Beltrami, H., and L. Kellman, 2003: An examination of short- and long-term air-ground temperature coupling. Global and Planetary Change, 38(3−4), 291−303, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8181(03)00112-7.
Beltrami, H., G. Ferguson, and R. N. Harris, 2005: Long-term tracking of climate change by underground temperatures. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32(19), L19707, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL023714.
Chudinova, S. M., O. W. Frauenfeld, R. G. Barry, T. J. Zhang, and V. A. Sorokovikov, 2006: Relationship between air and soil temperature trends and periodicities in the permafrost regions of Russia. J. Geophys. Res., 111, F02008, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JF000342.
Cohen, J. L., J. C. Furtado, M. Barlow, V. A. Alexeev, and J. E. Cherry, 2012: Asymmetric seasonal temperature trends. Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L04705, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL050582.
Fan, X. G., 2009: Impacts of soil heating condition on precipitation simulations in the weather research and forecasting model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 137(7), 2263−2285, https://doi.org/10.1175/2009MWR2684.1.
Fyfe, J. C., and Coauthors, 2016: Making sense of the early-2000s warming slowdown. Nature Climate Change, 6(3), 224−228, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2938.
Hu, Q., and S. Feng, 2004a: A role of the soil enthalpy in land memory. J. Climate, 17(18), 3633−3643, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<3633:AROTSE>2.0.CO;2.
Hu, Q., and S. Feng, 2004b: Why has the land memory changed? J. Climate, 17(16), 3236−3243, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<3236:WHTLMC>2.0.CO;2.
Hu, Q., and S. Feng, 2005: How have soil temperatures been affected by the surface temperature and precipitation in the Eurasian continent? Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L14711, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL023469.
Huang, Y., C. L. E. Franzke, N. M. Yuan, and Z. T. Fu, 2020: Systematic identification of causal relations in high-dimensional chaotic systems: Application to stratosphere-troposphere coupling. Climate Dyn., 55, 2469−2481, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05394-0.
Kosaka, Y., and S. P. Xie, 2013: Recent global-warming hiatus tied to equatorial Pacific surface cooling. Nature, 501(7467), 403−407, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12534.
Luo, D. H., Y. A. Chen, A. Dai, M. Mu, R. H. Zhang, and S. Ian, 2017: Winter Eurasian cooling linked with the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation. Environmental Research Letters, 12(12), 125002, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa8de8.
Ma, H., S. Y. Leng, and L. N. Chen, 2018: Data-based prediction and causality inference of nonlinear dynamics. Science China Mathematics, 61(3), 403−420, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11425-017-9177-0.
Mahanama, S. P. P., R. D. Koster, R. H. Reichle, and M. J. Suarez, 2008: Impact of subsurface temperature variability on surface air temperature variability: An AGCM study. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 9(4), 804−815, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JHM949.1.
McCracken, J. M., and R. S. Weigel, 2014: Convergent cross-mapping and pairwise asymmetric inference. Physical Review E, 90(6), 062903, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.90.062903.
Medhaug, I., M. B. Stolpe, E. M. Fischer, and R. Knutti, 2017: Reconciling controversies about the ‘global warming hiatus’. Nature, 545(7652), 41−47, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature22315.
Mønster, D., R. Fusaroli, K. Tylén, A. Roepstorff, and J. F. Sherson, 2016: Inferring causality from noisy time series data-a test of convergent cross-mapping. Proc. 1st Int. Conf. on Complex Information Systems, Rome, Italy, 48−56, https://doi.org/10.5220/0005932600480056.
Mønster, D., R. Fusaroli, K. Tylén, A. Roepstorff, and J. F. Sherson, 2017: Causal inference from noisy time-series data−Testing the convergent cross-mapping algorithm in the presence of noise and external influence. Future Generation Computer Systems, 73, 52−62, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2016.12.009.
Risbey, J. S., and S. Lewandowsky, 2017: Climate science: The 'pause' unpacked. Nature, 545(7652), 37−39, https://doi.org/10.1038/545037a.
Sugihara, G., and R. M. May, 1990: Nonlinear forecasting as a way of distinguishing chaos from measurement error in time series. Nature, 344(6268), 734−741, https://doi.org/10.1038/344734a0.
Sugihara, G., 1994: Nonlinear forecasting for the classification of natural time series. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences, 348(1688), 477−495, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1994.0106.
Sugihara, G., R. May, H. Ye, C. H. Hsieh, E. Deyle, M. Fogarty, and S. Munch, 2012: Detecting causality in complex ecosystems. Science, 338(6106), 496−500, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1227079.
