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CAS FGOALS-g3 comprises the following five components:
(1) Atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM). The Gridpoint Atmospheric Model of IAP LASG, version 3 (GAMIL3) (Li et al. 2020b), is an updated version of GAMIL2 (Li et al., 2013).
(2) Oceanic general circulation model (OGCM). The LASG/IAP Climate Ocean Model (LICOM3) has been updated from LICOM2 (Liu et al., 2012; Lin et al., 2016). LICOM3 has performed the OMIP simulations and a detailed description of the results is given by Lin et al. (2020).
(3) Land model. The Land Surface Model of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS-LSM), the land component of FGOALS-g3 with the same horizontal resolution as the atmospheric model, is based on the Community Land Model, version 4.5 (CLM4.5).
(4) Sea ice model. The sea ice model is the improved Los Alamos sea ice model, version 4.0, which uses the same grid as the oceanic model.
(5) Coupler. In FGOALS-g3, there are two optional couplers: CPL7, developed by the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) (Craig et al., 2012), and the Community Coupler, version 2 (C-Coupler2), developed by Tsinghua University (Liu et al., 2018).
A detailed description of CAS FGOALS-g3 is given in Li et al. (2020a).
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Following the requirements for ScenarioMIP experiments (O’Neill et al., 2016), we carried out simulations for eight scenarios (Experiment ID in Table 1). In these experiments, the external forcings, including greenhouse gas concentrations, ozone concentrations, anthropogenic aerosol optical properties and an associated Twomey effect, land-use changes, and solar irradiance, are all based on the SSP scenario. All experiments were initialized from 1 January 2015 (branch run from the end of the historical runs, which ended on 31 December 2014) and share the same physical scheme settings, which are exactly same as those of the historical run. Experiment variants are labelled; e.g., r1i1p1f1, indicating the realization, initialization, physical, and forcing indices. We used the branch run method for the Tier 1 and 2 SSP scenario simulations. For example, the label r1i1p1f1 indicates that the initial conditions are the outputs from the historical r1i1p1f1 branch run. Table 1 gives detailed descriptions of each experiment.
Experiment ID Variant Label Description Tier 1 SSP1-2.6
doi:10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.3465r1i1p1f1 Initialized from the historical r1i1p1f1 branch run. All external forcings were from the SSP1-2.6 scenario. r2i1p1f1 Initialized from the historical r2i1p1f1 branch run. r3i1p1f1 Initialized from the historical r3i1p1f1 branch run. r4i1p1f1 Initialized from the historical r4i1p1f1 branch run. SSP2-4.5
doi:10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.3469r1i1p1f1 Initialized from the historical r1i1p1f1 branch run. All external forcings were from the SSP2-4.5 scenario. r2i1p1f1 Initialized from the historical r2i1p1f1 branch run. r3i1p1f1 Initialized from the historical r3i1p1f1 branch run. r4i1p1f1 Initialized from the historical r4i1p1f1 branch run. SSP3-7.0
doi:10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.3480r1i1p1f1 Initialized from the historical r1i1p1f1 branch run. All external forcings were from the SSP3-7.0 scenario. r2i1p1f1 Initialized from the historical r2i1p1f1 branch run. r3i1p1f1 Initialized from the historical r3i1p1f1 branch run. r4i1p1f1 Initialized from the historical r4i1p1f1 branch run. r5i1p1f1 Initialized from the historical r5i1p1f1 branch run. SSP5-8.5
doi:10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.3503r1i1p1f1 Initialized from the historical r1i1p1f1 branch run. All external forcings were from the SSP5-8.5 scenario. r2i1p1f1 Initialized from the historical r2i1p1f1 branch run. r3i1p1f1 Initialized from the historical r3i1p1f1 branch run. r4i1p1f1 Initialized from the historical r4i1p1f1 branch run. Tier 2 SSP1-1.9
doi:10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.3462r1i1p1f1 Initialized from the historical r1i1p1f1 branch run. All external forcings were from the SSP1-1.9 scenario. SSP4-3.4
doi:10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.3493r1i1p1f1 Initialized from the historical r1i1p1f1 branch run. All external forcings were from the SSP4-3.4 scenario. SSP5-3.4-over
doi:10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.3499r1i1p1f1 Initialized from the historical r1i1p1f1 branch run. All external forcings were from the SSP5-3.4-over scenario. SSP4-6.0
doi:10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.3496r1i1p1f1 Initialized from the historical r1i1p1f1 branch run. All external forcings were from the SSP4-6.0 scenario. Table 1. ScenarioMIP experiment descriptions.
