| Adams, J. B., M. E. Mann, and C. M. Ammann, 2003: Proxy evidence for an El Niño-like response to volcanic forcing. Nature, 426, 274−278, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02101. |
| Bethke, I., S. Outten, O. H. Otterå, E. Hawkins, S. Wagner, M. Sigl, and P. Thorne, 2017: Potential volcanic impacts on future climate variability. Nat. Clim. Change, 7, 799−805, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3394. |
| Butler, A. H., L. M. Polvani, and C. Deser, 2014: Separating the stratospheric and tropospheric pathways of El Niño-Southern Oscillation teleconnections. Environmental Research Letters, 9, 024014, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/9/2/024014. |
| Dee, S. G., K. M. Cobb, J. Emile-Geay, T. R. Ault, R. L. Edwards, H. Cheng, and C. D. Charles, 2020: No consistent ENSO response to volcanic forcing over the last millennium. Science, 367, 1477−1481, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aax2000. |
| Ding, Y. N., J. A. Carton, G. A. Chepurin, G. Stenchikov, A. Robock, L. T. Sentman, and J. P. Krasting, 2014: Ocean response to volcanic eruptions in Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5 simulations. J. Geophys. Res., 119, 5622−5637, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013jc009780. |
| Emile-Geay, J., R. Seager, M. A. Cane, E. R. Cook, and G. H. Haug, 2008: Volcanoes and ENSO over the past millennium. J. Climate, 21, 3134−3148, https://doi.org/10.1175/2007jcli1884.1. |
| Fischer, E. M., J. Luterbacher, E. Zorita, S. F. B. Tett, C. Casty, and H. Wanner, 2007: European climate response to tropical volcanic eruptions over the last half millennium. Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L05707, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006gl027992. |
| Gagné, M. È., M. C. Kirchmeier-Young, N. P. Gillett, and J. C. Fyfe, 2017: Arctic sea ice response to the eruptions of Agung, El Chichón, and Pinatubo. J. Geophys. Res., 122, 8071−8078, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017jd027038. |
| Gao, C. C., A. Robock, and C. Ammann, 2008: Volcanic forcing of climate over the past 1500 years: An improved ice core-based index for climate models. J. Geophys. Res., 113, D23111, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008jd010239. |
| Iles, C. E., and G. C. Hegerl, 2014: The global precipitation response to volcanic eruptions in the CMIP5 models. Environmental Research Letters, 9, 104012, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/9/10/104012. |
| Khodri, M., and Coauthors, 2017: Tropical explosive volcanic eruptions can trigger El Niño by cooling tropical Africa. Nature Communications, 8, 778, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-00755-6. |
| Kobayashi, S., and Coauthors, 2015: The JRA-55 reanalysis: General specifications and basic characteristics. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 93, 5−48, https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2015-001. |
| Kravitz, B., and Coauthors, 2015: The Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (GeoMIP6): Simulation design and preliminary results. Geoscientific Model Development, 8, 3379−3392, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-3379-2015. |
| Lenssen, N. J. L., G. A. Schmidt, J. E. Hansen, M. J. Menne, A. Persin, R. Ruedy, and D. Zyss, 2019: Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty model. J. Geophys. Res., 124, 6307−6326, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018jd029522. |
| Li, J. B., S.-P. Xie, E. R. Cook, G. Huang, R. D'Arrigo, F. Liu, J. Ma, and X.-T. Zheng, 2011: Interdecadal modulation of El Niño amplitude during the past millennium. Nat. Clim. Change, 1, 114−118, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1086. |
| Lim, H.-G., S.-W. Yeh, J.-S. Kug, Y.-G. Park, J.-H. Park, R. Park, and C.-K. Song, 2016: Threshold of the volcanic forcing that leads the El Niño-like warming in the last millennium: Results from the ERIK simulation. Climate Dyn., 46, 3725−3736, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-015-2799-3. |
| Liu, F., C. Xing, L. Y. Sun, B. Wang, D. L. Chen, and J. Liu, 2018b: How do tropical, northern hemispheric, and southern hemispheric volcanic eruptions affect ENSO under different initial ocean conditions? Geophys Res. Lett., 45, 13 041−13 049, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018gl080315. |
