| Allan, R. P., C. L. Liu, N. G. Loeb, M. D. Palmer, M. Roberts, D. Smith, and P.-L. Vidale, 2014: Changes in global net radiative imbalance 1985−2012. Geophys. Res. Lett., 41(15), 5588−5597, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL060962. |
| Allison, L. C., M. D. Palmer, R. P. Allan, L. Hermanson, C. L. Liu, and D. M. Smith, 2020: Observations of planetary heating since the 1980s from multiple independent datasets. Environmental Research Communications, 2(10), 101001, https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/abbb39. |
| Bao, Q., and Coauthors, 2020: CAS FGOALS-F3-H and CAS FGOALS-F3-L outputs for the high-resolution model intercomparison project simulation of CMIP6. Atmos. Ocean. Sci. Lett., 13, 576−581, https://doi.org/10.1080/16742834.2020.1814675. |
| Barsugli, J. J., and D. S. Battisti, 1998: The basic effects of atmosphere-ocean thermal coupling on midlatitude variability. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 477−493, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1998)055<0477:TBEOAO>2.0.CO;2. |
| Boucher, O., S. Denvil, G. Levavasseur, A. Cozic, A. Caubel, M.-A. Foujols, F. Meurdesoif, and J. Ghattas, 2019a: IPSL IPSL-CM6A-ATM-HR model output prepared for CMIP6 HighResMIP. Earth System Grid Federation, |
| Boucher, O., S. Denvil, G. Levavasseur, A. Cozic, A. Caubel, M.-A. Foujols, F. Meurdesoif, and J. Ghattas, 2019b: IPSL IPSL-CM6A-LR model output prepared for CMIP6 HighResMIP. Earth System Grid Federation, |
| Boucher, O., and Coauthors, 2020: Presentation and evaluation of the IPSL-CM6A-LR climate model. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 12(7), e2019MS002010, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS002010. |
| Bryden, H. L, and S. Imawaki, 2001: Ocean heat transport. Ocean Circulation and Climate, G. Siedler et al., Eds., Academic Press, London, 455−474. |
| Bryden, H. L., W. E. Johns, B. A. King, G. McCarthy, E. L. Mcdonagh, B. I. Moat, and D. A. Smeed, 2020: Reduction in ocean heat transport at 26°N since 2008 cools the eastern subpolar gyre of the North Atlantic Ocean. J. Climate, 33(5), 1677−1689, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0323.1. |
| Caesar, L., G. D. McCarthy, D. J. R. Thornalley, N. Cahill, and S. Rahmstorf, 2021: Current Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation weakest in last millennium. Nature Geoscience, 14, 118−120, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-021-00699-z. |
| Cao, J., and Coauthors, 2018: The NUIST Earth System Model (NESM) version 3: Description and preliminary evaluation. Geoscientific Model Development, 11, 2975−2993, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-2975-2018. |
| Chelton, D. B., and S.-P. Xie, 2010: Coupled ocean-atmosphere interaction at oceanic mesoscales. Oceanography, 23(4), 52−69, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2010.05. |
| Chen, H., E. K. Schneider, and Z. W. Zhu, 2021: Internal atmospheric variability of net surface heat flux in reanalyses and CMIP5 AMIP simulations. International Journal of Climatology, 42, 63−80, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.7232. |
| Cheng, L. J., K. E. Trenberth, J. Fasullo, T. Boyer, J. Abraham, and J. Zhu, 2017: Improved estimates of ocean heat content from 1960 to 2015. Science Advances, 3(3), e1601545, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1601545. |
| Cheng, L. J., K. E. Trenberth, J. T. Fasullo, M. Mayer, M. Balmaseda, and J. Zhu, 2019: Evolution of ocean heat content related to ENSO. J. Climate, 32(12), 3529−3556, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0607.1. |
| Cherchi, A., and Coauthors, 2019: Global mean climate and main patterns of variability in the CMCC-CM2 coupled model. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 11(1), 185−209, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018MS001369. |
| Colfescu, I., and E. K. Schneider, 2020: Decomposition of the Atlantic multidecadal variability in a historical climate simulation. J. Climate, 33, 4229−4254, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0180.1. |
