Chen J. M., P. Zhao, S. Yang, G. Liu, and X. J. Zhou, 2013a: Simulation and dynamical prediction of the summer Asian-Pacific Oscillation and associated climate anomalies by the NCEP CFSv2. J. Climate ,26, 3644-3656, doi:10.1175/ JCLI-D-12-00368.1.10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00368.13955ac92320ada066d5efe19dec69e5ahttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F263890879_Simulation_and_Dynamical_Prediction_of_the_Summer_AsianPacific_Oscillation_and_Associated_Climate_Anomalies_by_the_NCEP_CFSv2http://www.researchgate.net/publication/263890879_Simulation_and_Dynamical_Prediction_of_the_Summer_AsianPacific_Oscillation_and_Associated_Climate_Anomalies_by_the_NCEP_CFSv2Abstract The Asianacific Oscillation (APO) is a dominant teleconnection pattern linking the climate anomalies over Asia, the North Pacific, and other regions including North America. The National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Climate Forecast System version 2 (CFSv2) successfully simulates many summer-mean features of the upper-tropospheric temperature, the South Asian high, the westerly and easterly jet streams, and the regional monsoons over Asia and Africa. It also well simulates the interannual variability of the APO and associated anomalies in atmospheric circulation, precipitation, surface air temperature (SAT), and sea surface temperature (SST). Associated with a positive APO are a strengthened South Asian high; a weakened extratropical upper-tropospheric westerly jet stream over North America; strengthened subtropical anticyclones over the Northern Hemisphere oceans; and strengthened monsoons over North Africa, India, and East Asia. Meanwhile, increased precipitation is found over tropical North Africa, South Asia, northern China, and tropical South America; decreased precipitation is seen over subtropical North Africa, the Middle East, central Asia, southern China, Japan, and extratropical North America. Low SAT occurs in North Africa, India, and tropical South America and high SAT appears in extratropical Eurasia and North America. SST increases in the extratropical Pacific and the North Atlantic but decreases in the tropical Pacific. The summer APO and many of the associated climate anomalies can be predicted by the NCEP CFSv2 by up to 5 months in advance. However, the CFSv2 skill of predicting the SAT in the East Asian monsoon region is low. |
Chen X. L., T. J. Zhou, and L. W. Zou, 2013b: Variation characteristics of the Asian-Pacific Oscillation in boreal summer as simulated by the LASG/IAP Climate System Model FGOALS_gl. Acta Meteorologica Sinica, 71( 1), 23- 37. (in Chinese with English abstract)10.11676/qxxb2013.00282e847b3-80d0-4e2d-9aa6-c7a01bc176a95584201312b7d154118379316eabb30d29b146d22chttp%3A%2F%2Fen.cnki.com.cn%2FArticle_en%2FCJFDTOTAL-QXXB201301002.htmhttp://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-QXXB201301002.htmThe Asian-Pacific Oscillation(APO) is a phenomenon in which the temperature changes out of phase over the East Asia continent(15°-50°N,60°-120°E) with the North Pacific(15°-50°N,180°-120°W) in the upper troposphere.The APO index reflects the Asian-Pacific zonal thermal contrast.The performance of the fast coupled version of the LASG/IAP climate system model FGOALS_gl in simulating the upper troposphere temperature and the APO index over the 20th century is evaluated. Compared with the ERA-40 reanaiysis data,it is shown that the model performed well in simulating the climatology and the dominant modes of the upper troposphere temperature.However,the results show that the simulated APO index failed to capture the descent trend after 1960s over the East Asia continent as indicated in the ERA-40 data.Based on the power spectrum analysis,the 2 - 3 a variability of the model APO index is equivalent with that in the reanaiysis but the 5-7 a variability is weaker.Despite several regional departures,the large-scale circulation over Asian monsoon section related with the APO index is well reproduced in the model.A comparison among the 20th century simulations shows that external forcing could change the interannual variability of a couple system.The natural forcing causes a spectrum shift to low frequency and the anthropogenic forcing does inversely.Natural forcing and anthropogenic forcing can play different roles in different periods.It seems that anthropogenic forcing could limit the interannual variability of APO and enhance the interdecadal variability.The dominant mode of the upper troposphere temperature in the model is modulated by ENSO and further impacts the interannual variability of APO.The defect of the model in the ENSO simulation may be an important limitation to reproducing the upper troposphere temperature and the variability of APO index. |
Dell'Aquila, A., V. Lucarini, P. M. Ruti, S. Calmanti, 2005: Hayashi spectra of the Northern Hemisphere mid-latitude atmospheric variability in the NCEP-NCAR and ECMWF reanalyses. Climate Dyn., 25, 639- 652.10.1007/s00382-005-0048-xe9e3bae9046613319175c924b919f43dhttp%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2Fs00382-005-0048-xhttp://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00382-005-0048-xWe compare 45 years of the reanalyses of NCEP-NCAR and ECMWF in terms of their representation of the mid-latitude winter atmospheric variability for the overlapping time frame 1957-2002. We adopt the classical approach of computing the Hayashi spectra of the 500 hPa geopotential height fields. Discrepancies are found especially in the first 15 years of the records in the high-frequency-high wavenumber propagating waves and secondly on low frequency-low wavenumber standing waves. This implies that in the first period the two datasets have a different representation of the baroclinic available energy conversion processes. In the period starting from 1973 a positive impact of the aircraft data on the Euro-Atlantic synoptic waves has been highlighted. Since in the first period the assimilated data are scarcer and of lower quality than later on, they provide a weaker constraint to the model dynamics. Therefore, the resulting discrepancies in the reanalysis products may be mainly attributed to differences in the models' behavior. |
