A, G., J. Wahr, and S. J. Zhong, 2013: Computations of the viscoelastic response of a 3-D compressible Earth to surface loading: An application to Glacial Isostatic Adjustment in Antarctica and Canada. Geophysical Journal International, 192, 557−572, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggs030.
Asbjørnsen, H., M. Årthun, Ø. Skagseth, and T. Eldevik, 2019: Mechanisms of ocean heat anomalies in the Norwegian Sea. J. Geophys. Res., 124, 2908−2923, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JC014649.
Blazquez, A., B. Meyssignac, J. M. Lemoine, E. Berthier, A. Ribes, and A. Cazenave, 2018: Exploring the uncertainty in GRACE estimates of the mass redistributions at the Earth surface: Implications for the global water and sea level budgets. Geophysical Journal International, 215, 415−430, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggy293.
Cabanes, C., and Coauthors, 2013: The CORA dataset: Validation and diagnostics of in-situ ocean temperature and salinity measurements. Ocean Science, 9, 1−18, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-9-1-2013.
Chang, L., H. Tang, Q. Y. Wang, and W. K. Sun, 2019: Global thermosteric sea level change contributed by the deep ocean below 2000 m estimated by Argo and CTD data. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 524, 115727, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpgl.2019.115727.
Chen, J. L., B. Tapley, H. Save, M. E. Tamisiea, S. Bettadpur, and J. Ries, 2018: Quantification of ocean mass change using gravity recovery and climate experiment, satellite altimeter, and Argo floats observations. J. Geophys. Res., 123, 1 0212−1 0225, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JB016095.
Chen, X. Y., and K.-K. Tung, 2018: Global surface warming enhanced by weak Atlantic overturning circulation. Nature, 559, 387−391, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0320-y.
Cheng, L. J., K. E. Trenberth, J. Fasullo, T. Boyer, J. Abraham, and J. Zhu, 2017: Improved estimates of ocean heat content from 1960 to 2015. Science Advances, 3, e1601545, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1601545.
Cheng, L. J., J. Abraham, Z. Hausfather, and K. E. Trenberth, 2019: How fast are the oceans warming? Science, 363, 128−129, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aav7619.
Cheng, L. J., and Coauthors, 2020: Record-setting ocean warmth continued in 2019. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 37, 137−142, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-020-9283-7.
Cheng, M. K., and J. Ries, 2017: The unexpected signal in GRACE estimates of C20. Journal of Geodesy, 91, 897−914, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-016-0995-5.
Cheng, M. K., B. D. Tapley, and J. C. Ries, 2013: Deceleration in the Earth's oblateness. J. Geophys. Res., 118, 740−747, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrb.50058.
Desbruyères, D. G., E. L. McDonagh, B. A. King, F. K. Garry, A. T. Blaker, B. I. Moat, and H. Mercier, 2014: Full-depth temperature trends in the northeastern Atlantic through the early 21st century. Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 7971−7979, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL061844.
Desbruyères, D. G., S. G. Purkey, E. L. McDonagh, G. C. Johnson, and B. A. King, 2016: Deep and abyssal ocean warming from 35 years of repeat hydrography. Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 1 0356−1 0365, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL070413.
Desbruyères, D., E. L. McDonagh, B. A. King, and V. Thierry, 2017: Global and full-depth ocean temperature trends during the early twenty-first century from Argo and repeat hydrography. J. Climate, 30, 1985−1997, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0396.1.
Dieng, H. B., H. Palanisamy, A. Cazenave, B. Meyssignac, and K. Von Schuckmann, 2015: The sea level budget since 2003: Inference on the deep ocean heat content. Surveys in Geophysics, 36, 209−229, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-015-9314-6.
Durack, P. J., P. J. Gleckler, S. G. Purkey, G. C. Johnson, J. M. Lyman, and T. P. Boyer, 2018: Ocean warming: From the surface to the deep in observations and models. Oceanography, 31, 41−51, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2018.227.
Frederikse, T., and Coauthors, 2020: The causes of sea-level rise since 1900. Nature, 584, 393−397, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2591-3.
Gaillard, F., T. Reynaud, V. Thierry, N. Kolodziejczyk, and K. von Schuckmann, 2016: In Situ-based reanalysis of the global ocean temperature and salinity with ISAS: Variability of the heat content and steric height. J. Climate, 29, 1305−1323, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0028.1.
García, D., B. F. Chao, J. del Río, I. Vigo, and J. García-Lafuente, 2006: On the steric and mass-induced contributions to the annual sea level variations in the Mediterranean Sea. J. Geophys. Res., 111, C09030, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JC002956.
Garry, F. K., E. L. McDonagh, A. T. Blaker, C. D. Roberts, D. G. Desbruyères, E. Frajka-Williams, and B. A. King, 2019: Model-derived uncertainties in deep ocean temperature trends between 1990 and 2010. J. Geophys. Res., 124, 1155−1169, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JC014225.
Good, S. A., M. J. Martin, and N. A. Rayner, 2013: EN4: Quality controlled ocean temperature and salinity profiles and monthly objective analyses with uncertainty estimates. J. Geophys. Res., 118, 6704−6716, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JC009067.
