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Volume 21 Issue 6

Nov.  2004

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Article >  ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES  > 2004 >  21(6): 964-975

A Modeling Study of the Effects of Anomalous Snow Cover over the Tibetan Plateau upon the South Asian Summer Monsoon

  • 1.

    Key Laboratory for Meteorological Disasters and Environmental Change,Nanjing Institute of Meteorology, Nanjing,210044,Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Meteorology, Nanjing,210044,Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Meteorology, Nanjing,210044,Key Laboratory for Meteorological Disasters and Environmental Change,Nanjing Institute of Meteorology, Nanjing,210044


doi: 10.1007/BF02915598

  • The effect of anomalous snow cover over the Tibetan Plateau upon the South Asian summer monsoon is investigated by numerical simulations using the NCAR regional climate model (RegCM2) into which gravity wave drag has been introduced. The simulations adopt relatively realistic snow mass forcings based on Scanning Multi-channel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) pentad snow depth data. The physical mechanism and spatial structure of the sensitivity of the South Asian early summer monsoon to snow cover anomaly over the Tibetan Plateau are revealed. The main results are summarized as follows. The heavier than normal snow cover over the Plateau can obviously reduce the shortwave radiation absorbed by surface through the albedo effect, which is compensated by weaker upward sensible heat flux associated with colder surface temperature, whereas the effects of snow melting and evaporation are relatively smaller.The anomalies of surface heat fluxes can last until June and become unobvions in July. The decrease of the Plateau surface temperature caused by heavier snow cover reaches its maximum value from late April to early May. The atmospheric cooling in the mid-upper troposphere over the Plateau and its surrounding areas is most obvious in May and can keep a fairly strong intensity in June. In contrast, there is warming to the south of the Plateau in the mid-lower troposphere from April to June with a maximum value in May.The heavier snow cover over the Plateau can reduce the intensity of the South Asian summer monsoon and rainfall to some extent, but this influence is only obvious in early summer and almost disappears in later stages.
  • [1] LIU Ge, WU Renguang, ZHANG Yuanzhi, and NAN Sulan, 2014: The Summer Snow Cover Anomaly over the Tibetan Plateau and Its Association with Simultaneous Precipitation over the Mei-yu-Baiu region, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 31, 755-764.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-013-3183-z
    [2] Li Guo ping, Lu Jinghua, Jin Bingling, Bu Nima, 2001: The Effects of Anomalous Snow Cover of the Tibetan Plateau on the Surface Heating, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 18, 1207-1214.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-001-0034-0
    [3] Fangchi LIU, Xiaojing JIA, Wei DONG, 2024: Changes in Spring Snow Cover over the Eastern and Western Tibetan Plateau and Their Associated Mechanism, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 41, 959-973.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-023-3111-9
    [4] DUAN Anmin, WU Guoxiong, LIANG Xiaoyun, 2008: Influence of the Tibetan Plateau on the Summer Climate Patterns over Asia in the IAP/LASG SAMIL Model, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 25, 518-528.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-008-0518-2
    [5] LIANG Hong, ZHANG Renhe, LIU Jingmiao, SUN Zhian, CHENG Xinghong, 2012: Estimation of Hourly Solar Radiation at the Surface under Cloudless Conditions on the Tibetan Plateau Using a Simple Radiation Model, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 29, 675-689.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-012-1157-1
    [6] Liu Liping, Feng Jinming, Chu Rongzhong, Zhou Yunjun, K. Ueno, 2002: The Diurnal Variation of Precipitation in Monsoon Season in the Tibetan Plateau, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 19, 365-378.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-002-0028-6
    [7] Junhua YANG, Shichang KANG, Yuling HU, Xintong CHEN, Mukesh RAI, 2022: Influence of South Asian Biomass Burning on Ozone and Aerosol Concentrations Over the Tibetan Plateau, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 39, 1184-1197.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-022-1197-0
    [8] Zhao Ping, Chen Longxun, 2001: Interannual Variability of Atmospheric Heat Source/Sink over the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau and its Relation to Circulation, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 18, 106-116.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-001-0007-3
    [9] Lian LIU, Massimo MENENTI, Yaoming MA, Weiqiang MA, 2022: Improved Parameterization of Snow Albedo in WRF + Noah: Methodology Based on a Severe Snow Event on the Tibetan Plateau, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 39, 1079-1102.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-022-1232-1
    [10] JIN Liya, WANG Huijun, CHEN Fahu, JIANG Dabang, 2006: A Possible Impact of Cooling over the Tibetan Plateau on the Mid-Holocene East Asian Monsoon Climate, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 23, 543-550.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-006-0543-y
    [11] BIAN Jianchun, YAN Renchang, CHEN Hongbin, Lu Daren, Steven T. MASSIE, 2011: Formation of the Summertime Ozone Valley over the Tibetan Plateau: The Asian Summer Monsoon and Air Column Variations, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 28, 1318-1325.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-011-0174-9
    [12] Cheng Anning, Chen Wen, Huang Ronghui, 1998: The Sensitivity of Numerical Simulation of the East Asian Monsoon to Different Cumulus Parameterization Schemes, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 15, 204-220.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-998-0040-6
    [13] JIANG Dabang, DING Zhongli, Helge DRANGE, GAO Yongqi, 2008: Sensitivity of East Asian Climate to the Progressive Uplift and Expansion of the Tibetan Plateau Under the Mid-Pliocene Boundary Conditions, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 25, 709-722.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-008-0709-x
    [14] Liang HU, Zhian SUN, Difei DENG, Greg ROFF, 2019: Evaluation of Summer Monsoon Clouds over the Tibetan Plateau Simulated in the ACCESS Model Using Satellite Products, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 36, 326-338.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-018-7301-9
    [15] XIN Xiaoge, ZHOU Tianjun, YU Rucong, 2010: Increased Tibetan Plateau Snow Depth：An Indicator of the Connection between Enhanced Winter NAO and Late-Spring Tropospheric Cooling over East Asia, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 27, 788-794.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-009-9071-x
    [16] YANG Jing, BAO Qing, JI Duoying, GONG Daoyi, MAO Rui, ZHANG Ziyin, Seong-Joong KIM, 2014: Simulation and Causes of Eastern Antarctica Surface Cooling Related to Ozone Depletion during Austral Summer in FGOALS-s2, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 31, 1147-1156.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-014-3144-1
    [17] Shui YU, Jianqi SUN, 2024: Persistent Variations in the East Asian Trough from March to April and the Possible Mechanism, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 41, 737-753.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-023-3024-7
    [18] Haoxin ZHANG, Naiming YUAN, Zhuguo MA, Yu HUANG, 2021: Understanding the Soil Temperature Variability at Different Depths: Effects of Surface Air Temperature, Snow Cover, and the Soil Memory, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 38, 493-503.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-020-0074-y
    [19] Qian YANG, Shichang KANG, Haipeng YU, Yaoxian YANG, 2023: Impact of the Shrinkage of Arctic Sea Ice on Eurasian Snow Cover Changes in 1979–2021, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 40, 2183-2194.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-023-2272-x
    [20] Lin Zhaohui, Zeng Qingcun, 1997: Simulation of East Asian Summer Monsoon by Using an Improved AGCM, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 14, 513-526.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-997-0069-y
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    • Manuscript History