Gao F., X. G. Xin, and T. W. Wu, 2012: A study of the prediction of regional and global temperature on decadal time scale with BCC_CSM 1.1 model. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 36( 6), 1165- 1179. (in Chinese with English abstract)10.1007/s11783-011-0280-za2ebf918-bbc8-4096-b758-e7433b82780848253201236652b4ef278af9d7e751f75130fdf54f935http%3A%2F%2Fen.cnki.com.cn%2FArticle_en%2FCJFDTOTAL-DQXK201206009.htmhttp://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-DQXK201206009.htmDecadal prediction on 10-30 year time scale is one of the most important contents of the 5th phase of the Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project(CMIP5).According to the experiment requirement of CMIP5,a set of decadal experiments were performed using the Beijing Climate Center Climate System Model(BCC-CSM1.1) which is one of models jointed in CMIP5.This study evaluated the model's prediction capability in regional and global surface temperatures on decadal time scale,and aimed to explore their dependences on the initial observed states of ocean in comparison with the historical experiment in the 20th century using BCC-CSM1.1.The results show as following:(1) BCC_CSM1.1 can simulate the warming trend of 10-year mean global surface temperature not only for oceanic initialization condition but also for without oceanic initialization condition.Nevertheless,the global warming trend simulated by BCC-CSM1.1 can be obviously decreased under the condition of oceanic initialization,which is closer to the observation than that in the historical experiment without oceanic initialization.This feature is much more remarkable in the area between 50N and 50S where there are abundant observation data.(2) The nudging method is used to initialize the model with the SODA temperature data.After a "training" period of 8-12 months,predicted surface temperatures in the first year not only in ocean but also in land between 50S and 50N are close to CRU observations.Due to the warmer SST bias of SODA reanalysis contrast to HadSST2,there is about a period of 2 to 7 years in decadal experiments that adjusts from the observed ocean state to model basic state.The adjustment time for the ocean and land is almost identical in the same decadal experiment.(3) The prediction skill for decadal-mean SST has strong feature.The high correlations with the CRU observations are mainly near the middle-and high-latitude Indian Ocean in the Southern Hemisphere,the western Pacific Ocean,and the Atlantic Ocean.The oceanic initialization does not significantly influence the prediction results.(4) The variation of decadal-mean predicted SST is closely correlated with the surface heat flux.In the tropical and subtropical region,the net long wave radiation and sensible heating flux has larger influence on the decadal mean SST variation than the net short wave radiation and the latent heating flux,but in oceans at higher latitudes,the variation of decadal mean SST is mostly determined by the latent heating flux. |
Gao X. J., M. L. Wang, and F. Giorgi, 2013: Climate change over China in the 21st century as simulated by BCC_CSM1.1-RegCM4.0. Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 6( 5), 381- 386.10.1080/16742834.2013.11447112b74f6309-acab-4c47-b84c-28dd2e02c4aemag45222013653814616eec0ee0677e774cb320e63ebaa19http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cqvip.com%2FQK%2F89435X%2F201305%2F47350094.htmlhttp://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical_dqhhykxkb201305028.aspx |
Griffies S. M., M. J. Harrison, R. C. Pacanowski, and A. Rosati, 2004: A technical guide to MOM4. NOAA/Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, March 2004. [ Available online at http://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/fms.] |
Huang Y. Y., H. J. Wang, and P. Zhao, 2013: Is the interannual variability of the summer Asian-Pacific Oscillation predictable?. J.Climate, 26, 3865- 3876.10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00450.110dec76da494fc881e810b0b1fef87cfhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F274437923_Is_the_Interannual_Variability_of_the_Summer_AsianPacific_Oscillation_Predictablehttp://www.researchgate.net/publication/274437923_Is_the_Interannual_Variability_of_the_Summer_AsianPacific_Oscillation_PredictableAbstract The summer (June–August) Asian–Pacific Oscillation (APO) measures the interannual variability of large-scale atmospheric circulation over the Asian–North Pacific Ocean sector. In this study, the authors assess the predictability of the summer APO index interannual variability and the associated atmospheric circulation anomalies using the 1959–2001 hindcast data from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques (CNRM), and the Met Office (UKMO) general circulation models from the Development of a European Multimodel Ensemble System for Seasonal-to-Interannual Prediction (DEMETER) project. The results show that these models predict the summer APO index interannual variability well and have higher skill for the North Pacific than for the Asian upper-tropospheric temperature. Meanwhile, the observed APO-related atmospheric circulation anomalies in the South Asian high, the tropical easterly wind jet over the Asian monsoon region in the upper troposphere, the subtropical anticyclone over the North Pacific, and the summer southwest monsoon over Asia in the lower troposphere are reasonably well predicted in their spatial patterns and intensities. Compared with the observations, however, these models display low skill in predicting the long-term varying trends of the upper-tropospheric temperature over the Asian–North Pacific sector or the APO index during 1959–2001. |
