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Volume 24 Issue 3

May  2007

Article Contents
Article >  ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES  > 2007 >  24(3): 449-458

Errors and Correction of Precipitation Measurements in China

  • 1.

    National Meteorological Information Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081,Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081


doi: 10.1007/s00376-007-0449-3

  • In order to discover the range of various errors in Chinese precipitation measurements and seek a correction method, 30 precipitation evaluation stations were set up countrywide before 1993. All the stations are reference stations in China. To seek a correction method for wind-induced error, a precipitation correction instrument called the ``horizontal precipitation gauge" was devised beforehand. Field intercomparison observations regarding 29,000 precipitation events have been conducted using one pit gauge, two elevated operational gauges and one horizontal gauge at the above 30 stations. The range of precipitation measurement errors in China is obtained by analysis of intercomparison measurement results. The distribution of random errors and systematic errors in precipitation measurements are studied in this paper. A correction method, especially for wind-induced errors, is developed. The results prove that a correlation of power function exists between the precipitation amount caught by the horizontal gauge and the absolute difference of observations implemented by the operational gauge and pit gauge. The correlation coefficient is 0.99. For operational observations, precipitation correction can be carried out only by parallel observation with a horizontal precipitation gauge. The precipitation accuracy after correction approaches that of the pit gauge. The correction method developed is simple and feasible.
  • [1] CHEN Hong, LIN Zhaohui, 2006: A Correction Method Suitable for Dynamical Seasonal Prediction, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 23, 425-430.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-006-0425-3
    [2] LIN Zhaohui, WANG Huijun, ZHOU Guangqing, CHEN Hong, LANG Xianmei, ZHAO Yan, ZENG Qingcun, 2004: Recent Advances in Dynamical Extra-Seasonal to Annual Climate Prediction at IAP/CAS, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 21, 456-466.  doi: 10.1007/BF02915572
    [3] Liu Jinli, Xiao Jianming, Zhang Ling, 1990: The Investigation of Microwave Precipitation Measurement at 37GHz, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 7, 104-110.  doi: 10.1007/BF02919173
    [4] Dong-Kyou LEE, William J. GUTOWSKI, Jr., Hyun-Suk KANG, Chun-Ji KIM, 2007: Intercomparison of Precipitation Simulated by Regional Climate Models over East Asia in 1997 and 1998, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 24, 539-554.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-007-0539-2
    [5] Xiaoling YANG, Botao ZHOU, Ying XU, Zhenyu HAN, 2021: CMIP6 Evaluation and Projection of Temperature and Precipitation over China, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 38, 817-830.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-021-0351-4
    [6] Saleh AMINYAVARI, Bahram SAGHAFIAN, Majid DELAVAR, 2018: Evaluation of TIGGE Ensemble Forecasts of Precipitation in Distinct Climate Regions in Iran, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 35, 457-468.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-017-7082-6
    [7] WANG Gaili, LIU Liping, DING Yuanyuan, 2012: Improvement of Radar Quantitative Precipitation Estimation Based on Real-Time Adjustments to Z--R Relationships and Inverse Distance Weighting Correction Schemes, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 29, 575-584.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-011-1139-8
    [8] XUE Haile, SHEN Xueshun, CHOU Jifan, 2015: An Online Model Correction Method Based on an Inverse Problem: Part II——Systematic Model Error Correction, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 32, 1493-1503.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-015-4262-0
    [9] Lei HAN, Mingxuan CHEN, Kangkai CHEN, Haonan CHEN, Yanbiao ZHANG, Bing LU, Linye SONG, Rui QIN, 2021: A Deep Learning Method for Bias Correction of ECMWF 24–240 h Forecasts, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 38, 1444-1459.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-021-0215-y
    [10] CHENG Xinghong, SU Debin, LI Deping, CHEN Lu, XU Wenjing, YANG Meilin, LI Yongcheng, YUE Zhizhong, WANG Zijing, 2014: An Improved Method for Correction of Air Temperature Measured Using Different Radiation Shields, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 31, 1460-1468.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-014-3129-0
    [11] Xiaoxu TIAN, Xiaolei ZOU, Shengpeng YANG, 2018: A Limb Correction Method for the Microwave Temperature Sounder 2 and Its Applications, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 35, 1547-1552.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-018-8092-8
    [12] Jeong-Eun LEE, Sung-Hwa JUNG, Hong-Mok PARK, Soohyun KWON, Pay-Liam LIN, GyuWon LEE, 2015: Classification of Precipitation Types Using Fall Velocity-Diameter Relationships from 2D-Video Distrometer Measurements, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 32, 1277-1290.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-015-4234-4
    [13] Chengcheng NI, Guoping LI, Xiaozhen XIONG, 2017: Analysis of a Vortex Precipitation Event over Southwest China Using AIRS and In Situ Measurements, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 34, 559-570.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-016-5262-4
    [14] MIAO Qun, and Bart GEERTS, 2013: Airborne measurements of the impact of ground-based glaciogenic cloud seeding on orographic precipitation, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 30, 1025-1038.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-012-2128-2
    [15] Xiaoling YANG, Botao ZHOU, Ying XU, Zhenyu HAN, 2023: CMIP6 Evaluation and Projection of Precipitation over Northern China: Further Investigation, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 40, 587-600.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-022-2092-4
    [16] XUE Hai-Le, SHEN Xue-Shun, CHOU Ji-Fan, 2013: A Forecast Error Correction Method in Numerical Weather Prediction by Using Recent Multiple-time Evolution Data, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 30, 1249-1259.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-013-2274-1
    [17] XUE Haile, SHEN Xueshun, CHOU Jifan, 2015: An Online Model Correction Method Based on an Inverse Problem: Part I——Model Error Estimation by Iteration, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 32, 1329-1340.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-015-4261-1
    [18] Hongli LI, Xiangde XU, 2017: Application of a Three-dimensional Variational Method for Radar Reflectivity Data Correction in a Mudslide-inducing Rainstorm Simulation, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 34, 469-481.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-016-6010-5
    [19] CHEN Hua, GUO Jing, XIONG Wei, GUO Shenglian, Chong-Yu XU, 2010: Downscaling GCMs Using the Smooth Support Vector Machine Method to Predict Daily Precipitation in the Hanjiang Basin, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 27, 274-284.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-009-8071-1
    [20] JIE Weihua, WU Tongwen, WANG Jun, LI Weijing, LIU Xiangwen, 2014: Improvement of 6-15 Day Precipitation Forecasts Using a Time-Lagged Ensemble Method, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 31, 293-304.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-013-3037-8
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    • Manuscript History

