. |
| de Moraes Frasson, R. P., L. K. da Cunha, and W. F. Krajewski, 2011: Assessment of the Thies optical disdrometer performance. Atmospheric Research, 101, 237−255, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2011.02.014. |
| Droegemeier, K. K., and Coauthors, 2000: Hydrological aspects of weather prediction and flood warnings: Report of the Ninth Prospectus Development Team of the US Weather Research Program. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 81, 2665−2680, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(2000)081<2665:HAOWPA>2.3.CO;2. |
| Evans, C., and R. E. Hart, 2008: Analysis of the wind field evolution associated with the extratropical transition of Bonnie (1998). Mon. Wea. Rev., 136, 2047−2065, https://doi.org/10.1175/2007MWR2051.1. |
| Friedrich, K., S. Higgins, F. J. Masters, and C. R. Lopez, 2013a: Articulating and stationary PARSIVEL disdrometer measurements in conditions with strong winds and heavy rainfall. J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 30, 2063−2080, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-12-00254.1. |
| Friedrich, K., E. A. Kalina, F. J. Masters, and C. R. Lopez, 2013b: Drop-size distributions in thunderstorms measured by optical disdrometers during VORTEX2. Mon. Wea. Rev., 141, 1182−1203, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-12-00116.1. |
| Gage, K. S., C. R. Williams, P. E. Johnston, W. L. Ecklund, R. Cifelli, A. Tokay, and D. A. Carter, 2000: Doppler radar profilers as calibration tools for scanning radars. J. Appl. Meteorol., 39, 2209−2222, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(2001)040<2209:DRPACT>2.0.CO;2. |
| Gorgucci, E, G. Scarchilli, and V. Chandrasekar, 1994: A robust estimator of rainfall rate using differential reflectivity. J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 11, 586−592, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(1994)011<0586:AREORR>2.0.CO;2. |
| Gunn, R., and G. D. Kinzer, 1949: The terminal velocity of fall for water droplets in stagnant air. J. Meteorol., 6, 243−248, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1949)006<0243:TTVOFF>2.0.CO;2. |
| Jones, S. C., and Coauthors, 2003: The extratropical transition of tropical cyclones: Forecast challenges, current understanding, and future directions. Wea. Forecasting, 18, 1052−1092, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0434(2003)018<1052:TETOTC>2.0.CO;2. |
| Kim, D. K., and D. I. Lee, 2016: Raindrop size distribution properties associated with vertical air motion in the stratiform region of a springtime rain event from 1290 MHz wind profiler, micro rain radar and Parsivel disdrometer measurements. Meteorological Applications, 23, 40−49, https://doi.org/10.1002/met.1518. |
| Kim, D. K., Y. H. Kim, and D. E. Chang, 2011: A study of microphysical properties within a precipitation system using wind profiler spectra. Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 47, 413−420, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13143-011-0026-7. |
| Konwar, M., R. S. Maheskumar, S. K. Das, and S. B. Morwal, 2012: Nature of light rain during presence and absence of bright band. Journal of Earth System Science, 121, 947−961, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-012-0202-x. |
| Liu, L. P., and J. F. Zheng, 2019: Algorithms for Doppler spectral density data quality control and merging for the Ka-band solid-state transmitter cloud radar. Remote Sensing, 11(2), 209, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11020209. |
| Liu, L. P., L. Xie, and Z. H. Cui, 2014: Examination and application of Doppler spectral density data in drop size distribution retrieval in weak precipitation by cloud radar. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 38(2), 223−236, https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2013.12207. (in Chinese with English abstract |
| Liu, L. P., J. F. Zheng, and J. Y. Wu, 2017a: A Ka-band solid-state transmitter cloud radar and data merging algorithm for its measurements. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 34, 545−558, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-016-6044-8. |
| Liu, L. P., Z. Ruan, J. F. Zheng, and W. H. Gao, 2017b: Comparing and merging observation data from Ka-Band Cloud Radar, C-Band frequency-modulated continuous wave radar and ceilometer systems. Remote Sensing, 9(12), 1282, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9121282. |
| METEK, 2009: MRR Physical Basics. Version 5.2.0.1, 20 pp. [Available online from https://mpimet.mpg.de/fileadmin/atmosphaere/barbados/Instrumentation/MRR-physical-basics_20090707.pdf] |
| Peters, G., B. Fischer, and T. Andersson, 2002: Rain observations with a vertically looking Micro Rain Radar (MRR). Boreal Environmental Research, 7, 353−362. |
| Peters, G., B. Fischer, H. Münster, M. Clemens, and A. Wagner, 2005: Profiles of raindrop size distributions as retrieved by microrain radars. J. Appl. Meteorol., 44, 1930−1949, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAM2316.1. |
