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The Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System Model, Spectral Version 2: FGOALS-s2


doi: 10.1007/s00376-012-2113-9

  • The Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System model, Spectral Version 2 (FGOALS-s2) was used to simulate realistic climates and to study anthropogenic influences on climate change. Specifically, the FGOALS-s2 was integrated with Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) to conduct coordinated experiments that will provide valuable scientific information to climate research communities. The performances of FGOALS-s2 were assessed in simulating major climate phenomena, and documented both the strengths and weaknesses of the model. The results indicate that FGOALS-s2 successfully overcomes climate drift, and realistically models global and regional climate characteristics, including SST, precipitation, and atmospheric circulation. In particular, the model accurately captures annual and semi-annual SST cycles in the equatorial Pacific Ocean, and the main characteristic features of the Asian summer monsoon, which include a low-level southwestern jet and five monsoon rainfall centers. The simulated climate variability was further examined in terms of teleconnections, leading modes of global SST (namely, ENSO), Pacific Decadal Oscillations (PDO), and changes in 19th--20th century climate. The analysis demonstrates that FGOALS-s2 realistically simulates extra-tropical teleconnection patterns of large-scale climate, and irregular ENSO periods. The model gives fairly reasonable reconstructions of spatial patterns of PDO and global monsoon changes in the 20th century. However, because the indirect effects of aerosols are not included in the model, the simulated global temperature change during the period 1850--2005 is greater than the observed warming, by 0.6oC. Some other shortcomings of the model are also noted.
  • [1] REN Rongcai, YANG Yang, 2012: Changes in Winter Stratospheric Circulation in CMIP5 Scenarios Simulated by the Climate System Model FGOALS-s2, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 29, 1374-1389.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-012-1184-y
    [2] ZHANG Lixia* and ZHOU Tianjun, , 2014: An Assessment of Improvements in Global Monsoon Precipitation Simulation in FGOALS-s2, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 31, 165-178.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-013-2164-6
    [3] ZHOU Tianjun, SONG Fengfei, and CHEN Xiaolong, 2013: Historical Evolution of Global and Regional Surface Air Temperature Simulated by FGOALS-s2 and FGOALS-g2: How Reliable Are the Model Results?, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 30, 638-657.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-013-2205-1
    [4] LIN Pengfei, YU Yongqiang, LIU Hailong, 2013: Long-term Stability and Oceanic Mean State Simulated by the Coupled Model FGOALS-s2, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 30, 175-192.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-012-2042-7
    [5] WU Bo, and ZHOU Tianjun, 2013: Relationships between the East AsianWestern North Pacific Monsoon and ENSO Simulated by FGOALS-s2, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 30, 713-725.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-013-2103-6
    [6] LIU Yimin, HU Jun, HE Bian, BAO Qing, DUAN Anmin, and WU Guoxiong, 2013: Seasonal Evolution of Subtropical Anticyclones in the Climate System Model FGOALS-s2, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 30, 593-606.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-012-2154-0
    [7] HU Wenting, DUAN Anmin, and WU Guoxiong, 2013: Performance of FGOALS-s2 in Simulating Intraseasonal Oscillation over the South Asian Monsoon Region, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 30, 607-620.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-013-2156-6
    [8] YANG Jing, BAO Qing, JI Duoying, GONG Daoyi, MAO Rui, ZHANG Ziyin, Seong-Joong KIM, 2014: Simulation and Causes of Eastern Antarctica Surface Cooling Related to Ozone Depletion during Austral Summer in FGOALS-s2, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 31, 1147-1156.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-014-3144-1
    [9] Shang-Min LONG, Kai-Ming HU, Gen LI, Gang HUANG, Xia QU, 2021: Surface Temperature Changes Projected by FGOALS Models under Low Warming Scenarios in CMIP5 and CMIP6, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 38, 203-220.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-020-0177-5
    [10] YANG Yang, REN Rongcai, Ming CAI, RAO Jian, 2015: Attributing Analysis on the Model Bias in Surface Temperature in the Climate System Model FGOALS-s2 through a Process-Based Decomposition Method, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 32, 457-469.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-014-4061-z
    [11] WANG Jun, BAO Qing, Ning ZENG, LIU Yimin, WU Guoxiong, JI Duoying, 2013: Earth System Model FGOALS-s2: Coupling a Dynamic Global Vegetation and Terrestrial Carbon Model with the Physical Climate System Model, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 30, 1549-1559.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-013-2169-1
    [12] SONG Fengfei, and ZHOU Tianjun, 2013: FGOALS-s2 Simulation of Upper-level Jet Streams over East Asia: Mean State Bias and Synoptic-scale Transient Eddy Activity, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 30, 739-753.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-012-2212-7
    [13] WANG Bin, LIU Mimi, YU Yongqiang, LI Lijuan, LIN Pengfei, DONG Li, LIU Li, LIU Jiping, HUANG Wenyu, XU Shiming, SHEN Si, PU Ye, XUE Wei, XIA Kun, WANG Yong, SUN Wenqi, HU Ning, HUANG Xiaomeng, LIU Hailong, ZHENG Weipeng, WU Bo, ZHOU Tianjun, and YANG Guangwen, 2013: Preliminary Evaluations of FGOALS-g2 for Decadal Predictions, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 30, 674-683.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-012-2084-x
    [14] LIN Pengfei, YU Yongqiang, and LIU Hailong, 2013: Oceanic Climatology in the Coupled Model FGOALS-g2: Improvements and Biases, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 30, 819-840.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-012-2137-1
    [15] HUANG Wenyu, WANG Bin*, LI Lijuan, DONG Li, LIN Pengfei, YU Yongqiang, ZHOU Tianjun, LIU Li, XU Shiming, XIA Kun, PU Ye, WANG Lu, LIU Mimi, SHEN Si, HU Ning, WANG Yong, SUN Wenqi, and DONG Fang, 2014: Variability of Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation in FGOALS-g2, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 31, 95-109.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-013-2155-7
    [16] WU Renguang, CHEN Jiepeng, and WEN Zhiping, 2013: PrecipitationSurface Temperature Relationship in the IPCC CMIP5 Models, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 30, 766-778.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-012-2130-8
    [17] FENG Jinming, WEI Ting, DONG Wenjie, WU Qizhong, and WANG Yongli, 2014: CMIP5/AMIP GCM Simulations of East Asian Summer Monsoon, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 31, 836-850.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-013-3131-y
    [18] SONG Yi, YU Yongqiang, LIN Pengfei, 2014: The Hiatus and Accelerated Warming Decades in CMIP5 Simulations, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 31, 1316-1330.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-014-3265-6
    [19] FENG Juan, LI Jianping, ZHU Jianlei, LI Fei, SUN Cheng, 2015: Simulation of the Equatorially Asymmetric Mode of the Hadley Circulation in CMIP5 Models, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 32, 1129-1142.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-015-4157-0
    [20] HU Yongyun, TAO Lijun, and LIU Jiping, 2013: Poleward Expansion of the Hadley Circulation in CMIP5 Simulations, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 30, 790-795.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-012-2187-4

