| Adhikari, A., and C. T. Liu, 2019: Remote sensing properties of freezing rain events from space. J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos., 124, 10 385−10 400, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030788. |
| Alt, H., and M. Godau, 1992: Measuring the resemblance of polygonal curves. Proc. 8th Annual Symposium on Computational Geometry, Berlin, Germany, ACM, 102−109, https://doi.org/10.1145/142675.142699. |
| Atlas, D., R. C. Srivastava, and R. S. Sekhon, 1973: Doppler radar characteristics of precipitation at vertical incidence. Reviews of Geophysics, 11, 1−35, https://doi.org/10.1029/RG011i001p00001. |
| Atlas, D., C. W. Ulbrich, F. D. Marks, E. Amitai, and C. R. Williams, 1999: Systematic variation of drop size and radar-rainfall relations. J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos., 104, 6155−6169, https://doi.org/10.1029/1998JD200098. |
| Barthazy, E., and R. Schefold, 2006: Fall velocity of snowflakes of different riming degree and crystal types. Atmospheric Research, 82, 391−398, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2005.12.009. |
| Black, A. W., and T. L. Mote, 2015: Effects of winter precipitation on automobile collisions, injuries, and fatalities in the United States. Journal of Transport Geography, 48, 165−175, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2015.09.007. |
| Brandes, E. A., G. F. Zhang, and J. Vivekanandan, 2003: An evaluation of a drop distribution-based polarimetric radar rainfall estimator. J. Appl. Meteorol., 42, 652−660, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(2003)042<0652:AEOADD>2.0.CO;2. |
| Brandes, E. A., K. Ikeda, G. F. Zhang, M. Schönhuber, and R. M. Rasmussen, 2007: A statistical and physical description of hydrometeor distributions in colorado snowstorms using a video disdrometer. J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol., 46, 634−650, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAM2489.1. |
| Bringi, V. N., C. R. Williams, M. Thurai, and P. T. May, 2009: Using dual-polarized radar and dual-frequency profiler for DSD characterization: A case study from Darwin, Australia. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 26, 2107−2122, https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JTECHA1258.1. |
| Bringi, V. N., V. Chandrasekar, J. Hubbert, E. Gorgucci, W. L. Randeu, and M. Schoenhuber, 2003: Raindrop size distribution in different climatic regimes from disdrometer and dual-polarized radar analysis. J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 354−365, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<0354:RSDIDC>2.0.CO;2. |
| Cao, Q., G. F. Zhang, E. Brandes, T. Schuur, A. Ryzhkov, and K. Ikeda, 2008: Analysis of video disdrometer and polarimetric radar data to characterize rain microphysics in Oklahoma. J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol., 47, 2238−2255, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JAMC1732.1. |
| Chang, W. Y., T. C. C. Wang, and P. L. Lin, 2009: Characteristics of the raindrop size distribution and drop shape relation in typhoon systems in the Western Pacific from the 2D video disdrometer and NCU C-band polarimetric radar. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 26, 1973−1993, https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JTECHA1236.1. |
| Chapon, B., G. Delrieu, M. Gosset, and B. Boudevillain, 2008: Variability of rain drop size distribution and its effect on the Z-R relationship: A case study for intense Mediterranean rainfall. Atmospheric Research, 87, 52−65, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2007.07.003. |
| Chen, B. J., W. Hu, and J. P. Pu, 2011: Characteristics of the raindrop size distribution for freezing precipitation observed in southern China. J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos., 116, D06201, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD015305. |
| Chen, B. J., J. Yang, and J. P. Pu, 2013: Statistical characteristics of raindrop size distribution in the Meiyu season observed in Eastern China. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 91, 215−227, https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2013-208. |