| Peters, G., B. Fischer, and M. Clemens, 2010: Rain attenuation of radar echoes considering finite-range resolution and using drop size distributions. J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 27, 829−842, https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JTECHA1342.1. |
| Pfaff, T., A. Engelbrecht, and J. Seidel, 2014: Detection of the bright band with a vertically pointing k-band radar. Meteor. Z., 23, 527−534, https://doi.org/10.1127/metz/2014/0605. |
| Prat, O. P., and A. P. Barros, 2010: Ground observations to characterize the spatial gradients and vertical structure of orographic precipitation−Experiments in the inner region of the Great Smoky Mountains. J. Hydrol., 391, 141−156, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.07.013. |
| Probert-Jones, J. R., 1962: The radar equation in meteorology. Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 88, 485−495, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49708837810. |
| Rico-Ramirez, M. A., and I. D. Cluckie, 2007: Bright-band detection from radar vertical reflectivity profiles. Int. J. Remote Sens., 28, 4013−4025, https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160601047797. |
| Schafer, R., S. Avery, P. May, D. Rajopadhyaya, and C. Williams, 2002: Estimation of rainfall drop size distributions from dual-frequency wind profiler spectra using deconvolution and a nonlinear least squares fitting technique. J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 19, 864−874, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(2002)019<0864:EORDSD>2.0.CO;2. |
| Stoelinga, M. T., and Coauthors, 2003: Improvement of microphysical parameterization through observational verification experiment. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 84, 1807−1826, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-84-12-1807. |
| Testud, J., S. Oury, R. A. Black, P. Amayenc, and X. K. Dou, 2001: The concept of "normalized'' distribution to describe raindrop spectra: A tool for cloud physics and cloud remote sensing. J. Appl. Meteorol., 40, 1118−1140, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(2001)040<1118:TCONDT>2.0.CO;2. |
| Thies Clima, 2007: Instruction for use: Laser Precipitation Monitor. 5.4110.xx.x00. V2.4x STD. Adolph Thies GmbH and Co., 64 pp. |
| Tokay, A., and D. A. Short, 1996: Evidence from tropical raindrop spectra of the origin of rain from stratiform versus convective clouds. J. Appl. Meteorol., 35, 355−371, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1996)035<0355:EFTRSO>2.0.CO;2. |
| Tokay, A., P. G. Bashor, E. Habib, and T. Kasparis, 2008: Raindrop size distribution measurements in tropical cyclones. Mon. Wea. Rev., 136, 1669−1685, https://doi.org/10.1175/2007MWR2122.1. |
| Tridon, F., J. Van Baelen, and Y. Pointin, 2011: Aliasing in Micro Rain Radar data due to strong vertical winds. Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L02804, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL046018. |
| Wang, H., H. C. Lei, and J. F. Yang, 2017a: Microphysical processes of a stratiform precipitation event over eastern China: Analysis using micro rain radar data. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 34, 1472−1482, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-017-7005-6. |
| Wang, H., H. C. Lei, and J. F. Yang, 2017b: Analysis of measurement accuracy of Micro Rain Radar. Climatic and Environmental Research, 22, 392−404, https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9585.2017.16166. (in Chinese with English abstract |
| Wang, H., H. C. Lei, J. F. Yang, and D. G. Zhang, 2020: Characteristics of rain microphysical parameters for different cloud systems in Shandong province. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 44, 315−326, https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1905.18243. (in Chinese with English abstract |
| Wang, M. J., K. Zhao, M. Xue, G. F. Zhang, S. Liu, L. Wen, and G. Chen, 2016: Precipitation microphysics characteristics of a Typhoon Matmo (2014) rainband after landfall over eastern China based on polarimetric radar observations. J. Geophys. Res., 121, 12 415−12 433, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD025307. |
| Wen, L., and Coauthors, 2018: Drop size distribution characteristics of seven typhoons in China. J. Geophys. Res., 123, 6529−6548, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JD027950. |
| White, A. B., D. J. Gottas, E. T. Strem, F. M. Ralph, and P. J. Neiman, 2002: An automated brightband height detection algorithm for use with Doppler radar spectral moments. J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 19, 687−697, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(2002)019<0687:AABHDA>2.0.CO;2. |
| Zhang, G. F., J. Z. Sun, and E. A. Brandes, 2006: Improving parameterization of rain microphysics with disdrometer and radar observations. J. Atmos. Sci., 63, 1273−1290, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS3680.1. |
| Zhu, X. D., L. X. Wu, and Q. Wang, 2018: Extratropical transition and re-intensification of typhoon Toraji (2001): Large-scale circulations, structural characteristics, and mechanism analysis. Journal of Ocean University of China, 17, 461−476, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11802-018-3376-2. |