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Manuscript History

Manuscript received: 10 June 2012
Manuscript revised: 12 November 2012
通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com
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    沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院 沈阳 110142

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The Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System Model, Spectral Version 2: FGOALS-s2

    Corresponding author: ZHOU Tianjun; 
  • 1. State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029
  • 2. First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061
  • 3. Beijing Climate Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081

Abstract: The Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System model, Spectral Version 2 (FGOALS-s2) was used to simulate realistic climates and to study anthropogenic influences on climate change. Specifically, the FGOALS-s2 was integrated with Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) to conduct coordinated experiments that will provide valuable scientific information to climate research communities. The performances of FGOALS-s2 were assessed in simulating major climate phenomena, and documented both the strengths and weaknesses of the model. The results indicate that FGOALS-s2 successfully overcomes climate drift, and realistically models global and regional climate characteristics, including SST, precipitation, and atmospheric circulation. In particular, the model accurately captures annual and semi-annual SST cycles in the equatorial Pacific Ocean, and the main characteristic features of the Asian summer monsoon, which include a low-level southwestern jet and five monsoon rainfall centers. The simulated climate variability was further examined in terms of teleconnections, leading modes of global SST (namely, ENSO), Pacific Decadal Oscillations (PDO), and changes in 19th--20th century climate. The analysis demonstrates that FGOALS-s2 realistically simulates extra-tropical teleconnection patterns of large-scale climate, and irregular ENSO periods. The model gives fairly reasonable reconstructions of spatial patterns of PDO and global monsoon changes in the 20th century. However, because the indirect effects of aerosols are not included in the model, the simulated global temperature change during the period 1850--2005 is greater than the observed warming, by 0.6oC. Some other shortcomings of the model are also noted.

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