| Das, S. K., M. Konwar, K. Chakravarty, and S. M. Deshpande, 2017: Raindrop size distribution of different cloud types over the Western Ghats using simultaneous measurements from Micro-Rain Radar and disdrometer. Atmospheric Research, 186, 72−82, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2016.11.003. |
| Ding, Y. H., Z. Y. Wang, Y. F. Song, and J. Zhang, 2008: Causes of the unprecedented freezing disaster in January 2008 and its possible association with the global warming. Acta Meteorologica Sinica, 66, 808−825. (in Chinese with English abstract) |
| Dolan, B., B. Fuchs, S. A. Rutledge, E. A. Barnes, and E. J. Thompson, 2018: Primary modes of global drop size distributions. J. Atmos. Sci., 75, 1453−1476, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-17-0242.1. |
| Eiter, T., and H. Mannila, 1994: Computing Discrete Fréchet Distance. Technical Report CD-TR 94/64. |
| Farzaneh, M., C. Volat, and A. Leblond, 2008: Anti-icing and de-icing techniques for overhead lines. Atmospheric Icing of Power Networks, M. Farzaneh, Ed., Springer, 229−268. |
| Fu, Z. K., X. Q. Dong, L. L. Zhou, W. J. Cui, J. Y. Wang, R. Wan, L. Leng, and B. K. Xi, 2020: Statistical characteristics of raindrop size distributions and parameters in central China during the Meiyu Seasons. J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos., 125, e2019JD031954, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD031954. |
| Gao, Z. X., Y. H. Zhou, Y. Xiao, Z. H. Xia, T. Wang, and J. J. Huang, 2016: Research on screening method on certain type of ice coating and galloping disaster and its change rules. Journal of Catastrophology, 31, 73−77, https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-811X.2016.03.012. (in Chinese with English abstract |
| Garrett, T. J., and S. E. Yuter, 2014: Observed influence of riming, temperature, and turbulence on the fallspeed of solid precipitation. Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 6515−6522, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL061016. |
| Garrett, T. J., S. E. Yuter, C. Fallgatter, K. Shkurko, S. R. Rhodes, and J. L. Endries, 2015: Orientations and aspect ratios of falling snow. Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 4617−4622, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL064040. |
| Gorgucci, E., V. Chandrasekar, V. N. Bringi, and G. Scarchilli, 2002: Estimation of raindrop size distribution parameters from polarimetric radar measurements. J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 2373−2384, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2002)059<2373:EORSDP>2.0.CO;2. |
| Han, Y., J. P. Guo, H. J. Li, T. M. Chen, X. R. Guo, J. Li, L. H. Liu, and L. J. Shi, 2022: Investigation of raindrop size distribution and its potential influential factors during warm season over China. Atmospheric Research, 275, 106248, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2022.106248. |
| Han, Y., and Coauthors, 2021: Regional variability of summertime raindrop size distribution from a network of disdrometers in Beijing. Atmospheric Research, 257, 105591, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2021.105591. |
| He, J. S., J. F. Zheng, Z. M.Zeng, Y. Z. Che, M. Zheng, and J. J. Li, 2021: A comparative study on the vertical structures and microphysical properties of stratiform precipitation over South China and the Tibetan Plateau. Remote Sensing, 13, 2897, https://doi.org/10.3390/RS13152897. |
| Houston, T. G., and S. A. Changnon, 2007: Freezing rain events: A major weather hazard in the conterminous US. Natural Hazards, 40, 485−494, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-006-9006-0. |
| Huffman, G. J., and G. A. Norman, 1988: The supercooled warm rain process and the specification of freezing precipitation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 116, 2172−2182, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1988)116<2172:TSWRPA>2.0.CO;2. |
| Ishizaka, M., H. Motoyoshi, S. Nakai, T. Shiina, T. Kumakura, and K.-I. Muramoto, 2013: A new method for identifying the main type of solid hydrometeors contributing to snowfall from measured size-fall speed relationship. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 91, 747−762, https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2013-602. |
