Ashok, K., S. Iizuka, S. A. Rao, N. H. Saji, and W.-J. Lee, 2009: Processes and boreal summer impacts of the 2004 El Niño Modoki: An AGCM study. Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L04703, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL036313.
Balmaseda, M. A., K. Mogensen, and A. T. Weaver, 2013: Evaluation of the ECMWF ocean reanalysis system ORAS4. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 139, 1132−1161, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2063.
Bellenger, H., E. Guilyardi, J. Leloup, M. Lengaigne, and J. Vialard, 2014: ENSO representation in climate models: From CMIP3 to CMIP5. Climate Dyn., 42, 1999−2018, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-013-1783-z.
Bjerknes, J., 1969: Atmospheric teleconnections from the equatorial pacific. Mon. Wea. Rev., 97, 163−172, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1969)097<0163:ATFTEP>2.3.CO;2.
Cai, W. J., and T. Cowan, 2013: Why is the amplitude of the Indian Ocean Dipole overly large in CMIP3 and CMIP5 climate models? Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 1200−1205, https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50208.
Chakravorty, S., J. S. Chowdary, and C. Gnanaseelan, 2014a: Epochal changes in the seasonal evolution of tropical Indian Ocean warming associated with El Niño. Climate Dyn., 42, 805−822, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-013-1666-3.
Chakravorty, S., C. Gnanaseelan, J. S. Chowdary, and J.-J. Luo, 2014b: Relative role of El Niño and IOD forcing on the southern tropical Indian Ocean Rossby waves. J. Geophys. Res.: Oceans, 119, 5105−5122, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JC009713.
Dee, D. P., and Coauthors, 2011: The ERA-Interim reanalysis: Configuration and performance of the data assimilation system. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 137, 553−597, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.828.
Deepa, J. S., C. Gnanaseelan, S. Mohapatra, J. S. Chowdary, A. Karmakar, R. Kakatkar, and A. Parekh, 2019: The Tropical Indian Ocean decadal sea level response to the Pacific Decadal Oscillation forcing. Climate Dyn., 52, 5045−5058, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4431-9.
Eyring, V., S. Bony, G. A. Meehl, C. A. Senior, B. Stevens, R. J. Stouffer, and K. E. Taylor, 2016: Overview of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) experimental design and organization. Geoscientific Model Development, 9, 1937−1958, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-1937-2016.
Guilyardi, E., A. Wittenberg, A. Fedorov, M. Collins, C. Z. Wang, A. Capotondi, G. J. V. Oldenborgh, and T. Stockdale, 2009: Understanding El Niño in Ocean–Atmosphere General Circulation Models: Progress and challenges. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 90, 325−340, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008BAMS2387.1.
Huang, B. H., and J. L. Kinter III, 2002: Interannual variability in the tropical Indian Ocean. J. Geophys. Res.: Oceans, 107, 3199, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JC001278.
Kakatkar, R., C. Gnanaseelan, and J. S. Chowdary, 2020: Asymmetry in the tropical Indian Ocean subsurface temperature variability. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 90, 101142, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2020.101142.
Kao, H.-Y., and J.-Y. Yu, 2009: Contrasting Eastern-Pacific and Central-Pacific types of ENSO. J. Climate, 22, 615−632, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JCLI2309.1.
Karmakar, A., A. Parekh, J. S. Chowdary, and C. Gnanaseelan, 2018: Inter comparison of Tropical Indian Ocean features in different ocean reanalysis products. Climate Dyn., 51, 119−141, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-017-3910-8.
Kim, S. T., and J.-Y. Yu, 2012: The two types of ENSO in CMIP5 models. Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L11704, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL052006.
Li, G., and S.-P. Xie, 2014: Tropical biases in CMIP5 multimodel ensemble: The excessive equatorial Pacific cold tongue and double ITCZ problems. J. Climate, 27, 1765−1780, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00337.1.
Li, G., S.-P. Xie, and Y. Du, 2015: Monsoon-induced biases of climate models over the tropical Indian Ocean. J. Climate, 28, 3058−3072, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00740.1.
McKenna, S., A. Santoso, A. S. Gupta, A. S. Taschetto, and W. J. Cai, 2020: Indian Ocean Dipole in CMIP5 and CMIP6: Characteristics, biases, and links to ENSO. Scientific Reports, 10, 11500, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-68268-9.
Meehl, G. A., C. Covey, T. Delworth, M. Latif, B. Mcavaney, J. F. B. Mitchell, R. J. Stouffer, and K. E. Taylor, 2007: THE WCRP CMIP3 multimodel dataset: A new era in climate change research. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 88, 1383−1394, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-88-9-1383.
Mohapatra, S., C. Gnanaseelan, and J. S. Deepa, 2020: Multidecadal to decadal variability in the equatorial Indian Ocean subsurface temperature and the forcing mechanisms. Climate Dyn., 54, 3475−3487, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05185-7.