| Liu, F., J. Chai, B. Wang, J. Liu, X. Zhang, and Z. Y. Wang, 2016: Global monsoon precipitation responses to large volcanic eruptions. Scientific Reports, 6, 24331, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep24331. |
| Liu, F., J. B. Li, B. Wang, J. Liu, T. Li, G. Huang, and Z. Y. Wang, 2018a: Divergent El Niño responses to volcanic eruptions at different latitudes over the past millennium. Climate Dyn., 50, 3799−3812, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-017-3846-z. |
| Liu, F., T. L. Zhao, B. Wang, J. Liu, and W. B. Luo, 2018c: Different global precipitation responses to solar, volcanic, and greenhouse gas forcings. J. Geophys. Res., 123, 4060−4072, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017jd027391. |
| Maher, N., S. McGregor, M. H. England, and A. Sen Gupta, 2015: Effects of volcanism on tropical variability. Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 6024−6033, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015gl064751. |
| Man, W. M., and T. J. Zhou, 2014: Response of the East Asian summer monsoon to large volcanic eruptions during the last millennium. Chinese Science Bulletin, 59, 4123−4129, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-014-0404-5. |
| McGregor, S., and A. Timmermann, 2011: The effect of explosive tropical volcanism on ENSO. J. Climate, 24, 2178−2191, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010jcli3990.1. |
| Miller, G. H., and Coauthors, 2012: Abrupt onset of the Little Ice Age triggered by volcanism and sustained by sea-ice/ocean feedbacks. Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L02708, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011gl050168. |
| Newhall, C. G., and S. Self, 1982: The volcanic explosivity index (VEI) an estimate of explosive magnitude for historical volcanism. J. Geophys. Res., 87, 1231−1238, https://doi.org/10.1029/JC087iC02p01231. |
| Niemeier, U., and S. Tilmes, 2017: Sulfur injections for a cooler planet. Science, 357, 246−248, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aan3317. |
| Ohba, M., H. Shiogama, T. Yokohata, and M. Watanabe, 2013: Impact of strong tropical volcanic eruptions on ENSO simulated in a coupled GCM. J. Climate, 26, 5169−5182, https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00471.1. |
| Otterå, O. H., M. Bentsen, H. Drange, and L. L. Suo, 2010: External forcing as a metronome for Atlantic multidecadal variability. Nature Geoscience, 3, 688−694, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo955. |
| Perlwitz, J., and H.-F. Graf, 1995: The statistical connection between tropospheric and stratospheric circulation of the northern hemisphere in winter. J. Climate, 8, 2281−2295, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1995)008<2281:tscbta>2.0.co;2. |
| Polvani, L. M., A. Banerjee, and A. Schmidt, 2019: Northern Hemisphere continental winter warming following the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption: Reconciling models and observations. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 19, 6351−6366, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-6351-2019. |
| Predybaylo, E., G. L. Stenchikov, A. T. Wittenberg, and F. R. Zeng, 2017: Impacts of a Pinatubo-size volcanic eruption on ENSO. J. Geophys. Res., 122, 925−947, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016jd025796. |
| Rayner, N. A., D. E. Parker, E. B. Horton, C. K. Folland, L. V. Alexander, D. P. Rowell, E. C. Kent, and A. Kaplan, 2003: Global analyses of sea surface temperature, sea ice, and night marine air temperature since the late nineteenth century. J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4407, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002670. |
| Robock, A., 2000: Volcanic eruptions and climate. Rev. Geophys., 38, 191−219, https://doi.org/10.1029/1998RG000054. |
| Robock, A., 2002: Pinatubo eruption. The climatic aftermath. Science, 295, 1242−1244, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1069903. |
| Robock, A., and J. P. Mao, 1992: Winter warming from large volcanic eruptions. Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 2405−2408, https://doi.org/10.1029/92gl02627. |
| Sato, M., J. E. Hansen, M. P. McCormick, and J. B. Pollack, 1993: Stratospheric aerosol optical depths, 1850-1990. J. Geophys. Res., 98, 22 987−22 994, https://doi.org/10.1029/93jd02553. |