| Condron, A., and I. A. Renfrew, 2013: The impact of polar mesoscale storms on northeast Atlantic Ocean circulation. Nature Geoscience, 6, 34−37, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1661. |
| Cronin, M. F., and Coauthors, 2019: Air-sea fluxes with a focus on heat and momentum. Frontiers in Marine Science, 6, 430, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00430. |
| Cuesta-Valero, F. J., A. García-García, H. Beltrami, J. F. González-Rouco, and E. García-Bustamante, 2021: Long-term global ground heat flux and continental heat storage from geothermal data. Climate of the Past, 17, 451−468, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-451-2021. |
| Danabasoglu, G., and Coauthors, 2020: The Community Earth System Model Version 2 (CESM2). Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 12(2), e2019MS001916, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001916. |
| Delworth, T. L., and R. J. Greatbatch, 2000: Multidecadal thermohaline circulation variability driven by atmospheric surface flux forcing. J. Climate, 13, 1481−1495, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<1481:MTCVDB>2.0.CO;2. |
| Demory, M. E., P. L. Vidale, M. J. Roberts, P. Berrisford, J. Strachan, R. Schiemann, and M. S. Mizielinski, 2014: The role of horizontal resolution in simulating drivers of the global hydrological cycle. Climate Dyn., 42(7−8), 2201−2225, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-013-1924-4. |
| Dix, M., and Coauthors, 2019: CSIRO-ARCCSS ACCESS-CM2 model output prepared for CMIP6 CMIP AMIP. Earth System Grid Federation, |
| Dong, B. W., and R. T. Sutton, 2005: Mechanism of interdecadal thermohaline circulation variability in a coupled ocean-atmosphere GCM. J. Climate, 18, 1117−1135, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3328.1. |
| Donohoe, A., J. Marshall, D. Ferreira, and D. Mcgee, 2013: The relationship between ITCZ location and Cross-Equatorial atmospheric heat transport: From the seasonal cycle to the last glacial maximum. J. Climate, 26(11), 3597−3618, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00467.1. |
| Eyring, V., S. Bony, G. A. Meehl, C. A. Senior, B. Stevens, R. J. Stouffer, and K. E. Taylor, 2016: Overview of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) experimental design and organization. Geoscientific Model Development, 9(5), 1937−1958, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-1937-2016. |
| Frierson, D. M. W., and Y.-T. Hwang, 2012: Extratropical influence on ITCZ shifts in slab ocean simulations of global warming. J. Climate, 25(2), 720−733, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00116.1. |
| Ganachaud, A., and C. Wunsch, 2003: Large-scale ocean heat and freshwater transports during the world ocean circulation experiment. J. Climate, 16(4), 696−705, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<0696:LSOHAF>2.0.CO;2. |
| Gelaro, R., and Coauthors, 2017: The modern-era retrospective analysis for research and applications, version 2 (MERRA-2). J. Climate, 30(14), 5419−5454, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0758.1. |
| Haarsma, R. J., and Coauthors, 2016: High resolution model intercomparison project (HighResMIP v1.0) for CMIP6,. Geoscientific Model Development, 9(11), 4185−4208, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-4185-2016. |
| He, B., and Coauthors, 2020: CAS FGOALS-f3-L model datasets for CMIP6 GMMIP Tier-1 and Tier-3 experiments. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 37(1), 18−28, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-019-9085-y. |
| Hersbach, H., and Coauthors, 2020: The ERA5 global reanalysis. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 146(730), 1999−2049, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803. |
| Hirschi, J. J.-M., and Coauthors, 2020: The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation in high-resolution models. J. Geophys. Res., 125(4), e2019JC015522, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015522. |
| Holdsworth, A. M., and P. G. Myers, 2015: The influence of high-frequency atmospheric forcing on the circulation and deep convection of the Labrador Sea. J. Climate, 28, 4980−4996, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00564.1. |