Takens, F., 1981: Detecting strange attractors in turbulence. Dynamical Systems and Turbulence, Warwick 1980, D. Rand and L. S. Young, Eds., Springer, 366−381, https://doi.org/10.1007/BFb0091924.
Tang, M. C., and E. R. Reiter, 1986: The similarity between the maps of soil temperature and precipitation anomaly of the subsequent season. Plateau Meteorology, 5, 293−307. (in Chinese)
Tang, M. C., J. X. Wang, and J. Zhang, 1987: A primary method for predicting the spring rainfall by the winter soil temperature depth 80cm. Plateau Meteorology, 6(3), 244−255. (in Chinese)
Tang, M. C., S. H. Sun, Q. Zhong, and S. J. Wu, 1982: The energy variation of the underlying surface and the changes of the weather and climate. Plateau Meteorology, 1(1), 24−34. (in Chinese)
Tang, Q. H., X. J. Zhang, X. H. Yang, and J. A. Francis, 2013: Cold winter extremes in northern continents linked to Arctic sea ice loss. Environmental Research Letters, 8(1), 014036, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/8/1/014036.
Trenberth, K. E., J. T. Fasullo, G. Branstator, and A. S. Phillips, 2014: Seasonal aspects of the recent pause in surface warming. Nature Climate Change, 4(10), 911−916, https://doi.org/10.1038/NCLIMATE2341.
Tsonis, A. A., E. R. Deyle, H. Ye, and G. Sugihara, 2018: Convergent cross mapping: Theory and an example. Advances in Nonlinear Geosciences, A. A. Tsonis, Ed., Springer, 587−600, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58895-7_27.
Wang, C. Y., S. P. Xie, Y. Kosaka, Q. Y. Liu, and X. T. Zheng, 2017: Global influence of tropical Pacific variability with implications for global warming slowdown. J. Climate, 30(7), 2679−2695, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0496.1.
Wang, L., M. Henderson, B. H. Liu, X. J. Shen, X. W. Chen, L. Y. Lian, and D. W. Zhou, 2018a: Maximum and minimum soil surface temperature trends over China, 1965−2014. J. Geophys. Res., 123(4), 2004−2016, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JD027283.
Wang, Y. Q., J. Yang, Y. N. Chen, P. De Maeyer, Z. Li, and W. L. Duan, 2018b: Detecting the causal effect of soil moisture on precipitation using convergent cross mapping. Scientific Reports, 8, 12171, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-30669-2.
Wu, L. Y., and J. Y. Zhang, 2014: Strong subsurface soil temperature feedbacks on summer climate variability over the arid/semi-arid regions of East Asia. Atmospheric Science Letters, 15(4), 307−313, https://doi.org/10.1002/asl2.504.
Xu, W. H., C. H. Sun, J. Q. Zuo, Z. G. Ma, W. J. Li, and S. Yang, 2019: Homogenization of monthly ground surface temperature in China during 1961−2016 and performances of GLDAS reanalysis products. J. Climate, 32(4), 1121−1135, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0275.1.
Xue, Y. K., R. Vasic, Z. Janjic, Y. M. Liu, and P. C. Chu, 2012: The impact of spring subsurface soil temperature anomaly in the western U.S. on North American summer precipitation: A case study using regional climate model downscaling. J. Geophys. Res., 117, D11103, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JD017692.
Yang, K., and J. Y. Zhang, 2015: Spatiotemporal characteristics of soil temperature memory in China from observation. Theor. Appl. Climatol., 126(3−4), 739−749, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-015-1613-9.
Ye, H., E. R. Deyle, L. J. Gilarranz, and G. Sugihara, 2015: Distinguishing time-delayed causal interactions using convergent cross mapping. Scientific Reports, 5, 14750, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep14750.
Zhang, N. N., G. L. Wang, and A. A. Tsonis, 2019: Dynamical evidence for causality between Northern Hemisphere annular mode and winter surface air temperature over Northeast Asia. Climate Dyn., 52, 3175−3182, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4317-x.
Zhang, T. J., 2005: Influence of the seasonal snow cover on the ground thermal regime: An overview. Rev. Geophys., 43, RG4002, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004RG000157.
Zhang, T., R. G. Barry, D. Gilichinsky, S. S. Bykhovets, V. A. Sorokovikov, and J. P. Ye, 2001: An amplified signal of climatic change in soil temperatures during the last century at Irkutsk, Russia. Climatic Change, 49(1−2), 41−76, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010790203146.