| Islam, T., M. A. Rico-Ramirez, M. Thurai, and D. W. Han, 2012: Characteristics of raindrop spectra as normalized gamma distribution from a Joss–Waldvogel disdrometer. Atmospheric Research, 108, 57−73, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2012.01.013. |
| Jaffrain, J., and A. Berne, 2011: Experimental quantification of the sampling uncertainty associated with measurements from PARSIVEL disdrometers. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 12, 352−370, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JHM1244.1. |
| Jia, X. C., and Coauthors, 2019: Combining disdrometer, microscopic photography, and cloud radar to study distributions of hydrometeor types, size and fall velocity. Atmospheric Resesrch, 228, 176−185, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2019.05.025. |
| Lam, H. Y., J. Din, and S. L. Jong, 2015: Statistical and physical descriptions of raindrop size distributions in equatorial malaysia from disdrometer observations. Advances in Meteorology, 2015, 253730, https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/253730. |
| Li, Y., X. C. Liu, Y. Wu, and S. Hu, 2020: Characteristics and small-scale variations of raindrop size distribution over the Yangtze River Delta in East China. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 25, 05020010, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0001932. |
| Locatelli, J. D., and P. V. Hobbs, 1974: Fall speeds and masses of solid precipitation particles. J. Geophys. Res., 79, 2185−2197, https://doi.org/10.1029/JC079i015p02185. |
| Löffler-Mang, M., and J. Joss, 2000: An optical disdrometer for measuring size and velocity of hydrometeors. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 17, 130−139, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(2000)017<0130:AODFMS>2.0.CO;2. |
| Lu, Z. Q., Y. X. Han, and Y. G. Liu, 2022: Occurrence of warm freezing rain: Observation and modeling study. J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos., 127, e2021JD036242, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JD036242. |
| Luo, L., J. Guo, H. N. Chen, M. L. Yang, M. X. Chen, H. Xiao, J. L. Ma, and S. T. Li, 2021: Microphysical characteristics of rainfall observed by a 2DVD disdrometer during different seasons in Beijing, China. Remote Sensing, 13, 2303, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13122303. |
| Maki, M., T. D. Keenan, Y. Sasaki, and K. Nakamura, 2001: Characteristics of the raindrop size distribution in tropical continental squall lines observed in Darwin, Australia. J. Appl. Meteorol., 40, 1393−1412, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(2001)040<1393:COTRSD>2.0.CO;2. |
| Marshall, J. S., and W. M. K. Palmer, 1948: The distribution of raindrops with size. J. Atmos. Sci., 5, 165−166, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1948)005<0165:TDORWS>2.0.CO;2. |
| Martinez, D., and E. G. Gori, 1999: Raindrop size distributions in convective clouds over Cuba. Atmospheric Research, 52, 221−239, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-8095(99)00020-4. |
| Marzuki, N., W. L. Randeu, T. Kozu, T. Shimomai, H. Hashiguchi, and M. Schönhuber, 2013: Raindrop axis ratios, fall velocities and size distribution over Sumatra from 2D-Video Disdrometer measurement. Atmospheric Research, 119, 23−37, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2011.08.006. |
| Niu, S. J., X. C. Jia, J. R. Sang, X. L. Liu, C. S. Lu, and Y. G. Liu, 2010: Distributions of raindrop sizes and fall velocities in a Semiarid Plateau Climate: Convective versus stratiform rains. J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol., 49, 632−645, https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JAMC2208.1. |
| Nygaard, B. E. K., J. E. Kristjánsson, and L. Makkonen, 2011: Prediction of in-cloud icing conditions at ground level using the WRF model. J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol., 50, 2445−2459, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-11-054.1. |
| Pu, K., X. C. Liu, Y. Wu, S. Hu, L. Liu, and T. C. Gao, 2020: A comparison study of raindrop size distribution among five sites at the urban scale during the East Asian rainy season. J. Hydrol., 590, 125500, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.125500. |
| Rasmussen, R., and Coauthors, 2006: New ground deicing hazard associated with freezing drizzle ingestion by jet engines. Journal of Aircraft, 43, 1448−1457, https://doi.org/10.2514/1.20799. |