Ji J. J., M. Huang, and K. R. Li, 2008: Prediction of carbon exchanges between China terrestrial ecosystem and atmosphere in 21st century. Science in China Series D: Earth Science, 51, 885- 898.10.1007/s11430-008-0039-y6d827f55c324378caabfb6131955eec1http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs11430-008-0039-yhttp://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-JDXG200806012.htmThe projected changes in carbon exchange between China terrestrial ecosystem and the atmosphere and vegetation and soil carbon storage during the 21st century were investigated using an atmosphere-vegetation interaction model (AVIM2). The results show that in the coming 100 a, for SRES B2 scenario and constant atmospheric CO(2) concentration, the net primary productivity (NPP) of terrestrial ecosystem in China will be decreased slowly, and vegetation and soil carbon storage as well as net ecosystem productivity (NEP) will also be decreased. The carbon sink for China terrestrial ecosystem in the beginning of the 20th century will become totally a carbon source by the year of 2020, while for B2 scenario and changing atmospheric CO(2) concentration, NPP for China will increase continuously from 2.94 GtC center dot a(-1) by the end of the 20th century to 3.99 GtC center dot a(-1) by the end of the 21st century, and vegetation and soil carbon storage will increase to 110.3 GtC. NEP in China will keep rising during the first and middle periods of the 21st century, and reach the peak around 2050s, then will decrease gradually and approach to zero by the end of the 21st century. |
Jiang, J. H., Coauthors, 2012: Evaluation of cloud and water vapor simulations in CMIP5 climate models using NASA "A-Train" satellite observations. J. Geophys. Res., 117,D14105, doi: 10.1029/2011JD017237.10.1029/2011JD01723721854090b9a9c82b24eda4c3fc4d2b1ehttp%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fjgrd.50864%2Fcitedbyhttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jgrd.50864/citedby[1] Using NASA's A-Train satellite measurements, we evaluate the accuracy of cloud water content (CWC) and water vapor mixing ratio (H |
Jiang Y. M., A. N. Huang, and H. M. Wu, 2015: Evaluation of the performance of Beijing climate center climate system model with different horizontal resolution in simulating the annual surface temperature over Central Asia. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 39( 3), 535- 547. (in Chinese with English abstract)10.1007/BF03178255f607d0b3-9c46-4646-9c06-16c09c1b130c48253201539366fed50172f8a62ce79d060af059f3c7bhttp%3A%2F%2Fen.cnki.com.cn%2FArticle_en%2FCJFDTOTAL-DQXK201503008.htmhttp://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-DQXK201503008.htmThe temporal and spatial distributions of the mean annual surface air temperature and annual precipitation over Central Asia during 1948-2011 have been studied using trend analysis and moving average methods based on the Climatic Research Unit(CRU) dataset and the output of the historical experiments from the Beijing Climate Center Climate System Model version 1.1(BCC_CSM1.1) and the Beijing Climate Center Climate System Model version 1.1 with a Moderate Resolution(BCC_CSM1.1(m)) for the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC AR5). Heat flux and radiation flux were imported to further assess the capability of the two BCC_CSM versions in simulating the climate over Central Asia. The results show that these two versions effectively simulated the significant upward trend and northouth increasing characteristic of sensible heat flux and radiation flux over Central Asia. The performance of BCC_CSM1.1(m) in simulating the spatial distribution of air temperature, heat flux, and long/short radiation flux improved significantly compared with the results of BCC_CSM1.1. However, the performance of BCC_CSM1.1 in simulating the spatial distribution of the standard deviation of air temperature was better than BCC_CSM1.1(m). The improvement in model resolution more clearly demonstrated the topographic effects and improved the model simulation performance for heat flux and radiation flux. The high-resolution model displayed advantages in simulating the air temperature over Central Asia. |
Kanamitsu M., W. Ebisuzaki, J. Woollen, S. K. Yang, J. J. Hnilo, M. Fiorino, and G. L. Potter, 2002: NCEP-DEO AMIP-II reanalysis (R-2). Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 83, 1631- 1643.4a6f5a5f-a715-4547-bd40-04dbea432fc878182a9c107f7e4a6d116468670fb6a6http%3A%2F%2Fbioscience.oxfordjournals.org%2Fexternal-ref%3Faccess_num%3D10.1175%2FBAMS-83-11-1631%26link_type%3DDOIrefpaperuri:(bee1afafcfe63877b832ff4256555171)http://bioscience.oxfordjournals.org/external-ref?access_num=10.1175/BAMS-83-11-1631&link_type=DOI |
Kidston J., E. P. Gerber, 2010: Intermodel variability of the poleward shift of the austral jet stream in the CMIP3 integrations linked to biases in the 20th century climatology. Geophys. Res. Lett., 37,L09708, doi: 10.1029/2010GL042873.10.1029/2010GL0428736a9bca801944cf47ccd88117893dd7eehttp%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1029%2F2010GL042873%2Ffullhttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2010GL042873/fullFuture climate predictions by global circulation models in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 3 (CMIP3) archive indicate that the recent poleward shift of the eddy-driven jet streams will continue throughout the 21st century. Here it is shown that differences in the projected magnitude of the trend in the Southern Hemisphere are well correlated with biases in the latitude of the jet in the simulation of 20th century climate. Furthermore, the latitude of the jet in the models' 20th century climatology is correlated with biases in the internal variability of the jet stream, as quantified by the time scale of the annular mode. Thus an equatorward bias in the position of the jet is associated with both enhanced persistence of the annular mode, and an increased poleward shift of the jet. These relationships appear to be robust throughout the year except in the austral summer, when differences in forcing, particularly stratospheric ozone, make it impossible to compare the response of one model with another. These results suggest that the fidelity of a model's simulation of the 20th century climate may be related to its fitness for climate prediction. The cause of this relationship is discussed, as well as the implications for climate change projections. |