| Schneider, D. P., C. M. Ammann, B. L. Otto-Bliesner, and D. S. Kaufman, 2009: Climate response to large, high-latitude and low-latitude volcanic eruptions in the Community Climate System Model. J. Geophys. Res., 114, D15101, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008jd011222. |
| Sear, C. B., P. M. Kelly, P. D. Jones, and C. M. Goodess, 1987: Global surface-temperature responses to major volcanic eruptions. Nature, 330, 365−367, https://doi.org/10.1038/330365a0. |
| Self, S., M. R. Rampino, J. Zhao, and M. G. Katz, 1997: Volcanic aerosol perturbations and strong El Niño events: No general correlation. Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 1247−1250, https://doi.org/10.1029/97gl01127. |
| Sigl, M., and Coauthors, 2015: Timing and climate forcing of volcanic eruptions for the past 2:500 years. Nature, 523, 543−549, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14565. |
| Slawinska, J., and A. Robock, 2018: Impact of volcanic eruptions on decadal to centennial fluctuations of arctic sea ice extent during the last millennium and on initiation of the little ice age. J. Climate, 31, 2145−2167, https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-16-0498.1. |
| Stenchikov, G., A. Robock, V. Ramaswamy, M. D. Schwarzkopf, K. Hamilton, and S. Ramachandran, 2002: Arctic Oscillation response to the 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption: Effects of volcanic aerosols and ozone depletion. J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4803, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002jd002090. |
| Stevenson, S., B. Otto-Bliesner, J. Fasullo, and E. Brady, 2016: “El Niño Like” hydroclimate responses to last millennium volcanic eruptions. J. Climate, 29, 2907−2921, https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-15-0239.1. |
| Tilmes, S., and Coauthors, 2013: The hydrological impact of geoengineering in the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP). J. Geophys. Res., 118, 11 036−11 058, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50868. |
| Tilmes, S., and Coauthors, 2019: Reaching 1.5°C and 2.0°C global surface temperature targets using stratospheric aerosol geoengineering. Earth System Dynamics, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-2019-76. |
| Trenberth, K. E., and A. G. Dai, 2007: Effects of Mount Pinatubo volcanic eruption on the hydrological cycle as an analog of geoengineering. Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L15702, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007gl030524. |
| Wang, T., D. Guo, Y. Q. Gao, H. Wang, F. Zheng, Y. Zhu, J. Miao, and Y. Hu, 2018: Modulation of ENSO evolution by strong tropical volcanic eruptions. Climate Dyn., 51, 2433−2453, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-017-4021-2. |
| Watanabe, M., M. Chikira, Y. Imada, and M. Kimoto, 2011: Convective control of ENSO simulated in MIROC. J. Climate, 24, 543−562, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010jcli3878.1. |
| Xing, C., F. Liu, B. Wang, D. L. Chen, J. Liu, and B. Liu, 2020: Boreal winter surface air temperature responses to large tropical volcanic eruptions in CMIP5 models. J. Climate, 33, 2407−2426, https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-19-0186.1. |
| Xu, Y. Y., and Coauthors, 2020: Climate engineering to mitigate the projected 21st-century terrestrial drying of the Americas: Carbon Capture vs. Sulfur Injection? Earth System Dynamics, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-2020-2. |
| Zanchettin, D., C. Timmreck, H.-F. Graf, A. Rubino, S. Lorenz, K. Lohmann, K. Krüger, and J. H. Jungclaus, 2011: Bi-decadal variability excited in the coupled ocean-atmosphere system by strong tropical volcanic eruptions. Climate Dyn., 39, 419−444, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-011-1167-1. |
| Zanchettin, D., O. Bothe, H. F. Graf, S. J. Lorenz, J. Luterbacher, C. Timmreck, and J. H. Jungclaus, 2013: Background conditions influence the decadal climate response to strong volcanic eruptions. J. Geophys. Res., 118, 4090−4106, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50229. |
| Zuo, M., T. J. Zhou, and W. M. Man, 2019: Wetter global arid regions driven by volcanic eruptions. J. Geophys. Res., 124, 13 648−13 662, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019jd031171. |