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Volume 31 Issue 6

Sep.  2014

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Article >  ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES  > 2014 >  31(6): 1427-1434

Using Hourly Measurements to Explore the Role of Secondary Inorganic Aerosol in PM2.5 during Haze and Fog in Hangzhou, China

  • 1.

    Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433;

  • 2.

    Hangzhou Municipal Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou 310007;

  • 3.

    Key Laboratory of Data Analysis and Application, the First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061

Fund Project:

doi: 10.1007/s00376-014-4042-2

  • This paper explores the role of the secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA) species ammonium, NH4+, nitrate, NO3-, and sulfate, SO42-, during haze and fog events using hourly mass concentrations of PM2.5 measured at a suburban site in Hangzhou, China. A total of 546 samples were collected between 1 April and 8 May 2012. The samples were analyzed and classified as clear, haze or fog depending on visibility and relative humidity (RH). The contribution of SIA species to PM2.5 mass increased to ～50% during haze and fog. The mass contribution of nitrate to PM2.5 increased from 11% during clear to 20% during haze episodes. Nitrate mass exceeded sulfate mass during haze, while near equal concentrations were observed during fog episodes. The role of RH on the correlation between concentrations of SIA and visibility was examined, with optimal correlation at 60%70% RH. The total acidity during clear, haze and fog periods was 42.38, 48.38 and 45.51 nmol m-3, respectively, indicating that sulfate, nitrate and chloride were not neutralized by ammonium during any period. The nitrate to sulfate molar ratio, as a function of the ammonium to sulfate molar ratio, indicated that nitrate formation during fog started at a higher ammonium to sulfate molar ratio compared to clear and haze periods. During haze and fog, the nitrate oxidation ratio increased by a factor of 1.61.7, while the sulfur oxidation ratio increased by a factor of 1.21.5, indicating that both gaseous NO2 and SO2 were involved in the reduced visibility.
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    • Manuscript History

    Manuscript received: 13 March 2014
    Manuscript revised: 12 April 2014
    通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com
    • 1. 

      沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院 沈阳 110142

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    Using Hourly Measurements to Explore the Role of Secondary Inorganic Aerosol in PM2.5 during Haze and Fog in Hangzhou, China

      Corresponding author: CHEN Jianmin, jmchen@fudan.edu.cn; 
    • 1. Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433;
    • 2. Hangzhou Municipal Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou 310007;
    • 3. Key Laboratory of Data Analysis and Application, the First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061
    • Manuscript received: 2014-03-13
    • Manuscript revised: 2014-04-12
    Fund Project:  This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 21190053 and 21177025), the Shanghai Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (Grant Nos. 12DJ1400100 and 13XD 1400700) and the Priority Fields for Ph.D. Programs Foundation of the Ministry of Education of China (Grant No. 20110071130003).

    Abstract: This paper explores the role of the secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA) species ammonium, NH4+, nitrate, NO3-, and sulfate, SO42-, during haze and fog events using hourly mass concentrations of PM2.5 measured at a suburban site in Hangzhou, China. A total of 546 samples were collected between 1 April and 8 May 2012. The samples were analyzed and classified as clear, haze or fog depending on visibility and relative humidity (RH). The contribution of SIA species to PM2.5 mass increased to ～50% during haze and fog. The mass contribution of nitrate to PM2.5 increased from 11% during clear to 20% during haze episodes. Nitrate mass exceeded sulfate mass during haze, while near equal concentrations were observed during fog episodes. The role of RH on the correlation between concentrations of SIA and visibility was examined, with optimal correlation at 60%70% RH. The total acidity during clear, haze and fog periods was 42.38, 48.38 and 45.51 nmol m-3, respectively, indicating that sulfate, nitrate and chloride were not neutralized by ammonium during any period. The nitrate to sulfate molar ratio, as a function of the ammonium to sulfate molar ratio, indicated that nitrate formation during fog started at a higher ammonium to sulfate molar ratio compared to clear and haze periods. During haze and fog, the nitrate oxidation ratio increased by a factor of 1.61.7, while the sulfur oxidation ratio increased by a factor of 1.21.5, indicating that both gaseous NO2 and SO2 were involved in the reduced visibility.

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