Liu G., P. Zhao, and J. M. Chen, 2011: A 150-year reconstructed summer Asian-Pacific Oscillation index and its association with precipitation over eastern China. Theor. Appl. Climatol., 103, 239- 248.78d86d2028fcd7ac9f2adc5d80ad954dhttp%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs00704-010-0294-7http://xueshu.baidu.com/s?wd=paperuri%3A%28c0c15f948074427c88c972cb0024468f%29&filter=sc_long_sign&tn=SE_xueshusource_2kduw22v&sc_vurl=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs00704-010-0294-7&ie=utf-8&sc_us=4816599956475115056 |
Liu G., P. Zhao, J. M. Chen, and S. Yang, 2015: Preceding factors of summer Asian-Pacific Oscillation and the physical mechanism for their potential influences. J.Climate, 28, 2531- 2543.10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00327.17c67814c0dccf66666ee985231135360http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2015JCli...28.2531Lhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JCli...28.2531LNot Available |
Man W. M., T. J. Zhou, 2011: Forced response of atmospheric oscillations during the last millennium simulated by a climate system model. Chinese Science Bulletin, 56, 3042- 3052.10.1007/s11434-011-4637-299f589fae9e8e86f88b8c748982b4644http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnki.com.cn%2FArticle%2FCJFDTotal-JXTW2011Z2009.htmhttp://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-JXTW2011Z2009.htm |
Nan S. L., P. Zhao, S. Yang, and J. M. Chen, 2009: Springtime tropospheric temperature over the Tibetan Plateau and evolutions of the tropical Pacific SST. J. Geophys. Res., 114,D10104, doi: 10.1029/2008JD011559.10.1029/2008JD011559acc111f64cbd06bdadef325627ede276http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1029%2F2008JD011559%2Fpdfhttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2008JD011559/pdfUsing monthly mean data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction-National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) reanalysis and HadISST SST data sets, we investigate the relationship between springtime tropospheric temperature over the Tibetan Plateau and sea surface temperature (SST) over the equatorial Pacific and the associated physical processes. When the Tibetan temperature is low (high) in spring, positive (negative) SST anomalies appear over the tropical central-eastern Pacific in spring and summer. The relationship is explained by the Asian-Pacific Oscillation (APO) and the ocean-atmosphere interaction over the tropical Pacific. In the context of the APO, a lower spring Tibetan tropospheric temperature is associated with a higher tropospheric temperature over the subtropical North Pacific, which is accompanied by a weaker subtropical high over the eastern North Pacific. Accordingly, large-scale westerly anomalies appear in the lower troposphere of the equatorial central-eastern Pacific, resulting in an increase in SST over the equatorial central-eastern Pacific. Numerical simulations with both an ocean-atmosphere coupled model (the NCAR Community Climate System Model version 3) and an atmospheric model with a prescribed SST scheme (the NCAR Community Atmospheric Model version 3) demonstrate the impacts of the spring Tibetan thermal condition on the tropospheric temperature and atmospheric circulation over the Asian-Pacific sector and then on the SST over the equatorial eastern Pacific, better explaining the physical processes of the observed Tibetan temperature-Pacific SST relationship. |
Winton M., 2000: A reformulated three-layer sea ice model. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 17, 525- 531.10.1175/1520-0426(2000)0172.0.CO;2e24bcafa223468153c79412dc4c3c29dhttp%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2000JAtOT..17..525Whttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000JAtOT..17..525WA model is presented that provides an efficient approximation to sea ice thermodynamics for climate studies. Semtner's three-layer framework is used, but the brine content of the upper ice is represented with a variable heat capacity as is done in more physically based models. A noniterative fully implicit time-stepping scheme is used for calculation of ice temperature. The results of the new model are compared to those of Semtner's original model. |
Wu T. W., 2012: A mass-flux cumulus parameterization scheme for large-scale models: description and test with observations. Climate Dyn.,38, 725-744, doi: 10.1007/s00382-011-0995-3.10.1007/s00382-011-0995-30f12a540a66d6b35ee919ee5bae3cda5http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2Fs00382-011-0995-3http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00382-011-0995-3A simple mass-flux cumulus parameterization scheme suitable for large-scale atmospheric models is presented. The scheme is based on a bulk-cloud approach and has the following properties: (1) Deep convection is launched at the level of maximum moist static energy above the top of the boundary layer. It is triggered if there is positive convective available potential energy (CAPE) and relative humidity of the air at the lifting level of convection cloud is greater than 75%; (2) Convective updrafts for mass, dry static energy, moisture, cloud liquid water and momentum are parameterized by a one-dimensional entrainment/detrainment bulk-cloud model. The lateral entrainment of the environmental air into the unstable ascending parcel before it rises to the lifting condensation level is considered. The entrainment/detrainment amount for the updraft cloud parcel is separately determined according to the increase/decrease of updraft parcel mass with altitude, and the mass change for the adiabatic ascent cloud parcel with altitude is derived from a total energy conservation equation of the whole adiabatic system in which involves the updraft cloud parcel and the environment; (3) The convective downdraft is assumed saturated and originated from the level of minimum environmental saturated equivalent potential temperature within the updraft cloud; (4) The mass flux at the base of convective cloud is determined by a closure scheme suggested by Zhang (J Geophys Res 107(D14), doi: 10.1029/2001JD001005 , 2002) in which the increase/decrease of CAPE due to changes of the thermodynamic states in the free troposphere resulting from convection approximately balances the decrease/increase resulting from large-scale processes. Evaluation of the proposed convection scheme is performed by using a single column model (SCM) forced by the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program's (ARM) summer 1995 and 1997 Intensive Observing Period (IOP) observations, and field observations from the Global Atmospheric Research Program's Atlantic Tropical Experiment (GATE) and the Tropical Ocean and Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE). The SCM can generally capture the convective events and produce a realistic timing of most events of intense precipitation although there are some biases in the strength of simulated precipitation. |