| Hyder, P., and Coauthors, 2018: Critical Southern Ocean climate model biases traced to atmospheric model cloud errors. Nature Communications, 9, 3625, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-05634-2. |
| Jansen, M. F., 2017: Glacial ocean circulation and stratification explained by reduced atmospheric temperature. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 114, 45−50, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1610438113. |
| Johns, W. E., and Coauthors, 2011: Continuous, array-based estimates of Atlantic Ocean heat transport at 26.5°N. J. Climate, 24(10), 2429−2449, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JCLI3997.1. |
| Josey, S. A., S. Gulev, and L. S. Yu, 2013: Exchanges through the ocean surface. International Geophysics, 103, 115−140, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-391851-2.00005-2. |
| Kobayashi, S., and Coauthors, 2015: The JRA-55 reanalysis: General specifications and basic characteristics. J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan, 93, 5−48, https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2015-001. |
| Kang, S. M., Y. Shin, and S.-P. Xie, 2018: Extratropical forcing and tropical rainfall distribution: Energetics framework and ocean ekman advection. npj Climate and Atmospheric Science, 1, 20172, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-017-0004-6. |
| Kato, S., and Coauthors, 2013: Surface irradiances consistent with CERES-derived top-of-atmosphere shortwave and longwave irradiances. J. Climate, 26(9), 2719−2740, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00436.1. |
| Kawai, H., S. Yukimoto, T. Koshiro, N. Oshima, T. Tanaka, H. Yoshimura, and R. Nagasawa, 2019: Significant improvement of cloud representation in the global climate model MRI-ESM2. Geoscientific Model Development, 12, 2875−2897, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-2875-2019. |
| Koenigk, T., and L. Brodeau, 2014: Ocean heat transport into the Arctic in the twentieth and twenty-first century in EC-Earth. Climate Dyn., 42, 3101−3120, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-013-1821-x. |
| Krishnan, R., and Coauthors, 2019: The IITM Earth System Model (ESM): Development and future roadmap. Current Trends in the Representation of Physical Processes in Weather and Climate Models, D. A. Randall et al., Eds., Springer, 183−195, |
| Kwon, Y.-O., and C. Frankignoul, 2012: Stochastically-driven multidecadal variability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation in CCSM3. Climate Dyn., 38, 859−876, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-011-1040-2. |
| Liang, X. F., and L. S. Yu, 2016: Variations of the global net air-sea heat flux during the “Hiatus” period (2001-10). J. Climate, 29(10), 3647−3660, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0626.1. |
| Lin, Y. L., and Coauthors, 2020: Community Integrated Earth System Model (CIESM): Description and evaluation. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 12(8), e2019MS002036, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS002036. |
| Liu, C. L., and Coauthors, 2015: Combining satellite observations and reanalysis energy transports to estimate global net surface energy fluxes 1985−2012. J. Geophy. Res., 120(18), 9374−9389, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD023264. |
| Liu, C. L., and Coauthors, 2017: Evaluation of satellite and reanalysis-based global net surface energy flux and uncertainty estimates. J. Geophy. Res., 122(12), 6250−6272, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JD026616. |
| Liu, C. L., and Coauthors, 2020: Variability in the global energy budget and transports 1985−2017. Climate Dyn., 55, 3381−3396, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05451-8. |
| Liu, C., and R. Allan, 2022: Reconstructions of the radiation fluxes at the top of atmosphere and net surface energy flux: DEEP-C Version 5.0. University of Reading. Dataset. |
| Loeb, N. G., J. M. Lyman, G. C. Johnson, R. P. Allan, D. R. Doelling, T. Wong, B. J. Soden, and G. L. Stephens, 2012: Observed changes in top-of-the-atmosphere radiation and upper-ocean heating consistent within uncertainty. Nature Geoscience, 5, 110−113, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1375. |