| Rauber, R. M., L. S. Olthoff, M. K. Ramamurthy, and K. E. Kunkel, 2000: The relative importance of warm rain and melting processes in freezing precipitation events. J. Appl. Meteorol., 39, 1185−1195, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(2000)039<1185:TRIOWR>2.0.CO;2. |
| Rees, K. N., D. K. Singh, E. R. Pardyjak, and T. J. Garrett, 2021: Mass and density of individual frozen hydrometeors. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 21, 14 235−14 250, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-14235-2021. |
| Rosenfeld, D., and C. W. Ulbrich, 2003: Cloud microphysical properties, processes, and rainfall estimation opportunities. Meteor. Monogr., 30, 237−237, https://doi.org/10.1175/0065-9401(2003)030<0237:CMPPAR>2.0.CO;2. |
| Schmitt, C. G., and A. J. Heymsfield, 2010: The dimensional characteristics of ice crystal aggregates from fractal geometry. J. Atmos. Sci., 67, 1605−1616, https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JAS3187.1. |
| Seela, B. K., J. Janapati, P. L. Lin, P. K. Wang, and M. T. Lee, 2018: Raindrop size distribution characteristics of summer and winter season rainfall over North Taiwan. J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos., 123, 11 602−11 624, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD028307. |
| Seela, B. K., J. Janapati, P. L. Lin, K. K. Reddy, R. Shirooka, and P. K. Wang, 2017: A comparison study of summer season raindrop size distribution between palau and Taiwan, Two Islands in Western Pacific. J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos., 122, 11 787−11 805, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JD026816. |
| Steiner, M., J. A. Smith, and R. Uijlenhoet, 2004: A microphysical interpretation of radar reflectivity -Rain rate relationships. J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 1114−1131, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<1114:AMIORR>2.0.CO;2. |
| Szilder, K., 2018: Theoretical and experimental study of ice accretion due to freezing rain on an inclined cylinder. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 150, 25−34, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2018.02.004. |
| Tang, Q., H. Xiao, C. W. Guo, and L. Feng, 2014: Characteristics of the raindrop size distributions and their retrieved polarimetric radar parameters in northern and southern China. Atmospheric Research, 135−136, 59−75, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2013.08.003. |
| Thériault, J. M., and R. E. Stewart, 2010: A parameterization of the microphysical processes forming many types of winter precipitation. J. Atmos. Sci., 67, 1492−1508, https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JAS3224.1. |
| Tokay, A., D. B. Wolff, and W. A. Petersen, 2014: Evaluation of the new version of the laser-optical disdrometer, OTT Parsivel2. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 31, 1276−1288, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-13-00174.1. |
| Tokay, A., W. A. Petersen, P. Gatlin, and M. Wingo, 2013: Comparison of raindrop size distribution measurements by collocated disdrometers. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 30, 1672−1690, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-12-00163.1. |
| Ulbrich, C. W., 1983: Natural variations in the analytical form of the raindrop size distribution. J. Climate Appl. Meteorol., 22, 1764−1775, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1983)022<1764:NVITAF>2.0.CO;2. |
| Vivekanandan, J., G. F. Zhang, and E. Brandes, 2004: Polarimetric radar estimators based on a constrained gamma drop size distribution model. J. Appl. Meteorol., 43, 217−230, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(2004)043<0217:PREBOA>2.0.CO;2. |
| Wang, G. L., R. R. Zhou, S. L. Zhaxi, and S. N. Liu, 2021: Raindrop size distribution measurements on the Southeast Tibetan Plateau during the STEP project. Atmospheric Research, 249, 105311, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2020.105311. |
| Wang, Z. Y., S. Yang, Z. J. Ke, and X. W. Jiang, 2014: Large-scale atmospheric and oceanic conditions for extensive and persistent icing events in China. J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol., 53, 2698−2709, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-14-0062.1. |