    Manuscript received: 10 May 2007
    Manuscript revised: 10 May 2007
    通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com
    • 1. 

      沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院 沈阳 110142

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    Errors and Correction of Precipitation Measurements in China

    • 1. National Meteorological Information Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081,Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081
    • Manuscript received: 2007-05-10
    • Manuscript revised: 2007-05-10

    Abstract: In order to discover the range of various errors in Chinese precipitation measurements and seek a correction method, 30 precipitation evaluation stations were set up countrywide before 1993. All the stations are reference stations in China. To seek a correction method for wind-induced error, a precipitation correction instrument called the ``horizontal precipitation gauge" was devised beforehand. Field intercomparison observations regarding 29,000 precipitation events have been conducted using one pit gauge, two elevated operational gauges and one horizontal gauge at the above 30 stations. The range of precipitation measurement errors in China is obtained by analysis of intercomparison measurement results. The distribution of random errors and systematic errors in precipitation measurements are studied in this paper. A correction method, especially for wind-induced errors, is developed. The results prove that a correlation of power function exists between the precipitation amount caught by the horizontal gauge and the absolute difference of observations implemented by the operational gauge and pit gauge. The correlation coefficient is 0.99. For operational observations, precipitation correction can be carried out only by parallel observation with a horizontal precipitation gauge. The precipitation accuracy after correction approaches that of the pit gauge. The correction method developed is simple and feasible.

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