| Loeb, N. G., H. L. Wang, A. N. Cheng, S. Kato, J. T. Fasullo, K.-M. Xu, and R. P. Allan, 2016: Observational constraints on atmospheric and oceanic cross-equatorial heat transports: Revisiting the precipitation asymmetry problem in climate models. Climate Dyn., 46, 3239−3257, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-015-2766-z. |
| Lumpkin, R., and K. Speer, 2007: Global ocean meridional overturning. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 37, 2550−2562, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO3130.1. |
| Macdonald, A. M., 1998: The global ocean circulation: A hydrographic estimate and regional analysis. Progress in Oceanography, 41, 281−382, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6611(98)00020-2. |
| Mayer, M., and L. Haimberger, 2012: Poleward atmospheric energy transports and their variability as evaluated from ECMWF reanalysis data. J. Climate, 25(2), 734−752, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00202.1. |
| Mayer, M., L. Haimberger, J. M. Edwards, and P. Hyder, 2017: Toward consistent diagnostics of the coupled atmosphere and ocean energy budgets. J. Climate, 30(22), 9225−9246, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0137.1. |
| Mayer, M., M. Alonso Balmaseda, L. Haimberger, 2018: Unprecedented 2015/2016 Indo-Pacific heat transfer speeds up tropical pacific heat recharge. Geophys. Res. Lett., 45(7), 3274−3284, https://doi.org/10.1002/2018GL077106. |
| Mayer, M., and Coauthors, 2019: An improved estimate of the coupled arctic energy budget. J. Climate, 32, 7915−7934, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0233.1. |
| Mayer, J., M. Mayer, and L. Haimberger, 2021: Consistency and homogeneity of atmospheric energy, moisture, and mass budgets in ERA5,. J. Climate, 34(10), 3955−3974, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-20-0676.1. |
| Mayer, J., M. Mayer, L. Haimberger, and C. Liu, 2022: Comparison of surface energy fluxes from global to local scale. J. Climate, |
| Mignac, D., D. Ferreira, and K. Haines, 2018: South Atlantic meridional transports from NEMO-based simulations and reanalyses. Ocean Science, 14, 53−68, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-53-2018. |
| Moreno-Chamarro, E., and Coauthors, 2022: Impact of increased resolution on long-standing biases in HighResMIP-PRIMAVERA climate models. Geoscientific Model Development, 15, 269−289, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-269-2022. |
| Putrasahan, D. A., A. J. Miller, and H. Seo, 2013: Isolating mesoscale coupled ocean-atmosphere interactions in the Kuroshio Extension region. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 63, 60−78, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2013.04.001. |
| Rahmstorf, S., and A. Ganopolski, 1999: Long-term global warming scenarios computed with an efficient coupled climate model. Climatic Change, 43, 353−367, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005474526406. |
| Roberts, M. J., H. T. Hewitt, P. Hyder, D. Ferreira, S. A. Josey, M. Mizielinski, and A. Shelly, 2016: Impact of ocean resolution on coupled air-sea fluxes and large-scale climate. Geophys. Res. Lett., 43(19), 10 430−10 438, |
| Roberts, C. D., M. D. Palmer, R. P. Allan, D. G. Desbruyeres, P. Hyder, C. Liu, and D. Smith, 2017: Surface flux and ocean heat transport convergence contributions to seasonal and interannual variations of ocean heat content. J. Geophy. Res., 122, 726−744, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC012278. |
| Rong, X. Y., 2019: CAMS CAMS-CSM1.0 model output prepared for CMIP6 ScenarioMIP. Earth System Grid Federation, |
| Rong, X. Y., 2020: CAMS CAMS-CSM1.0 model output prepared for CMIP6 HighResMIP. Earth System Grid Federation, |
| Sellar, A. A., and Coauthors, 2019: UKESM1: Description and evaluation of the U.K. earth system model. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 11, 4513−4558, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001739. |