We used the model outputs for the period 2015–2100 in our analysis. Following the requirements of CMIP6 (Martin et al., 2020), monthly mean values for the primary variables of each component model were output. To investigate predicted extreme weather events in each scenario, the atmospheric component also provides additional 6-h and 3-h high-frequency outputs for some variables, including precipitation, specific humidity, and near-surface air temperature, for both future predictions and the historical runs. Details of the primary outputs and diagnostic variables for each component model are given in Tables 2–5.
Variable Name Description Output Frequency cl Percentage Cloud Cover Monthly cli Mass Fraction of Cloud Ice Monthly clivi Ice Water Path Monthly clt Total Cloud Cover Percentage 3-h*, Daily, Monthly clw Mass Fraction of Cloud Liquid Water Monthly clwvi Condensed Water Path Monthly evspsbl Evaporation Including Sublimation and Transpiration Monthly hfls Surface Upward Latent Heat Flux 3-h*, Daily, Monthly hfss Surface Upward Sensible Heat Flux 3-h*, Daily, Monthly hur Relative Humidity Daily, Monthly hurs Near-Surface Relative Humidity 6-h*, Daily, Monthly hursmax Daily Maximum Near-Surface Relative Humidity Daily hursmin Daily Minimum Near-Surface Relative Humidity Daily hus Specific Humidity 6-h*, Daily, Monthly huss Near-Surface Specific Humidity 3-h*, Daily, Monthly mc Convective Mass Flux Monthly o3 Mole Fraction of O3 Monthly pfull Pressure at Model Full-Levels 6-h*, Monthly phalf Pressure on Model Half-Levels Monthly pr Precipitation 3-h*, 6-h*, Daily, Monthly prc Convective Precipitation 3-h*, Daily, Monthly prhmax Maximum Hourly Precipitation Rate 6-h* prsn Snowfall Flux 3-h*, Daily, Monthly prw Water Vapor Path Monthly ps Surface Air Pressure 3-h*, 6-h*, Monthly psl Sea Level Pressure 6-h*, Daily, Monthly rlds Surface Downwelling Longwave Radiation 3-h*, Daily, Monthly rldscs Surface Downwelling Clear-Sky Longwave Radiation 3-h*, Monthly rls Net Longwave Surface Radiation Daily rlus Surface Upwelling Longwave Radiation 3-h*, Daily, Monthly rlut TOA Outgoing Longwave Radiation Daily, Monthly rlutcs TOA Outgoing Clear-Sky Longwave Radiation Monthly rsds Surface Downwelling Shortwave Radiation 3-h*, Daily, Monthly rsdscs Surface Downwelling Clear-Sky Shortwave Radiation 3-h*, Monthly rsdsdiff Surface Diffuse Downwelling Shortwave Radiation 3-h* rsdt TOA Incident Shortwave Radiation Monthly rss Net Shortwave Surface Radiation Daily rsus Surface Upwelling Shortwave Radiation 3-h*, Daily, Monthly rsuscs Surface Upwelling Clear-Sky Shortwave Radiation 3-h*, Monthly rsut TOA Outgoing Shortwave Radiation Monthly rsutcs TOA Outgoing Clear-Sky Shortwave Radiation Monthly rtmt Net Downward Radiative Flux at Top of Model Monthly sfcWind Near-Surface Wind Speed 6-h*, Daily, Monthly sfcWindmax Daily Maximum Near-Surface Wind Speed Daily ta Air Temperature 6-h*, Daily, Monthly tas Near-Surface Air Temperature 3-h*, 6-h*, Daily, Monthly tasmax Daily Maximum Near-Surface Air Temperature Daily, Monthly tasmin Daily Minimum Near-Surface Air Temperature Daily, Monthly tauu Surface Downward Eastward Wind Stress Monthly tauv Surface Downward Northward Wind Stress Monthly ts Surface Temperature Monthly ua Eastward Wind 6-h*, Daily, Monthly va Northward Wind 6-h*, Daily, Monthly wap Omega (= dp/ dt) 6-h*, Daily, Monthly zg Geopotential Height Daily, Monthly Table 2. AGCM output variables from FGOALS-g3 for the ScenarioMIP experiments. TOA means top of atmosphere; * represents additional high-frequency output variables.