Gouretski, V., and F. Reseghetti, 2010: On depth and temperature biases in bathythermograph data: Development of a new correction scheme based on analysis of a global ocean database. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 57, 812−833, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2010.03.011.
Han, S.-C., C. K. Shum, M. Bevis, C. Ji, and C. Y. Kuo, 2006: Crustal dilatation observed by GRACE After the 2004 sumatra-andaman earthquake. Science, 313, 658−662, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1128661.
Han, S.-C., J. Sauber, and S. Luthcke, 2010: Regional gravity decrease after the 2010 Maule (Chile) earthquake indicates large-scale mass redistribution. Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L23307, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL045449.
Han, S.-C., J. Sauber, and R. Riva, 2011: Contribution of satellite gravimetry to understanding seismic source processes of the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake. Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L24312, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL049975.
Hosoda, S., T. Ohira, K. Sato, and T. Suga, 2010: Improved description of global mixed-layer depth using Argo profiling floats. Journal of Oceanography, 66, 773−787, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-010-0063-3.
Hu, S. J., J. Sprintall, C. Guan, M. J. McPhaden, F. Wang, D. X. Hu, and W. J. Cai, 2020: Deep-reaching acceleration of global mean ocean circulation over the past two decades. Science Advances, 6, eaax7727, https://doi.org/10.1126/SCIADV.AAX7727.
IPCC, 2013: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Stocker et al., Eds., United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 1585pp. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.
Jayne, S. R., D. Roemmich, N. Zilberman, S. C. Riser, K. S. Johnson, G. C. Johnson, and S. R. Piotrowicz, 2017: The argo program: Present and future. Oceanography, 30, 18−28, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2017.213.
Jayne, S. R., J. M. Wahr, and F. O. Bryan, 2003: Observing ocean heat content using satellite gravity and altimetry. J. Geophys. Res., 108, 3031, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JC001619.
Jeon, T., K.-W. Seo, K. Youm, J. L. Chen, and C. R. Wilson, 2018: Global sea level change signatures observed by GRACE satellite gravimetry. Scientific Reports, 8, 13519, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-31972-8.
Johnson, G. C., and S. C. Doney, 2006: Recent western South Atlantic bottom water warming. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L14614, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026769.
Johnson, G. C., and D. P. Chambers, 2013: Ocean bottom pressure seasonal cycles and decadal trends from GRACE Release-05: Ocean circulation implications. J. Geophys. Res., 118, 4228−4240, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrc.20307.
Johnson, G. C., S. G. Purkey, and J. L. Bullister, 2008: Warming and freshening in the abyssal Southeastern Indian Ocean. J. Climate, 21, 5351−5363, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JCLI2384.1.
Johnson, G. C., J. M. Lyman, and S. G. Purkey, 2015: Informing deep argo array design using argo and full-depth hydrographic section data. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 32, 2187−2198, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-15-0139.1.
Johnson, G. C., S. G. Purkey, N. V. Zilberman, and D. Roemmich, 2019: Deep Argo quantifies bottom water warming rates in the Southwest Pacific Basin. Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 2662−2669, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL081685.
Kleinherenbrink, M., R. Riva, and Y. Sun, 2016: Sub-basin-scale sea level budgets from satellite altimetry, Argo floats and satellite gravimetry: A case study in the North Atlantic Ocean. Ocean Science, 12, 1179−1203, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-12-1179-2016.
Kvas, A., S. Behzadpour, M. Ellmer, B. Klinger, S. Strasser, N. Zehentner, and T. Mayer-Gürr, 2019: ITSG-Grace2018: Overview and evaluation of a new GRACE-Only gravity field time series. J. Geophys. Res., 124, 9332−9344, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JB017415.
Landerer, F. W., and Coauthors, 2020: Extending the global mass change data record: GRACE follow-on instrument and science data performance. Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2020GL088306, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL088306.
Levitus, S., J. I. Antonov, T. P. Boyer, R. A. Locarnini, H. E. Garcia, and A. V. Mishonov, 2009: Global ocean heat content 1955−2008 in light of recently revealed instrumentation problems. Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L07608, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL037155.
Levitus, S., and Coauthors, 2012: World ocean heat content and thermosteric sea level change (0−2000 m), 1955−2010. Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L10603, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL051106.
Li, H., F. H. Xu, W. Zhou, D. X. Wang, J. S. Wright, Z. H. Liu, and Y. L. Lin, 2017: Development of a global gridded Argo data set with Barnes successive corrections. J. Geophys. Res., 122, 866−889, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC012285.
Llovel, W., J. K. Willis, F. W. Landerer, and I. Fukumori, 2014: Deep-ocean contribution to sea level and energy budget not detectable over the past decade. Nature Climate Change, 4, 1031−1035, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2387.
Meyssignac, B., and Coauthors, 2019: Measuring global ocean heat content to estimate the earth energy imbalance. Frontiers in Marine Science, 6, 432, https://doi.org/10.3389/FMARS.2019.00432.
Mu, D. P., T. H. Xu, and G. C. Xu, 2020: An investigation of mass changes in the Bohai Sea observed by GRACE. Journal of Geodesy, 94, 79, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-020-01408-1.