| Senior, C. A., and Coauthors, 2016: Idealized climate change simulations with a high-resolution physical model: HadGEM3-GC2,. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 8(2), 813−830, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015MS000614. |
| Serreze, M. C., and R. G. Barry, 2011: Processes and impacts of Arctic amplification: A research synthesis. Global and Planetary Change, 77, 85−96, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2011.03.004. |
| Smeed, D., G. McCarthy, D. Rayner, B. I. Moat, W. E. Johns, M. O. Baringer, and C. S. Meinen, 2017: Atlantic meridional overturning circulation observed by the RAPID-MOCHA-WBTS (RAPID-Meridional Overturning Circulation and Heatflux Array-Western Boundary Time Series) array at 26N from 2004 to 2017. British Oceanographic Data Centre-Natural Environment Research Council, |
| Swart, N. C., and Coauthors, 2019: The Canadian Earth System Model version 5 (CanESM5.0.3). Geoscientific Model Development, 12, 4823−4873, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-4823-2019. |
| Talley, L. D., 2003: Shallow, intermediate, and deep overturning components of the global heat budget. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 33, 530−560, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(2003)033<0530:SIADOC>2.0.CO;2. |
| Tatebe, H., and Coauthors, 2019: Description and basic evaluation of simulated mean state, internal variability, and climate sensitivity in MIROC6. Geoscientific Model Development, 12, 2727−2765, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-2727-2019. |
| Terai, C. R., P. M. Caldwell, S. A. Klein, Q. Tang, and M. L. Branstetter, 2018: The atmospheric hydrologic cycle in the ACME v0.3 model. Climate Dyn., 50(9−10), 3251−3279, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-017-3803-x. |
| Trenberth, K. E., 1991: Climate diagnostics from global analyses: Conservation of mass in ECMWF analyses. J. Climate, 4, 707−722, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1991)004<0707:CDFGAC>2.0.CO;2. |
| Trenberth, K. E., and A. Solomon, 1994: The global heat balance: Heat transports in the atmosphere and ocean. Climate Dyn., 10(3), 107−134, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00210625. |
| Trenberth, K. E., and J. T. Fasullo, 2017: Atlantic meridional heat transports computed from balancing Earth’s energy locally. Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 1919−1927, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL072475. |
| Trenberth, K. E., and J. T. Fasullo, 2018: Applications of an updated atmospheric energetics formulation. J. Climate, 31, 6263−6279, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0838. |
| Trenberth, K. E., and Y. X. Zhang, 2019: Observed interhemispheric meridional heat transports and the role of the Indonesian throughflow in the Pacific Ocean. J. Climate, 32, 8523−8536, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0465.1. |
| Trenberth, K. E., J. T. Fasullo, and J. Kiehl, 2009: Earth’s global energy budget. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 90, 311−324, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008BAMS2634.1. |
| Trenberth, K. E., Y. X. Zhang, J. T. Fasullo, and L. J. Cheng, 2019: Observation-based estimates of global and basin ocean meridional heat transport time series. J. Climate, 32, 4567−4583, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0872.1. |
| Uotila, P., and Coauthors, 2019: An assessment of ten ocean reanalyses in the polar regions. Climate Dyn., 52(3−4), 1613−1650, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4242-z. |
| Valdivieso, M., and Coauthors, 2015: An assessment of air-sea heat fluxes from ocean and coupled reanalyses. Climate Dyn., 49, 983−1008, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-015-2843-3. |
| Vannière, B., and Coauthors, 2019: Multi-model evaluation of the sensitivity of the global energy budget and hydrological cycle to resolution. Climate Dyn., 52(11), 6817−6846, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4547-y. |
| Voldoire, A., and Coauthors, 2019: Evaluation of CMIP6 DECK experiments with CNRM-CM6-1,. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 11(7), 2177−2213, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001683. |