Wu T. W., R. C. Yu, and F. Zhang, 2008: A modified dynamic framework for the atmospheric spectral model and its application. J. Atmos. Sci., 65( 7), 2235- 2253.10.1175/2007JAS2514.18806da31c6a9dabb5d6065a99424e2fbhttp%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fresolve%2Freference%2FADS%3Fid%3D2008JAtS...65.2235Whttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/reference/ADS?id=2008JAtS...65.2235WAbstract This paper describes a dynamic framework for an atmospheric general circulation spectral model in which a reference stratified atmospheric temperature and a reference surface pressure are introduced into the governing equations so as to improve the calculation of the pressure gradient force and gradients of surface pressure and temperature. The vertical profile of the reference atmospheric temperature approximately corresponds to that of the U.S. midlatitude standard atmosphere within the troposphere and stratosphere, and the reference surface pressure is a function of surface terrain geopotential and is close to the observed mean surface pressure. Prognostic variables for the temperature and surface pressure are replaced by their perturbations from the prescribed references. The numerical algorithms of the explicit time difference scheme for vorticity and the semi-implicit time difference scheme for divergence, perturbation temperature, and perturbation surface pressure equation are given in det... |
Wu, T. W., Coauthors, 2010: The Beijing Climate Center atmospheric general circulation model: Description and its performance for the present-day climate. Climate Dyn.,34, 123-147, doi: 10.1007/s00382-008-0487-2.10.1007/s00382-008-0487-29600cb2c028bbad11cd4bd3b6dfa2468http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2Fs00382-008-0487-2http://xueshu.baidu.com/s?wd=paperuri%3A%28fa2b07d11e7f035fb2e4ac6679bfc9dd%29&filter=sc_long_sign&tn=SE_xueshusource_2kduw22v&sc_vurl=http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fresolve%2Freference%2FXREF%3Fid%3D10.1007%2Fs00382-008-0487-2&ie=utf-8&sc_us=2030134516081453740The Beijing Climate Center atmospheric general circulation model version 2.0.1 (BCC_AGCM2.0.1) is described and its performance in simulating the present-day climate is assessed. BCC_AGCM2.0.1 originates from the community atmospheric model version 3 (CAM3) developed by the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). The dynamics in BCC_AGCM2.0.1 is, however, substantially different from the Eulerian spectral formulation of the dynamical equations in CAM3, and several new physical parameterizations have replaced the corresponding original ones. The major modification of the model physics in BCC_AGCM2.0.1 includes a new convection scheme, a dry adiabatic adjustment scheme in which potential temperature is conserved, a modified scheme to calculate the sensible heat and moisture fluxes over the open ocean which takes into account the effect of ocean waves on the latent and sensible heat fluxes, and an empirical equation to compute the snow cover fraction. Specially, the new convection scheme in BCC_AGCM2.0.1, which is generated from the Zhang and McFarlane scheme but modified, is tested to have significant improvement in tropical maximum but also the subtropical minimum precipitation, and the modified scheme for turbulent fluxes are validated using EPIC2001 in situ observations and show a large improvement than its original scheme in CAM3. BCC_AGCM2.0.1 is forced by observed monthly varying sea surface temperatures and sea ice concentrations during 1949-2000. The model climatology is compiled for the period 1971-2000 and compared with the ERA-40 reanalysis products. The model performance is evaluated in terms of energy budgets, precipitation, sea level pressure, air temperature, geopotential height, and atmospheric circulation, as well as their seasonal variations. Results show that BCC_AGCM2.0.1 reproduces fairly well the present-day climate. The combined effect of the new dynamical core and the updated physical parameterizations in BCC_AGCM2.0.1 leads to an overall improvement, compared to the original CAM3. |
Xin X. G., T. W. Wu, J. L. Li, Z. Z. Wang, W. P. Li, and F. H. Wu, 2013: How well does BCC_CSM1.1 reproduce the 20th century climate change over China?. Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 6( 1), 21- 26.8c0a2d6e-bb97-4b18-9b70-28f118ee8032mag452220136121d1cbb5cb36fe7603e2aedc3eac55167ahttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnki.com.cn%2FArticle%2FCJFDTotal-AOSL201301005.htmhttp://xueshu.baidu.com/s?wd=paperuri%3A%285a6fa9025606c465abec67db3a8c6552%29&filter=sc_long_sign&tn=SE_xueshusource_2kduw22v&sc_vurl=http%3A%2F%2Fd.wanfangdata.com.cn%2FPeriodical_dqhhykxkb201301004.aspx&ie=utf-8&sc_us=16540022029997389919阶段五联合模型 Intercomparison 工程(CMIP5 ) 实验的历史的模拟由北京气候中心气候系统模型(BCC_CSM1.1 ) 表现了关于时间进化被评估全球并且中国吝啬的表面空气温度(坐) 并且在在最近的十年的中国上的表面气候变化。BCC_CSM1.1 在复制时间进化有更好的能力全球并且比 BCC_CSM1.0 容纳的中国平均数。在一年 2005, BCC_CSM1.1 模型模仿约 1 的一个温暖的振幅 |
Xie P. P., P. A. Arkin, 1997: Global precipitation: A 17-year monthly analysis based on gauge observations,satellite estimates, and numerical model outputs. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 78, 2539-2558, doi: 10.1175/1520-0477(1997)078<2539: GPAYMA>2.0.CO;2. |
