| Alapaty, K., N. L. Seaman, D. S. Niyogi, and A. F. Hanna, 2001: Assimilating surface data to improve the accuracy of atmospheric boundary layer simulations. J. Appl. Meteorol., 40, 2068−2082, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(2001)040<2068:ASDTIT>2.0.CO;2. |
| Arnold, C. P., Jr., and C. H. Dey, 1986: Observing-systems simulation experiments: past, present, and future. Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc., 67(6), 687−695, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1986)067<0687:OSSEPP>2.0.CO;2. |
| Atlas, R., 1997: Atmospheric observations and experiments to assess their usefulness in data assimilation. J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan, 75(1B), 111−130, https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj1965.75.1B_111. |
| Barker, D., W. Huang, Y. R. Guo, A. J. Bourgeois, and Q. N. Xiao, 2004: A three-dimensional variational data assimilation system for MM5: Implementation and initial results. Mon. Wea. Rev., 132, 897−914, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<0897:ATVDAS>2.0.CO;2. |
| Benjamin, S. G., G. A. Grell, J. M. Brown, and T. G. Smirnova, 2004: Mesoscale weather prediction with the RUC hybrid isentropic-terrain-following coordinate model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 132(2), 473−494, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<0473:MWPWTR>2.0.CO;2. |
| Dong, W., F. C. You, B. Yang, S. Y. Fan, and M. Chen, 2011: Assessment and analysis of meteorological elements forecasted by Beijing rapid update cycle forecast system. Meteorological Monthly, 37(12), 1489−1497. (in Chinese) |
| Dudhia, J., 1989: Numerical study of convection observed during the winter monsoon experiment using a mesoscale two-dimensional model. J. Atmos. Sci., 46(20), 3077−3107, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1989)046<3077:NSOCOD>2.0.CO;2. |
| Dumelow, R., 2003: Overview of observing system experiments. Proc. ECMWF Seminar on Recent Developments in Data Assimilation for Atmosphere and Ocean, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Shinfield Park, Reading, UK, 8−12. |
| Dutta, S. K., L. Garand, and S. Heilliette, 2015: Impact evaluation of assimilating surface sensitive infrared radiance observations over land and sea ice from observing system simulation experiments. Advances in Meteorology, 2015, 847561. |
| Errico, R. M., and N. C. Privé, 2014: An estimate of some analysis-error statistics using the global modeling and assimilation office observing-system simulation framework. Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 140, 1005−1012, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2180. |
| Guo, Y. R., D.-H. Shin, J.-H. Lee, Q.-N. Xiao, D. M. Barker, and Y.-H. Kuo, 2002: Application of the MM53DVAR system for a heavy rain case over the Korean Peninsula. The Twelfth PSU/NCAR Mesoscale Model Users’ Workshop NCAR, MMM Division, NCAR, 24−25. |
| Hou, T. J., F. Y. Kong, X. L. Chen, H. C. Lei, and Z. X. Hu, 2015: Evaluation of radar and automatic weather station data assimilation for a heavy rainfall event in southern China. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 32(7), 967−978, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-014-4155-7. |
| Hu, H. Q., J. Z. Sun, and Q. H. Zhang, 2017: Assessing the impact of surface and Wind profiler data on fog forecasting using WRF 3DVAR: An OSSE Study on a dense fog event over North China. J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol., 56, 1059−1081, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-16-0246.1. |
| Lazarus, S. M., C. M. Ciliberti, J. D. Horel, and K. A. Brewster, 2002: Near-real-time applications of a mesoscale analysis system to complex terrain. Wea. Forecasting, 17, 971−1000, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0434(2002)017<0971:NRTAOA>2.0.CO;2. |
| Liu, Z.-Q., and F. Rabier, 2003: The potential of high-density observations for Numerical weather prediction: A study with simulated observations. Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 129, 3013−3035, https://doi.org/10.1256/qj.02.170. |
| Masutani, M., and Coauthors, 2006: Observing System Simulation Experiments at NCEP. NECP Office Note No. 451. |
| NOAA, 2012: The Rapid Update Cycle (RUC).[Available online from https://ruc.noaa.gov/ruc] |
| Parrish, D. F., and J. C. Derber, 1992: The national meteorological center’s spectral statistical-interpolation analysis system. Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 1747−1763, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1992)120<1747:TNMCSS>2.0.CO;2. |
| Ruggiero, F. H., K. D. Sashegyi, R. V. Madala, and S. Raman, 1996: The use of surface observations in four-dimensional data assimilation using a mesoscale model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 124(5), 1018−1033, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1996)124<1018:TUOSOI>2.0.CO;2. |
| Skamarock, W. C., and Coauthors, 2008: A Description of the Advanced Research WRF Version 3. NCAR Tec. Note NCAR/TN-4751STR, 113 pp. |
| Sun, J. Z., H. L. Wang, W. X. Tong, Y. Zhang, C.-Y. Lin, and D. M. Xu, 2016: Comparison of the impacts of Momentum control variables on high-resolution variational data assimilation and precipitation forecasting. Mon. Wea. Rev., 144, 149−169, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-14-00205.1. |
| Waller, J. A., S. L. Dance, A. S. Lawless, N. K. Nichols, and J. R. Eyre, 2014: Representativity error for temperature and humidity using the Met office high-resolution model. Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 140, 1189−1197, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2207. |
| Wu, D. C., Z. Y. Meng, and D. C. Yan, 2013: The predictability of a squall line in South China on 23 April 2007. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 30, 485−502, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-012-2076-x. |
| Xu, Z. F., J. D. Gong, and Z. C. Li, 2009: A study of assimilation of surface observational data in complex terrain Part Ⅲ: Comparison analysis of two methods on solving the problem of elevation difference between model surface and observation sites. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Science, 33(6), 1137−1147, https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2009.06.02. |