| Wang, Z. Y., Y. H. Ding, B. T. Zhou, and L. J. Chen, 2020: Comparison of two severe low-temperature snowstorm and ice freezing events in China: Role of Eurasian mid-high latitude circulation patterns. International Journal of Climatology, 40, 3436−3450, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.6406. |
| Wen, G., H. Xiao, H. L. Yang, Y. H. Bi, and W. J. Xu, 2017a: Characteristics of summer and winter precipitation over northern China. Atmospheric Research, 197, 390−406, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2017.07.023. |
| Wen, J., and Coauthors, 2017b: Evolution of microphysical structure of a subtropical squall line observed by a polarimetric radar and a disdrometer during OPACC in Eastern China. J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos., 122, 8033−8050, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD026346. |
| Wen, L., K. Zhao, M. Y. Wang, and G. F. Zhang, 2019: Seasonal variations of observed raindrop size distribution in East China. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 36, 346−362, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-018-8107-5. |
| Wen, L., K. Zhao, G. F. Zhang, S. Liu, and G. Chen, 2017c: Impacts of instrument limitations on estimated raindrop size distribution, radar parameters, and model microphysics during Mei-Yu Season in East China. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 34, 1021−1037, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-16-0225.1. |
| Wen, L., K. Zhao, Z. L. Yang, H. N. Chen, H. Huang, G. Chen, and Z. W. Yang, 2020: Microphysics of stratiform and convective precipitation during Meiyu season in Eastern China. J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos., 125, e2020JD032677, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JD032677. |
| Wu, Y. H., and L. P. Liu, 2017: Statistical characteristics of raindrop size distribution in the Tibetan Plateau and southern China. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 34, 727−736, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-016-5235-7. |
| Wylie, T., and B. H. Zhu, 2014: Following a curve with the discrete Fréchet distance. Theoretical Computer Science, 556, 34−44, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcs.2014.06.026. |
| Yuter, S. E., D. E. Kingsmill, L. B. Nance, and M. Löffler-Mang, 2006: Observations of precipitation size and fall speed characteristics within coexisting rain and wet snow. J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol., 45, 1450−1464, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAM2406.1. |
| Zhang, A. S., and Coauthors, 2019: Statistical characteristics of raindrop size distribution in the monsoon season observed in Southern China. Remote Sensing, 11, 432, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11040432. |
| Zhang, G. F., J. Vivekanandan, E. A. Brandes, R. Meneghini, and T. Kozu, 2003: The shape-slope relation in observed gamma raindrop size distributions: Statistical error or useful information? J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 20, 1106−1119, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(2003)020<1106:TSRIOG>2.0.CO;2. |
| Zhang, G. F., S. Luchs, A. Ryzhkov, M. Xue, L. Ryzhkova, and Q. Cao, 2011: Winter precipitation microphysics characterized by polarimetric radar and video disdrometer observations in central Oklahoma. J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol., 50, 1558−1570, https://doi.org/10.1175/2011JAMC2343.1. |
| Zhou, Y., S. J. Niu, and J. J. Lü, 2013: The influence of freezing drizzle on wire icing during freezing fog events. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 30, 1053−1069, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-012-2030-y. |
| Zhou, Y., S. J. Niu, J. J. Lü, and Y. H. Zhou, 2016: The effect of freezing drizzle, sleet and snow on microphysical characteristics of supercooled fog during the icing process in a mountainous area. Atmosphere, 7, 143, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos7110143. |
| Zhou, Y., Y. Y. Yue, Z. X. Gao, and Y. H. Zhou, 2017: Climatic characteristics and determination method for freezing Rain in China. Advances in Meteorology, 2017, 4635280, https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/4635280. |