Variable Name Description Output Frequency friver Water Flux into Sea Water from Rivers Monthly hfbasin Northward Ocean Heat Transport Monthly hfds Downward Heat Flux at Sea Water Surface Monthly hflso Surface Downward Latent Heat Flux Monthly hfsso Surface Downward Sensible Heat Flux Monthly mlotst Ocean Mixed Layer Thickness Defined by Sigma T Monthly msftbarot Ocean Barotropic Mass Stream Function Monthly msftmz Ocean Meridional Overturning Mass Stream Function Monthly msftmzmpa Ocean Meridional Overturning Mass Stream Function Due to Parameterized Mesoscale Advection Monthly rlntds Surface Net Downward Longwave Radiation Monthly rsntds Net Downward Shortwave Radiation at Sea Water Surface Monthly so Sea Water Salinity Monthly soga Global Mean Sea Water Salinity Monthly sos Sea Surface Salinity Monthly thetao Sea Water Potential Temperature Monthly thetaoga Global Average Sea Water Potential Temperature Monthly tos Sea Surface Temperature Monthly tossq Square of Sea Surface Temperature Monthly umo Ocean Mass X Transport Monthly uo Sea Water X Velocity Monthly vmo Ocean Mass Y Transport Monthly vo Sea Water Y Velocity Monthly vsf Virtual Salt Flux into Sea Water Monthly wfo Water Flux into Sea Water Monthly wmo Upward Ocean Mass Transport Monthly wo Sea Water Vertical Velocity Monthly zos Sea Surface Height Above Geoid Monthly zossq Square of Sea Surface Height Above Geoid Monthly Table 3. OGCM output variables from FGOALS-g3 for the ScenarioMIP experiments.
Variable Name Description Output Frequency evspsblsoi Water Evaporation from Soil Monthly evspsblveg Evaporation from Canopy Monthly gwt Groundwater Intake Monthly mrfso Soil Frozen Water Content Monthly mrro Total Runoff Monthly mrros Surface Runoff Monthly mrso Total Soil Moisture Content Monthly mrsos Moisture in Upper Portion of Soil Column Monthly prveg Precipitation onto Canopy Monthly tsl Temperature of Soil Monthly frostdp Frost Deep Monthly snc Snow Area Percentage Monthly snd Snow Depth Monthly thawdp Thaw Depth Monthly Table 4. Land model output variables from FGOALS-g3 for the ScenarioMIP experiments.
Variable Name Description Output Frequency sfdsi Downward Sea Ice Basal Salt Flux Monthly siconc Sea-Ice Area Percentage (Ocean Grid) Monthly sidconcdyn Sea-Ice Area Percentage Tendency Due to Dynamics Monthly sidconcth Sea-Ice Area Percentage Tendency Due to Thermodynamics Monthly sidivvel Divergence of the Sea-Ice Velocity Field Monthly sidmassdyn Sea-Ice Mass Change from Dynamics Monthly sidmassgrowthbot Sea-Ice Mass Change Through Basal Growth Monthly sidmassgrowthwat Sea-Ice Mass Change Through Growth in Supercooled Open Water (Frazil) Monthly sidmasslat Lateral Sea-Ice Melt Rate Monthly sidmassmeltbot Sea-Ice Mass Change Through Bottom Melting Monthly sidmassmelttop Sea-Ice Mass Change Through Surface Melting Monthly sidmasssi Sea-Ice Mass Change Through Snow-to-Ice Conversion Monthly sidmassth Sea-Ice Mass Change from Thermodynamics Monthly siflcondtop Net Conductive Heat Flux in Ice at the Surface Monthly sifllatstop Net Latent Heat Flux over Sea Ice Monthly sifllwdtop Downwelling Longwave Flux over Sea Ice Monthly sifllwutop Upwelling Longwave Flux over Sea Ice Monthly siflsenstop Net Upward Sensible Heat Flux over Sea Ice Monthly siflsensupbot Net Upward Sensible Heat Flux Under Sea Ice Monthly siflswdbot Downwelling Shortwave Flux Under Sea Ice Monthly siflswdtop Downwelling Shortwave Flux over Sea Ice Monthly siflswutop Upwelling Shortwave Flux over Sea Ice Monthly siforcecoriolx Coriolis Force Term in Force Balance (X-Component) Monthly siforcecorioly Coriolis Force Term in Force Balance (Y-Component) Monthly siforceintstrx Internal Stress Term in Force Balance (X-Component) Monthly siforceintstry Internal Stress Term in Force Balance (Y-Component) Monthly sipr Rainfall Rate over Sea Ice Monthly sishevel Maximum Shear of Sea-Ice Velocity Field Monthly sisnconc Snow Area Percentage Monthly sistrxdtop X-Component of Atmospheric Stress on Sea Ice Monthly sistrxubot X-Component of Ocean Stress on Sea Ice Monthly sistrydtop Y-Component of Atmospheric Stress on Sea Ice Monthly sistryubot Y-Component of Ocean Stress on Sea Ice Monthly sitemptop Surface Temperature of Sea Ice Monthly sitimefrac Fraction of Time Steps with Sea Ice Monthly siu X-Component of Sea-Ice Velocity Monthly siv Y-Component of Sea-Ice Velocity Monthly sndmassmelt Snow Mass Rate of Change Through Melt Monthly sndmasssi Snow Mass Rate of Change Through Snow-to-Ice Conversion Monthly sndmasssnf Snow Mass Change Through Snowfall Monthly Table 5. Sea ice model output variables from FGOALS-g3 for the ScenarioMIP experiments.