| Volodin, E., and A. Gritsun, 2018: Simulation of observed climate changes in 1850−2014 with climate model INM-CM5,. Earth System Dynamics, 9, 1235−1242, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-9-1235-2018. |
| Volodin, E., and Coauthors, 2019: INM INM-CM5-H model output prepared for CMIP6 HighResMIP. Earth System Grid Federation, |
| Von Schuckmann, K., and Coauthors, 2016: An imperative to monitor Earth's energy imbalance. Nature Climate Change, 6, 138−144, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2876. |
| Von Schuckmann, K., and Coauthors, 2020: Heat stored in the Earth system: Where does the energy go. Earth System Science Data, 12, 2013−2041, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2013-2020. |
| Williams, K. D., and Coauthors, 2015: The Met Office Global Coupled model 2.0 (GC2) configuration. Geoscientific Model Development, 8, 1509−1524, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-1509-2015. |
| Wong, T., B. A. Wielicki, R. B. Lee III, G. L. Smith, K. A. Bush, and J. K. Willis, 2006: Reexamination of the observed decadal variability of the earth radiation budget using altitude-corrected ERBE/ERBS nonscanner WFOV data. J. Climate, 19(16), 4028−4040, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3838.1. |
| Wu, T. W., and Coauthors, 2019: The Beijing Climate Center Climate System Model (BCC-CSM): The main progress from CMIP5 to CMIP6,. Geoscientific Model Development, 12, 1573−1600, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-1573-2019. |
| Wu, T. W., and Coauthors, 2021a: BCC-CSM2-HR: A high-resolution version of the Beijing Climate Center Climate System Model. Geoscientific Model Development, 14, 2977−3006, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-2977-2021. |
| Wu, Y., X. M. Zhai, and Z. M. Wang, 2016: Impact of synoptic atmospheric forcing on the mean ocean circulation. J. Climate, 29, 5709−5724, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0819.1. |
| Wu, Y., X. M. Zhai, and Z. M. Wang, 2017: Decadal-mean impact of including ocean surface currents in bulk formulas on surface air-sea fluxes and ocean general circulation. J. Climate, 30, 9511−9525, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0001.1. |
| Wu, Y., Z. M. Wang, C. Y. Liu, and X. Lin, 2020: Impacts of high-frequency atmospheric forcing on Southern Ocean circulation and Antarctic sea ice. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 37(5), 515−531, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-020-9203-x. |
| Wu, Y, Z. M. Wang, and C. Y. Liu, 2021b: Impacts of changed ice-ocean stress on the North Atlantic Ocean: Role of ocean surface currents. Frontiers in Marine Science, 8, 628892, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.628892. |
| Yu, L., and Coauthors, 2013: Towards achieving global closure of ocean heat and freshwater budgets: Recommendations for advancing research in air-sea fluxes through collaborative activities. WCRP Informal/Series Rep. No.13/2013. |
| Yu, L. S., and R. A. Weller, 2007: Objectively analyzed air–sea heat fluxes for the global ice-free oceans (1981−2005). Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc., 88(4), 527−540, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-88-4-527. |
| Zhao, M., and Coauthors, 2018a: The GFDL global atmosphere and land model AM4.0/LM4.0: 1. Simulation characteristics with prescribed SSTs. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 10, 691−734, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017MS001208. |
| Zhao, M., and Coauthors, 2018b: NOAA-GFDL GFDL-CM4C192 model output prepared for CMIP6 HighResMIP. Earth System Grid Federation, |
| Ziehn, T., and Coauthors, 2020: The Australian earth system model: ACCESS-ESM1.5,. Journal of Southern Hemisphere Earth Systems Science, 70, 193−214, https://doi.org/10.1071/ES19035. |
| Zuo, H., M. A. Balmaseda, S. Tietsche, K. Mogensen, and M. Mayer, 2019: The ECMWF operational ensemble reanalysis-analysis system for ocean and sea ice: A description of the system and assessment. Ocean Science, 15(3), 779−808, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-779-2019. |