Zhao P., Y. N. Zhu, and R. H. Zhang, 2007: An Asia-Pacific teleconnection in summer tropospheric temperature and associated Asian climate variability. Climate Dyn.,29, 293-303, doi: 10.1007/s00382-007-0236-y.10.1007/s00382-007-0236-yd520ac227814cf999598eade7d001a65http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs00382-007-0236-yhttp://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-007-0236-yWe identified the Asianacific Oscillation (APO) and its associated index, a zonal teleconnection pattern over the extratropical Asianacific region. This was done through the correlation and empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analyses on the summer mean tropospheric eddy temperature from the monthly European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecast reanalysis. The APO reflects an out-of-phase relationship in variability of the eddy temperature between Asia and the North Pacific and is associated with the out-of-phase relationship in atmospheric heating. The APO index shows a decadal variation, tending to a high-index polarity before 1975 and afterward to a low-index polarity. Moreover, the APO index has a quasi-5-year period. With higher APO-index conditions in the upper troposphere, the summer South Asian high and the North Pacific trough are stronger, while the westerly jet stream over Asia and the easterly jet stream over South Asia strengthen. Also, the Asian low and the North Pacific subtropical high are stronger in the lower troposphere. The anomalous southerlies prevail at the midlatitudes of East Asia, accompanied by a more northward Mei-yu front, and the anomalous westerlies prevail over South Asia. Summer rainfall increases in North China, South China, and South Asia, while it decreases from the valley of the Yangtze River to southern Japan, and near the Philippines. |
Zhao P., J. M. Chen, D. Xiao, S. L. Nan, Y. Zou, and B. T. Zhou, 2008: Summer Asian-Pacific Oscillation and its relationship with atmospheric circulation and monsoon rainfall. Acta Meteorologica Sinica, 22, 455- 471.10.1080/00022470.1979.104708712bea9913baf73ccae540db46ba2623adhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnki.com.cn%2FArticle%2FCJFDTotal-QXXW200804007.htmhttp://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/qxxb-e200804006Using the ERA-40 data and numerical simulations, this study investigated the teleconnection over the extratropical Asian-Pacific region and its relationship with the Asian monsoon rainfall and the climatological characteristics of tropical cyclones over the western North Pacific, and analyzed impacts of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) heating and Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) on the teleconnection. The Asian-Pacific oscillation (APO) is defined as a zonal seesaw of the tropospheric temperature in the midlatitudes of the Asian-Pacific region. When the troposphere is cooling in the midlatitudes of the Asian continent, it is warming in the midlatitudes of the central and eastern North Pacific; and vice versa. The APO also appears in the stratosphere, but with a reversed phase. Used as an index of the thermal contrast between Asia and the North Pacific, it provides a new way to explore interactions between the Asian and Pacific atmospheric circulations. The APO index exhibits the interannual and interdecadal variability. It shows a downward trend during 1958-2001, indicating a weakening of the thermal contrast, and shows a 5.5-yr oscillation period. The formation of the APO is associated with the zonal vertical circulation caused by a difference in the solar radiative heating between the Asian continent and the North Pacific. The numerical simulations further reveal that the summer TP heating enhances the local tropospheric temperature and upward motion, and then strengthens downward motion and decreases the tropospheric temperature over the central and eastern North Pacific. This leads to the formation of the APO. The Pacific decadal oscillation and El Nino/La Nina over the tropical eastern Pacific do not exert strong influences on the APO. When there is an anomaly in the summer APO, the South Asian high, the westerly jet over Eurasia, the tropical easterly jet over South Asia, and the subtropical high over the North Pacific change significantly, with anomalous Asian monsoon rainfall and tropical cyclone activities over the western North Pacific. The summer cooling along the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River in the past 40 more years is related to the APO, which is possibly. a regional response to the decadal variability of the global atmospheric circulation. An anomalous signal of the APO may propagate to the Arctic and Antarctic. Moreover, the APO also appears in other seasons. |
Zhao P., Z. H. Cao, and J. M. Chen, 2010: A summer teleconnection pattern over the extratropical Northern Hemisphere and associated mechanisms. Climate Dyn., 35, 523- 534.10.1007/s00382-009-0699-057de72b3306c7a72761186de888d2ca2http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2Fs00382-009-0699-0http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/reference/XREF?id=10.1007/s00382-009-0699-0Using monthly data from the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecast 40-year reanalysis (ERA-40), we have revealed a teleconnection pattern over the extratropical Northern Hemisphere through the empirical orthogonal function analysis of summer upper-tropospheric eddy temperature. When temperature is higher (lower) over the Eastern Hemisphere (EH), it is lower (higher) over the Western Hemisphere (WH). The teleconnection manifested by this out-of-phase relationship is referred to as the Asian-Pacific oscillation (APO). The values of an index measuring the teleconnection are high before 1976 and low afterwards, showing a downward trend of the stationary wave at a rate of 4% per year during 1958-2001. The index also exhibits apparent interannual variations. When the APO index is high, anomalous upper-tropospheric highs (lows) appear over EH (WH). The formation of APO is likely associated with a zonal vertical circulation in the troposphere. Unforced control runs of both the NCAR Community Atmospheric Model version 3 and the Community Climate System Model version 3 capture the major characteristics of the teleconnection pattern and its associated vertical structure. The APO variability is closely associated with sea surface temperature (SST) in the Pacific, with a significantly positive correlation between APO and SST in the extratropical North Pacific and a significantly negative correlation in the tropical eastern Pacific. Sensitivity experiments show that the anomalies of SST over these two regions influence the APO intensity, but their effects are opposite to each other. Compared to the observation, the positive and negative anomalous centers of the extratropical tropospheric temperature triggered by the SST anomalies have a smaller spatial scale. |