We used the following observational datasets for the model validation: Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP, version 2.3) monthly data (Adler et al., 2003), HadCRUT4 monthly mean near-surface temperatures (Morice et al., 2012), China Merged Surface Temperature data (Yun et al., 2019), and the Arctic and Antarctic sea ice area records provided by the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC; http://nsidc.org/arcticseaicenews/sea-ice-tools/). The ensemble means from the historical runs (six members) and Tier 1 SSP experiments (see Table 1 for ensemble sizes) were used in our analysis. The base period for each anomaly analysis was 1980–2009.
Experiment ID | Variant Label | Description | |
Tier 1 | SSP1-2.6 doi:10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.3465 | r1i1p1f1 | Initialized from the historical r1i1p1f1 branch run. All external forcings were from the SSP1-2.6 scenario. |
r2i1p1f1 | Initialized from the historical r2i1p1f1 branch run. | ||
r3i1p1f1 | Initialized from the historical r3i1p1f1 branch run. | ||
r4i1p1f1 | Initialized from the historical r4i1p1f1 branch run. | ||
SSP2-4.5 doi:10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.3469 | r1i1p1f1 | Initialized from the historical r1i1p1f1 branch run. All external forcings were from the SSP2-4.5 scenario. | |
r2i1p1f1 | Initialized from the historical r2i1p1f1 branch run. | ||
r3i1p1f1 | Initialized from the historical r3i1p1f1 branch run. | ||
r4i1p1f1 | Initialized from the historical r4i1p1f1 branch run. | ||
SSP3-7.0 doi:10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.3480 | r1i1p1f1 | Initialized from the historical r1i1p1f1 branch run. All external forcings were from the SSP3-7.0 scenario. | |
r2i1p1f1 | Initialized from the historical r2i1p1f1 branch run. | ||
r3i1p1f1 | Initialized from the historical r3i1p1f1 branch run. | ||
r4i1p1f1 | Initialized from the historical r4i1p1f1 branch run. | ||
r5i1p1f1 | Initialized from the historical r5i1p1f1 branch run. | ||
SSP5-8.5 doi:10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.3503 | r1i1p1f1 | Initialized from the historical r1i1p1f1 branch run. All external forcings were from the SSP5-8.5 scenario. | |
r2i1p1f1 | Initialized from the historical r2i1p1f1 branch run. | ||
r3i1p1f1 | Initialized from the historical r3i1p1f1 branch run. | ||
r4i1p1f1 | Initialized from the historical r4i1p1f1 branch run. | ||
Tier 2 | SSP1-1.9 doi:10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.3462 | r1i1p1f1 | Initialized from the historical r1i1p1f1 branch run. All external forcings were from the SSP1-1.9 scenario. |
SSP4-3.4 doi:10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.3493 | r1i1p1f1 | Initialized from the historical r1i1p1f1 branch run. All external forcings were from the SSP4-3.4 scenario. | |
SSP5-3.4-over doi:10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.3499 | r1i1p1f1 | Initialized from the historical r1i1p1f1 branch run. All external forcings were from the SSP5-3.4-over scenario. | |
SSP4-6.0 doi:10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.3496 | r1i1p1f1 | Initialized from the historical r1i1p1f1 branch run. All external forcings were from the SSP4-6.0 scenario. |