Planton, Y. Y., and Coauthors, 2021: Evaluating climate models with the CLIVAR 2020 ENSO metrics package. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 102, E193−E217, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-19-0337.1.
Prajeesh, A. G., P. Swapna, R. Krishnan, D. C. Ayantika, N. Sandeep, S. Manmeet, M. Aditi, and I. Sandip, 2022: The Indian summer monsoon and Indian Ocean Dipole connection in the IITM Earth System Model (IITM-ESM). Climate Dyn., 58, 1877−1897, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-021-05999-z.
Rao, S. A., and S. K. Behera, 2005: Subsurface influence on SST in the tropical Indian Ocean: Structure and interannual variability. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 39, 103−135, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2004.10.014.
Rao, S. A., S. K. Behera, Y. Masumoto, and T. Yamagata, 2002: Interannual subsurface variability in the tropical Indian Ocean with a special emphasis on the Indian Ocean Dipole. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 49, 1549−1572, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(01)00158-8.
Ren, H.-L., and F.-F. Jin, 2011: Niño indices for two types of ENSO. Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L04704, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL046031.
Saji, N. H., S.-P. Xie, and T. Yamagata, 2006: Tropical Indian Ocean variability in the IPCC twentieth-century climate simulations. J. Climate, 19, 4397−4417, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3847.1.
Saji, N. H., B. N. Goswami, P. N. Vinayachandran, and T. Yamagata, 1999: A dipole mode in the tropical Indian Ocean. Nature, 401, 360−363, https://doi.org/10.1038/43854.
Sayantani, O., and C. Gnanaseelan, 2015: Tropical Indian Ocean subsurface temperature variability and the forcing mechanisms. Climate Dyn., 44, 2447−2462, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2379-y.
Shinoda, T., H. H. Hendon, and M. A. Alexander, 2004: Surface and subsurface dipole variability in the Indian Ocean and its relation with ENSO. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 51, 619−635, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2004.01.005.
Song, G., and R. C. Ren, 2022: Linking the subsurface Indian Ocean Dipole to Central Pacific ENSO. Geophys. Res. Lett., 49, e2021GL096263, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL096263.
Song, G., B. H. Huang, R. C. Ren, and Z.-Z. Hu, 2021: Basinwide connections of upper-ocean temperature variability in the equatorial Indian Ocean. J. Climate, 34, 4675−4692, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-20-0419.1.
Sun, S. W., J. Lan, and Y. Wang, 2010: Variations of SST and thermocline depth in the tropical Indian Ocean during Indian Ocean Dipole events. Journal of Ocean University of China, 9, 129−134, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11802-010-0129-2.
Tian, B. J., and X. Y. Dong, 2020: The double-ITCZ bias in CMIP3, CMIP5, and CMIP6 models based on annual mean precipitation. Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2020GL087232, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL087232.
Uppala, S. M., and Coauthors, 2005: The ERA-40 re-analysis. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 131, 2961−3012, https://doi.org/10.1256/qj.04.176.
Vecchi, G. A., and B. J. Soden, 2007: Global warming and the weakening of the tropical circulation. J. Climate, 20, 4316−4340, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI4258.1.
Wang, G. J., W. J. Cai, and A. Santoso, 2021: Simulated thermocline tilt over the tropical Indian Ocean and its influence on future sea surface temperature variability. Geophys. Res. Lett., 48, e2020GL091902, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL091902.
Weller, E., and W. J. Cai, 2013: Asymmetry in the IOD and ENSO teleconnection in a CMIP5 model ensemble and its relevance to regional rainfall. J. Climate, 26, 5139−5149, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00789.1.
Xiang, B. Q., B. Wang, and T. M. Li, 2013: A new paradigm for the predominance of standing Central Pacific Warming after the late 1990s. Climate Dyn., 41, 327−340, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-012-1427-8.
Yeh, S.-W., J.-S. Kug, B. Dewitte, M.-H. Kwon, B. P. Kirtman, and F.-F. Jin, 2009: El Niño in a changing climate. Nature, 461, 511−514, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08316.
Yu, J.-Y., and S. T. Kim, 2010: Identification of Central-Pacific and Eastern-Pacific types of ENSO in CMIP3 models. Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L15705, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL044082.
Yu, W. D., B. Q. Xiang, L. Liu, and N. Liu, 2005: Understanding the origins of interannual thermocline variations in the tropical Indian Ocean. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L24706, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL024327.
Yuan, D. L., and W. Q. Han, 2006: Roles of equatorial waves and western boundary reflection in the seasonal circulation of the equatorial Indian Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 36, 930−944, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO2905.1.
Yuan, D. L., and H. L. Liu, 2009: Long-wave dynamics of sea level variations during Indian Ocean Dipole events. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 39, 1115−1132, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JPO3900.1.