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Volume 28 Issue 5

Sep.  2011

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Article >  ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES  > 2011 >  28(5): 1099-1108

An Analysis of Thermally-Related Surface Rainfall Budgets Associated with Convective and Stratiform Rainfall

  • 1.

    Laboratory of Cloud-Precipitation Physics and Severe Storms, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029,NOAA/NESDIS/Center for Satellite Applications and Research, Camp Springs, Maryland


doi: 10.1007/s00376-010-0031-2

  • Both water vapor and heat processes play key roles in producing surface rainfall. While the water vapor effects of sea surface temperature and cloud radiative and microphysical processes on surface rainfall have been investigated in previous studies, the thermal effects on rainfall are analyzed in this study using a series of two-dimensional equilibrium cloud-resolving model experiments forced by zonally-uniform, constant, large-scale zonal wind and zero large-scale vertical velocity. The analysis of thermally-related surface rainfall budget reveals that the model domain mean surface rain rate is primarily associated with the mean infrared cooling rate. Convective rainfall and transport of hydrometeor concentration from convective regions to raining stratiform regions corresponds to the heat divergence over convective regions, whereas stratiform rainfall corresponds to the transport of hydrometeor concentration from convective regions and heat divergence over raining stratiform regions. The heat divergence over convective regions is mainly balanced by the heat convergence over rainfall-free regions, which is, in turn, offset by the radiative cooling over rainfall-free regions. The sensitivity experiments of rainfall to the effects of sea surface temperature and cloud radiative and microphysical processes show that the sea surface temperature and cloud processes affect convective rainfall through the changes in infrared cooling rate over rainfall-free regions and transport rate of heat from convective regions to rainfall-free regions.
  • [1] LI Xiaofan, SHEN Xinyong, LIU Jia, 2014: Effects of Doubled Carbon Dioxide on Rainfall Responses to Large-Scale Forcing: A Two-Dimensional Cloud-Resolving Modeling Study, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 31, 525-531.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-013-3030-2
    [2] SHEN Xinyong, LIU Jia, Xiaofan LI, 2012: Torrential Rainfall Responses to Ice Microphysical Processes during Pre-Summer Heavy Rainfall over Southern China, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 29, 493-500.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-011-1122-4
    [3] GAO Wenhua, SUI Chung-Hsiung, 2013: A Modeling Analysis of Rainfall and Water Cycle by the Cloud-resolving WRF Model over the Western North Pacific, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 30, 1695-1711.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-013-2288-8
    [4] YUE Caijun, SHOU Shaowen, Xiaofan LI, 2009: Water Vapor, Cloud, and Surface Rainfall Budgets Associated with the Landfall of Typhoon Krosa (2007): A Two-Dimensional Cloud-Resolving Modeling Study, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 26, 1198-1208.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-009-8135-2
    [5] Xiaoqing WU, Xiaofan LI, 2008: A Review of Cloud-Resolving Model Studies of Convective Processes, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 25, 202-212.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-008-0202-6
    [6] GAO Shouting, Xiaofan LI, 2008: Impacts of Initial Conditions on Cloud-Resolving Model Simulations, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 25, 737-747.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-008-0737-6
    [7] Jinghua CHEN, Xiaoqing WU, Chunsong LU, Yan YIN, 2022: Seasonal and Diurnal Variations of Cloud Systems over the Eastern Tibetan Plateau and East China: A Cloud-resolving Model Study, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 39, 1034-1049.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-021-0391-9
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    [9] Shi Guangyu, Qu Yanni, 1986: EFFECTS OF RADIATION MODELS ON THE CALCULATION OF ATMOSPHERIC INFRARED COOLING RATES, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 3, 227-237.  doi: 10.1007/BF02682556
    [10] YANG Jing, BAO Qing, JI Duoying, GONG Daoyi, MAO Rui, ZHANG Ziyin, Seong-Joong KIM, 2014: Simulation and Causes of Eastern Antarctica Surface Cooling Related to Ozone Depletion during Austral Summer in FGOALS-s2, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 31, 1147-1156.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-014-3144-1
    [11] FU Danhong, GUO Xueliang, 2006: A Cloud-resolving Study on the Role of Cumulus Merger in MCS with Heavy Precipitation, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 23, 857-868.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-006-0857-9
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    [13] ZHAI Guoqing, LI Xiaofan, ZHU Peijun, SHEN Hangfeng, ZHANG Yuanzhi, 2014: Surface Rainfall and Cloud Budgets Associated with Mei-yu Torrential Rainfall over Eastern China during June 2011, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 31, 1435-1444.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-014-3256-7
    [14] Wang Shaowu, Todd P. Mitchell, John M. Wallace, 1987: ZONAL AND MERIDIONAL CIRCULATIONS IN THE EQUA-TORIALZONE AS DEDUCED FROM THE DIVERGENCE FIELD OF THE SURFACE WIND, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 4, 432-446.  doi: 10.1007/BF02656743
    [15] Ruiqiang DING, Baojia LIU, Bin GU, Jianping LI, Xuan LI, 2019: Predictability of Ensemble Forecasting Estimated Using the Kullback-Leibler Divergence in the Lorenz Model, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, , 837-846.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-019-9034-9
    [16] Xinyong SHEN, Wenyan HUANG, Chunyan GUO, Xiaocen JIANG, 2016: Precipitation Responses to Radiative Effects of Ice Clouds: A Cloud-Resolving Modeling Study of a Pre-Summer Torrential Precipitation Event, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 33, 1137-1142.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-016-5218-8
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    • Manuscript History

    Manuscript received: 10 September 2011
    Manuscript revised: 10 September 2011
    通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com
    • 1. 

      沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院 沈阳 110142

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    An Analysis of Thermally-Related Surface Rainfall Budgets Associated with Convective and Stratiform Rainfall

    • 1. Laboratory of Cloud-Precipitation Physics and Severe Storms, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029,NOAA/NESDIS/Center for Satellite Applications and Research, Camp Springs, Maryland
    • Manuscript received: 2011-09-10
    • Manuscript revised: 2011-09-10

    Abstract: Both water vapor and heat processes play key roles in producing surface rainfall. While the water vapor effects of sea surface temperature and cloud radiative and microphysical processes on surface rainfall have been investigated in previous studies, the thermal effects on rainfall are analyzed in this study using a series of two-dimensional equilibrium cloud-resolving model experiments forced by zonally-uniform, constant, large-scale zonal wind and zero large-scale vertical velocity. The analysis of thermally-related surface rainfall budget reveals that the model domain mean surface rain rate is primarily associated with the mean infrared cooling rate. Convective rainfall and transport of hydrometeor concentration from convective regions to raining stratiform regions corresponds to the heat divergence over convective regions, whereas stratiform rainfall corresponds to the transport of hydrometeor concentration from convective regions and heat divergence over raining stratiform regions. The heat divergence over convective regions is mainly balanced by the heat convergence over rainfall-free regions, which is, in turn, offset by the radiative cooling over rainfall-free regions. The sensitivity experiments of rainfall to the effects of sea surface temperature and cloud radiative and microphysical processes show that the sea surface temperature and cloud processes affect convective rainfall through the changes in infrared cooling rate over rainfall-free regions and transport rate of heat from convective regions to rainfall-free regions.

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