Zhao P., S. Yang, H. J. Wang, and Q. Zhang, 2011: Interdecadal relationships between the Asian-Pacific Oscillation and summer climate anomalies over Asia, North Pacific, and North America during a recent 100 years. J.Climate, 24, 4793- 4799.10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00054.11eebc06ca756a167598fd9cc62543736http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2011JCli...24.4793Zhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JCli...24.4793ZSummertime relationships between the Asian-Pacific Oscillation (APO) and climate anomalies over Asia, the North Pacific, and North America are examined on an interdecadal time scale. The values of APO were low from the 1880s to the mid-1910s and high from the 1920s to the 1940s. When the APO was higher, tropospheric temperatures were higher over Asia and lower over the Pacific and North America. From the low-APO decades to the high-APO decades, both upper-tropospheric highs and lower-tropospheric low pressure systems strengthened over South Asia and weakened over North America. As a result, anomalous southerly-southwesterly flow prevailed over the Asian monsoon region, meaning stronger moisture transport over Asia. On the contrary, the weakened upper-tropospheric high and lower-tropospheric low over North America caused anomalous sinking motion over the region. As a result, rainfall generally enhanced over the Asian monsoon regions and decreased over North America. |
Zhao P., B. Wang, and X. J. Zhou, 2012: Boreal summer continental monsoon rainfall and hydroclimate anomalies associated with the Asian-Pacific Oscillation. Climate Dyn.,39, 1197-1207, doi: 10.1007/s00382-012-1348-6.10.1007/s00382-012-1348-661f092f3c33559e873971a1a5dce7fa9http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fresolve%2Freference%2FXREF%3Fid%3D10.1007%2Fs00382-012-1348-6http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/reference/XREF?id=10.1007/s00382-012-1348-6With the twentieth century analysis data (1901-2002) for atmospheric circulation, precipitation, Palmer drought severity index, and sea surface temperature (SST), we show that the Asian-Pacific Oscillation (APO) during boreal summer is a major mode of the earth climate variation linking to global atmospheric circulation and hydroclimate anomalies, especially the Northern Hemisphere (NH) summer land monsoon. Associated with a positive APO phase are the warm troposphere over the Eurasian land and the relatively cool troposphere over the North Pacific, the North Atlantic, and the Indian Ocean. Such an amplified land-ocean thermal contrast between the Eurasian land and its adjacent oceans signifies a stronger than normal NH summer monsoon, with the strengthened southerly or southwesterly monsoon prevailing over tropical Africa, South Asia, and East Asia. A positive APO implies an enhanced summer monsoon rainfall over all major NH land monsoon regions: West Africa, South Asia, East Asia, and Mexico. Thus, APO is a sensible measure of the NH land monsoon rainfall intensity. Meanwhile, reduced precipitation appears over the arid and semiarid regions of northern Africa, the Middle East, and West Asia, manifesting the monsoon-desert coupling. On the other hand, surrounded by the cool troposphere over the North Pacific and North Atlantic, the extratropical North America has weakened low-level continental low and upper-level ridge, hence a deficient summer rainfall. Corresponding to a high APO index, the African and South Asian monsoon regions are wet and cool, the East Asian monsoon region is wet and hot, and the extratropical North America is dry and hot. Wet and dry climates correspond to wet and dry soil conditions, respectively. The APO is also associated with significant variations of SST in the entire Pacific and the extratropical North Atlantic during boreal summer, which resembles the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation in SST. Of note is that the Pacific SST anomalies are not present throughout the year, rather, mainly occur in late spring, peak at late summer, and are nearly absent during boreal winter. The season-dependent APO-SST relationship and the origin of the APO remain elusive. |
Zhou B. T., P. Zhao, 2010: Influence of the Asian-Pacific oscillation on spring precipitation over central eastern China. Adv. Atmos. Sci.,27, 575-582, doi: 10.1007/s00376-009-9058-7.10.1007/s00376-009-9058-70fc407633eae505a3cbefff90857eecdhttp%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs00376-009-9058-7http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/dqkxjz-e201003010The linkage between the Asian-Pacific oscillation (APO) and the precipitation over central eastern China in spring is preliminarily addressed by use of the observed data. Results show that they correlate very well, with the positive (negative) phase of APO tending to increase (decrease) the precipitation over central eastern China. Such a relationship can be explained by the atmospheric circulation changes over Asia and the North Pacific in association with the anomalous APO. A positive phase of APO, characterized by a positive anomaly over Asia and a negative anomaly over the North Pacific in the upper-tropospheric temperature, corresponds to decreased low-level geopotential height (H) and increased high-level H over Asia, and these effects are concurrent with increased low-level H and decreased high-level H over the North Pacific. Meanwhile, an anticyclonic circulation anomaly in the upper troposphere and a cyclonic circulation anomaly in the lower troposphere are introduced in East Asia, and the low-level southerly wind is strengthened over central eastern China. These changes provide advantageous conditions for enhanced precipitation over central eastern China. The situation is reversed in the negative phase of APO, leading to reduced precipitation in this region. |
