| Akimoto, H., 2003: Global air quality and pollution. Science, 302, 1716−1719, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1092666. |
| Atkinson, R., and J. Arey, 2003: Atmospheric degradation of volatile organic compounds. Chemical Reviews, 103, 4605−4638, https://doi.org/10.1021/cr0206420. |
| Bonsang, B., D. Martin, G. Lambert, M. Kanakidou, J. C. Le Roulley, and G. Sennequier, 1991: Vertical distribution of non methane hydrocarbons in the remote marine boundary layer. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 7313−7324, https://doi.org/10.1029/90JD02539. |
| Cai, C. J., F. H. Geng, X. X. Tie, Q. Yu, and J. L. An, 2010: Characteristics and source apportionment of VOCs measured in Shanghai, China. Atmos. Environ., 44, 5005−5014, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.07.059. |
| Carter, W. P. L., 2010: Development of the SAPRC-07 chemical mechanism. Atmos. Environ., 44, 5324−5335, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.01.026. |
| Carter, W. P. L., and G. Heo, 2013: Development of revised SAPRC aromatics mechanisms. Atmos. Environ., 77, 404−414, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.05.021. |
| Chen, P., J. N. Quan, Q. Zhang, X. X. Tie, Y. Gao, X. Li, and M. Y. Huang, 2013: Measurements of vertical and horizontal distributions of ozone over Beijing from 2007 to 2010. Atmos. Environ., 74, 37−44, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.03.026. |
| Chen, W. T., M. Shao, S. H. Lu, M. Wang, L. M. Zeng, B. Yuan, and Y. Liu, 2014: Understanding primary and secondary sources of ambient carbonyl compounds in Beijing using the PMF model. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 14, 3047−3062, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-3047-2014. |
| Chen, X. Y., and Coauthors, 2018: Factors dominating 3-dimensional ozone distribution during high tropospheric ozone period. Environmental Pollution, 232, 55−64, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.09.017. |
| Gao, W., X. X. Tie, J. M. Xu, R. J. Huang, X. Q. Mao, G. Q. Zhou, and L. Y. Chang, 2017: Long-term trend of O3 in a mega City (Shanghai), China: Characteristics, causes, and interactions with precursors. Science of the Total Environment, 603−604, 425−433, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.099. |
| Han, T. T., Z. Q. Ma, W. Y. Xu, L. Qiao, Y. R. Li, D. He, and Y. Wang, 2020: Characteristics and source implications of aromatic hydrocarbons at urban and background areas in Beijing, China. Science of the Total Environment, 707, 136083, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136083. |
| Islam, M. R., and Coauthors, 2020: Ambient air quality in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, during the pre-monsoon: Concentrations and sources of particulate matter and trace gases. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 20, 2927−2951, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-2927-2020. |
| Koβmann, M., H. Vogel, B. Vogel, R. Vögtlin, U. Corsmeier, F. Fiedler, O. Klemm, and H. Schlager, 1996: The composition and vertical distribution of volatile organic compounds in southwestern Germany, eastern France and northern Switzerland during the TRACT Campaign in September 1992. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 21, 429−433, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-1946(97)81137-8. |
| Liu, C. T., Z. B. Ma, Y. J. Mu, J. F. Liu, C. L. Zhang, Y. Y. Zhang, P. F. Liu, and H. X. Zhang, 2017: The levels, variation characteristics, and sources of atmospheric non-methane hydrocarbon compounds during wintertime in Beijing, China. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 17, 10633−10649, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-10633-2017. |
| Liu, Y., M. Shao, L. L. Fu, S. H. Lu, L. M. Zeng, and D. G. Tang, 2008: Source profiles of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) measured in China: Part I. Atmos. Environ., 42, 6247−6260, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.01.070. |
| Liu, Y. F., and Coauthors, 2020: Characterization and sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and their related changes during ozone pollution days in 2016 in Beijing, China. Environmental Pollution, 257, 113599, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113599. |
| Ma, Z. Q., H. H. Xu, W. Meng, X. L. Zhang, J. Xu, Q. Liu, and Y. S. Wang, 2013: Vertical ozone characteristics in urban boundary layer in Beijing. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 185, 5449−5460, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-012-2958-5. |
| Ma, Z. Q., J. Xu, W. J. Quan, Z. Y. Zhang, W. L. Lin, and X. B. Xu, 2016: Significant increase of surface ozone at a rural site, north of eastern China. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 16, 3969−3977, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-3969-2016. |
| Mao, T., Y. S. Wang, J. Jiang, F. K. Wu, and M. X. Wang, 2008: The vertical distributions of VOCs in the atmosphere of Beijing in autumn. Science of the Total Environment, 390, 97−108, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.08.035. |
| Paatero, P., 1997: Least squares formulation of robust non-negative factor analysis. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems, 37, 23−35, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-7439(96)00044-5. |
| Paatero, P., and U. Tapper, 1994: Positive matrix factorization: A non-negative factor model with optimal utilization of error estimates of data values. Environmetrics, 5, 111−126, https://doi.org/10.1002/env.3170050203. |
| Richard, A., and Coauthors, 2011: Source apportionment of size and time resolved trace elements and organic aerosols from an urban courtyard site in Switzerland. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 11, 8945−8963, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-8945-2011. |