Palmer, M. D., and Coauthors, 2017: Ocean heat content variability and change in an ensemble of ocean reanalyses. Clim. Dyn., 49, 909−930, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-015-2801-0.
Peltier, W. R., D. F. Argus, and R. Drummond, 2018: Comment on “An Assessment of the ICE‐6G_C (VM5a) glacial isostatic adjustment model” by Purcell et al. J. Geophys. Res., 123, 2019−2028, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JB013844.
Purkey, S. G., and G. C. Johnson, 2010: Warming of global abyssal and deep southern ocean waters between the 1990s and 2000s: Contributions to global heat and sea level rise budgets. J. Climate, 23, 6336−6351, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JCLI3682.1.
Purkey, S. G., and G. C. Johnson, 2013: Antarctic bottom water warming and freshening: Contributions to sea level rise, ocean freshwater budgets, and global heat gain. J. Climate, 26, 6105−6122, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00834.1.
Purkey, S. G., and Coauthors, 2019: Unabated bottom water warming and freshening in the south Pacific Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 124, 1778−1794, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JC014775.
Purkey, S. G., G. C. Johnson, and D. P. Chambers, 2014: Relative contributions of ocean mass and deep steric changes to sea level rise between 1993 and 2013. J. Geophys. Res., 119, 7509−7522, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JC010180.
Roemmich, D., and J. Gilson, 2009: The 2004−2008 mean and annual cycle of temperature, salinity, and steric height in the global ocean from the Argo Program. Progress in Oceanography, 82, 81−100, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2009.03.004.
Roy, K., and W. R. Peltier, 2015: Glacial isostatic adjustment, relative sea level history and mantle viscosity: Reconciling relative sea level model predictions for the U.S. East coast with geological constraints. Geophysical Journal International, 201, 1156−1181, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggv066.
Roy, K., and W. R. Peltier, 2017: Space-geodetic and water level gauge constraints on continental uplift and tilting over North America: Regional convergence of the ICE-6G_C (VM5a/VM6) models. Geophysical Journal International, 210, 1115−1142, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggx156.
Royston, S., B. D. Vishwakarma, R. Westaway, J. Rougier, Z. Sha, and J. Bamber, 2020: Can we resolve the basin-scale sea level trend budget from GRACE ocean mass? J. Geophys. Res., 125, e2019JC015535, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015535.
Save, H., S. Bettadpur, and B. D. Tapley, 2016: High resolution CSR GRACE RL05 mascons. J. Geophys. Res., 121, 7547−7569, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JB013007.
Song, Y. T., and F. Colberg, 2011: Deep ocean warming assessed from altimeters, Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment, in situ measurements, and a non-Boussinesq ocean general circulation model. J. Geophys. Res., 116, C02020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JC006601.
Stammer, D., A. Cazenave, R. M. Ponte, and M. E. Tamisiea, 2013: Causes for contemporary regional sea level changes. Annual Review of Marine Science, 5, 21−46, https://doi.org/10.1146/ANNUREV-MARINE-121211-172406.
Sun, Y., R. Riva, and P. Ditmar, 2016: Optimizing estimates of annual variations and trends in geocenter motion and J2 from a combination of GRACE data and geophysical models. J. Geophys. Res., 121, 8352−8370, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JB013073.
Swenson, S., and J. Wahr, 2006: Post-processing removal of correlated errors in GRACE data. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L08402, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL025285.
Swenson, S., D. Chambers, and J. Wahr, 2008: Estimating geocenter variations from a combination of GRACE and ocean model output. J. Geophys. Res., 113, B08410, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JB005338.
Talley, L. D., and Coauthors, 2015: Changes in ocean heat, carbon content, and ventilation: A review of the first decade of GO-SHIP global repeat hydrography. Annual Review of Marine Science, 8, 185−215, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-052915-100829.
Uebbing, B., J. Kusche, R. Rietbroek, and F. W. Landerer, 2019: Processing choices affect ocean mass estimates from GRACE. J. Geophys. Res., 124, 1029−1044, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JC014341.
Vishwakarma, B. D., S. Royston, R. E. M. Riva, R. M. Westaway, and J. L. Bamber, 2020: Sea level budgets should account for ocean bottom deformation. Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2019GL086492, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL086492.
Volkov, D. L., S.-K. Lee, F. W. Landerer, and R. Lumpkin, 2017: Decade-long deep-ocean warming detected in the subtropical South Pacific. Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 927−936, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL071661.
WCRP Global Sea Level Budget Group., 2018: Global sea-level budget 1993-present. Earth System Science Data, 10, 1551−1590, https://doi.org/10.5194/ESSD-10-1551-2018.
Wiese, D. N., F. W. Landerer, and M. M. Watkins, 2016: Quantifying and reducing leakage errors in the JPL RL05M GRACE Mascon Solution. Water Resour. Res., 52, 7490−7502, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016WR019344.
Wu, W. B., Z. W. Zhan, S. R. Peng, S. D. Ni, and J. Callies, 2020: Seismic ocean thermometry. Science, 369, 1510−1515, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abb9519.