    Manuscript received: 10 November 2004
    Manuscript revised: 10 November 2004
    通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com
    • 1. 

      沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院 沈阳 110142

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    A Modeling Study of the Effects of Anomalous Snow Cover over the Tibetan Plateau upon the South Asian Summer Monsoon

    • 1. Key Laboratory for Meteorological Disasters and Environmental Change,Nanjing Institute of Meteorology, Nanjing,210044,Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Meteorology, Nanjing,210044,Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Meteorology, Nanjing,210044,Key Laboratory for Meteorological Disasters and Environmental Change,Nanjing Institute of Meteorology, Nanjing,210044
    • Manuscript received: 2004-11-10
    • Manuscript revised: 2004-11-10

    Abstract: The effect of anomalous snow cover over the Tibetan Plateau upon the South Asian summer monsoon is investigated by numerical simulations using the NCAR regional climate model (RegCM2) into which gravity wave drag has been introduced. The simulations adopt relatively realistic snow mass forcings based on Scanning Multi-channel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) pentad snow depth data. The physical mechanism and spatial structure of the sensitivity of the South Asian early summer monsoon to snow cover anomaly over the Tibetan Plateau are revealed. The main results are summarized as follows. The heavier than normal snow cover over the Plateau can obviously reduce the shortwave radiation absorbed by surface through the albedo effect, which is compensated by weaker upward sensible heat flux associated with colder surface temperature, whereas the effects of snow melting and evaporation are relatively smaller.The anomalies of surface heat fluxes can last until June and become unobvions in July. The decrease of the Plateau surface temperature caused by heavier snow cover reaches its maximum value from late April to early May. The atmospheric cooling in the mid-upper troposphere over the Plateau and its surrounding areas is most obvious in May and can keep a fairly strong intensity in June. In contrast, there is warming to the south of the Plateau in the mid-lower troposphere from April to June with a maximum value in May.The heavier snow cover over the Plateau can reduce the intensity of the South Asian summer monsoon and rainfall to some extent, but this influence is only obvious in early summer and almost disappears in later stages.

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