Zhou B. T., L. Zhang, 2012: A simulation of the upper-tropospheric temperature pattern in BCC_CSM1.1. Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 5, 478- 482.229ce783bf52f2e4dff997f1ebe8892dhttp%3A%2F%2Fd.wanfangdata.com.cn%2FPeriodical_dqhhykxkb201206007.aspxhttp://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical_dqhhykxkb201206007.aspx |
Zhou B. T., X. Cui, and P. Zhao, 2008: Relationship between the Asian-Pacific oscillation and the tropical cyclone frequency in the western North Pacific. Science in China D: Earth Sciences, 51, 380- 385.0c9834403f1d27efb471b557da2e88e4http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs11430-008-0014-7http://xueshu.baidu.com/s?wd=paperuri%3A%2893afaade2558aced423032c2ab268931%29&filter=sc_long_sign&tn=SE_xueshusource_2kduw22v&sc_vurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnki.com.cn%2FArticle%2FCJFDTotal-JDXG200803007.htm&ie=utf-8&sc_us=5834367700748653819 |
Zhou B. T., P. Zhao, and X. Cui, 2010: Linkage between the Asian-Pacific Oscillation and the sea surface temperature in the North Pacific. Chinese Science Bulletin,55, 1193-1198, doi: 10.1007/s11434-009-0386-x.10.1007/s11434-009-0386-xfebaf4b9701acbf2bb6c61158b3fef97http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs11434-009-0386-xhttp://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-JXTW201012012.htmThe linkage between the Asian-Pacific Oscillation (APO) and the sea surface temperature (SST) in the North Pacific during the summertime (June-August) is preliminarily investigated through an analysis of observed data.It is found that APO is significantly and positively correlated to the North Pacific SST,with the correlation coefficient being 0.58 on the interannual timescale during the period 1954-2003,which suggests that a strong (weak) APO corresponds to high (low) SST in the North Pacific.Their in-phase relationship is well supported by the dynamic and thermal conditions in association with the APO anomaly.When APO is in the positive phase,the East Asian westerly jet in the upper troposphere is weakened,and the anomalous anticyclonic circulation prevails in the low-troposphere over the North Pacific.Besides,the negative anomaly of the sensible and latent heat fluxes is predominated in the North Pacific,indicating ocean gets heat flux from the atmosphere.Meanwhile,warm water advection northward is strengthened in the North Pacific.All of these provide beneficial conditions to warm the North Pacific SST,and thus the SST is increased in this region,and vice versa. |
Zhou X. J., P. Zhao, and G. Liu, 2009: Asian-Pacific Oscillation index and variation of East Asian summer monsoon over the past millennium. Chinese Science Bulletin,54, 3768-3771, doi: 10.1007/s11434-009-0619-z.10.1007/s11434-009-0619-z98705d8e22ca4f8e3f192a0d9b1d23e5http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnki.com.cn%2FArticle%2FCJFDTotal-JXTW200920028.htmhttp://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-JXTW200920028.htmTo study the long-term variation of the East Asian summer monsoon(EASM),the Asian-Pacific Oscillation index(IAPO),representing a zonal thermal contrast between Asia and the North Pacific,is recon-structed over the past millennium.During the Little Ice Age(LIA),the variability of the reconstructed IAPO is closely linked to dry-wet anomalies in eastern China on the centennial scale.This correlation pattern is consistent with the observation during the current period,which suggests that the reconstructed IAPO may generally represent the centennialscale variation of the EASM and rainfall anomalies over eastern China during the LIA. |
Zou, Y, P. Zhao, 2011: A study of the relationship between the Asian-Pacific oscillation and tropical cyclone activities over the coastal waters of China during autumn. Acta Meteorologica Sinica, 69( 4), 601- 609. (in Chinese with English abstract)10.11676/qxxb2011.05233f5c79b-c5c4-473a-885e-42ea95f40a355584201147Using the datasets from the JTWC optimal typhoon tracks and the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, we investigate the interannual variability of the autumn (September and October) Asian Pacific Oscillation (APO) and its relationships with the atmospheric circulation over the Asian Pacific region and tropical cyclone (TC) activities over the western North Pacific and the coastal waters of China. The results show that the interannual variability of the APO is closely related to the TC activity over the western North Pacific and the coastal waters of China during autumn. Corresponding to stronger (weaker) APO, the TC often appears in a more westward (eastward) position and there is a more (less) TC number in the coastal waters of China. The APO may affect the vertical shear of the zonal wind between high and low levels of the troposphere, the lower tropospheric convergence, and the mid tropospheric steering current over the coastal waters of China and thus the TC activity over the western North Pacific and the coastal waters of China. When the APO is stronger (weaker), the long wave trough over the extratropics of East Asia is weaker (stronger) and the East Asian winter monsoon is weaker (stronger), accompanying the invasion of weaker (stronger) cold masses into the tropical western North Pacific and the coastal waters of China, favoring (not favoring) the occurrence and development of the TC over these seas. Moreover, corresponding to stronger APO, the subtropical ridge over the western North Pacific is located in a more westward position and the easterly current south of the ridge is stronger, which favors the TC to move westwards along the stronger easterly steering current or most likely causes the TC to turn its moving direction in a more westward position. Corresponding to weaker APO, the ridge is weaker and located in a more eastward position, the easterly steering current is weaker, both of which does not favor the TC to move westwards or favors the TC to change the direction in a more eastern position. |