| Sangiorgi, G., L. Ferrero, M. G. Perrone, E. Bolzacchini, M. Duane, and B. R. Larsen, 2011: Vertical distribution of hydrocarbons in the low troposphere below and above the mixing height: Tethered balloon measurements in Milan, Italy. Environmental Pollution, 159, 3545−3552, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.08.012. |
| Schnitzhofer, R., and Coauthors, 2009: A multimethodological approach to study the spatial distribution of air pollution in an Alpine valley during wintertime. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 9, 3385−3396, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-3385-2009. |
| Seinfeld, J. H., and S. N. Pandis, 2016: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From Air Pollution to Climate Change. 3rd ed., John Wiley & Sons. |
| Spirig, C., A. Neftel, L. I. Kleinman, and J. Hjorth, 2002: NOx versus VOC limitation of O3 production in the Po valley: Local and integrated view based on observations. J. Geophys. Res., 107, 8191, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD000561. |
| Sun, J., F. K. Wu, B. Hu, G. Q. Tang, J. K. Zhang, and Y. S. Wang, 2016: VOC characteristics, emissions and contributions to SOA formation during hazy episodes. Atmos. Environ., 141, 560−570, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.06.060. |
| Sun, J., Y. S. Wang, F. K. Wu, G. Q. Tang, L. L. Wang, Y. H. Wang, and Y. Yang, 2018: Vertical characteristics of VOCs in the lower troposphere over the North China Plain during pollution periods. Environmental Pollution, 236, 907−915, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.10.051. |
| Tang, G., X. Li, Y. Wang, J. Xin, and X. Ren, 2009: Surface ozone trend details and interpretations in Beijing, 2001-2006. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 9, 8813−8823, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-8813-2009. |
| Tang, G., Y. Wang, X. Li, D. Ji, S. Hsu, and X. Gao, 2012: Spatial-temporal variations in surface ozone in Northern China as observed during 2009−2010 and possible implications for future air quality control strategies. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 12, 2757−2776, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-2757-2012. |
| Tang, G., X. Zhu, B. Hu, J. Xin, L. Wang, C. Münkel, G. Mao, and Y. Wang, 2015: Impact of emission controls on air quality in Beijing during APEC 2014: Lidar ceilometer observations. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 15, 12667−12680, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-12667-2015. |
| Tang, G. Q., N. Chao, Y. S. Wang, and J. S. Chen, 2016: Vehicular emissions in China in 2006 and 2010. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 48, 179−192, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2016.01.031. |
| Tang, G. Q., and Coauthors, 2017: Modelling study of boundary-layer ozone over northern China - Part I: Ozone budget in summer. Atmospheric Research, 187, 128−137, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2016.10.017. |
| Tang, G. Q., and Coauthors, 2021: Bypassing the NOx titration trap in ozone pollution control in Beijing. Atmospheric Research, 249, 105333, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2020.105333. |
| Wöhrnschimmel, H., C. Márquez, V. Mugica, W. A. Stahel, J. Staehelin, B. Cárdenas, and S. Blanco, 2006: Vertical profiles and receptor modeling of volatile organic compounds over Southeastern Mexico City. Atmos. Environ., 40, 5125−5136, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.03.008. |
| Wu, S., and Coauthors, 2020: Vertically decreased VOC concentration and reactivity in the planetary boundary layer in winter over the North China Plain. Atmospheric Research, 240, 104930, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2020.104930. |
| Yang, X. Y., and Coauthors, 2020: Summertime ozone pollution in Sichuan Basin, China: Meteorological conditions, sources and process analysis. Atmos. Environ., 226, 117392, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117392. |
| Yang, Y., and Coauthors, 2019: Ambient volatile organic compounds in a suburban site between Beijing and Tianjin: Concentration levels, source apportionment and health risk assessment. Science of the Total Environment, 695, 133889, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133889. |
| Yue, X., and Coauthors, 2017: Ozone and haze pollution weakens net primary productivity in China. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 17, 6073−6089, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-6073-2017. |
| Yurdakul, S., M. Civan, Ö. Kuntasal, G. Doğan, H. Pekey, and G. Tuncel, 2018: Temporal variations of VOC concentrations in Bursa atmosphere. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 9, 189−206, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2017.09.004. |
| Zhang, C. X., and Coauthors, 2019: Satellite UV-Vis spectroscopy: Implications for air quality trends and their driving forces in China during 2005−2017. Light: Science & Applications, 8, 100, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-019-0210-6. |
| Zhang, K., G. L. Xiu, L. Zhou, Q. G. Bian, Y. S. Duan, D. N. Fei, D. F. Wang, and Q. Y. Fu, 2018: Vertical distribution of volatile organic compounds within the lower troposphere in late spring of Shanghai. Atmos. Environ., 186, 150−157, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.03.044. |
| Zhang, Q., and Coauthors, 2014: Variations of ground-level O3 and its precursors in Beijing in summertime between 2005 and 2011. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 14, 6089−6101, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-6089-2014. |
| Zhao, W., and Coauthors, 2019: Evolution of boundary layer ozone in Shijiazhuang, a suburban site on the North China plain. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 83, 152−160, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2019.02.016. |
| Zheng, X., G. Ding, Y. U. Haiqing, Y. Liu, and X. U. Xiangde, 2005: Vertical distribution of ozone in the planetary boundary layer at the Ming Tombs, Beijing. Science in China Series D Earth Sciences, 48, 55−63. |