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Multi-member seasonal climate predictions were carried out for the boreal winter (December–January–February, DJF) of 2023/24 using three global climate models (FGOALS-f2, FGOALS-f3_L, and NZC-PSM) developed by the Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP) at the Chinese Academy of Sciences. These models are initialized by assimilating various observational data through different assimilation schemes (Table 1; Ma and Wang, 2014; Wu et al., 2018; Bao and Li, 2020). Multi-member ensemble means were conducted for each model, and then the multi-model ensemble mean (MME) was calculated as the mean of the single-model ensemble means (i.e., the so-called one-model-one-vote approach; Borchert et al., 2021). The MME shows that a medium-strong eastern Pacific (EP) El Niño will reach its mature phase during the boreal winter of 2023/24, with positive SST anomalies in the equatorial central-eastern Pacific reaching around 1.7°C (Fig. 1a), consistent with recently published El Niño predictions (Li et al., 2023).
Table 1. Seasonal prediction experiments used in this report.
Figure 1. The multi-model ensemble mean (MME) prediction of the 2023/24 boreal winter (December–January–February, DJF) climate based on the three global climate models (FGOALS-f2, IAP-DecPreS, and NZC-PSM) developed by IAP. (a) The predicted DJF surface air temperature (SAT) anomalies in 2023/24, units: °C. (b) The predicted time series of the DJF global mean SAT (GMST) for the period 1979–2023, unit: °C. The black, red, and blue lines represent the observation, corrected MME prediction, and raw MME prediction, respectively. The correlation coefficients between the observation and the prediction are shown in parentheses. (c) The predicted DJF precipitation (shading, units: mm d–1) and sea level pressure (SLP) anomalies in 2023/24 (contour, units: Pa; the red solid lines are positive, the blue dashed lines are negative, and the interval is 50 Pa). (d) The predicted DJF geopotential anomalies at 300 hPa in 2023/24, units: gpm. The anomalies are relative to the climatology of 1999–2018.
The El Niño event will dominate the global climate variations in the 2023/24 boreal winter. In the tropics, it will enhance convection over the equatorial central-eastern Pacific and further cause an eastward shift of the Walker circulation, a pattern that corresponds with negative precipitation anomalies over the Indo-Pacific warm pool. An anomalous anticyclone will establish itself over the western North Pacific (WNPAC, Fig. 1c) through a Rossby wave response (Zhang et al., 1996; Wang et al., 2000). The southwesterly wind anomalies on the northwestern flank of the WNPAC tend to weaken the northeasterly associated with East Asian winter monsoon (Zhang et al., 1996; Chen et al., 2000; Kim et al., 2017). In the extratropics, the enhanced convective heating over the equatorial central-eastern Pacific will excite the poleward propagation of the Pacific-North American (PNA) teleconnection (Horel and Wallace, 1981). Meanwhile, heating anomalies associated with zonal dipole precipitation anomalies over the tropical Indian Ocean will tend to excite a poleward propagating wave train (Doi et al., 2020), which will contribute to a weakening of the East Asian trough.
El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the most important internal mode that modulates the interannual variations of the GMST (Yin et al., 2018; Hsu and Yin, 2019). The retrospectively predicted GMST by the MME for the past 30 years shows a high temporal correlation with observations (r=0.89). However, the variance of the simulated GMST is underestimated compared with observations. This suggests that the MME simulations have the problem of a signal-to-noise paradox. That is, the MME can capture the temporal evolution signal but underestimate its strength (Scaife and Smith, 2018). To address this issue, we corrected the simulated GMST by amplifying its variance to a magnitude consistent with that in the observation (Eade et al., 2014). After the correction, the predicted GMST in the 2023/24 boreal winter will break the historical record (Fig. 1b), in accordance with the superposition of the El Niño event and long-term global warming.
Meanwhile, the IAP GMST statistical ensemble prediction model is also adopted to predict the annual GMST in 2023 based on three datasets [HadCRUT5, NOAAGlobal-Temp5, and BEST (Rohde and Hausfather, 2020; Morice et al., 2021; Vose et al., 2021)]. The prediction model contains various statistical methods that are generated by using historical observations to predict the subseasonal-to-interannual GMST signals at a lead of 3−4 months, which have demonstrated good predictive skill during the evaluation period of 1980–2022. According to the latest forecast initiated in September 2023 (Fig. 2), the GMST in 2023 should be 1.38°C
$ \pm $ 0.09°C higher than that during 1850–1900, indicating that the GMST in 2023 will certainly exceed that in 2016 (1.29°C) and go on to become the record high since 1850 (~95% chance).Figure 2. The 2023 GMST prediction (relative to 1850–1900), starting in September 2023, by the IAP GMST statistical ensemble prediction model. The red dot and red bar represent the ensemble mean and ensemble spread of the forecasted results, respectively. The black dots and black bars represent the historical observed GMST during 1850–2022 and their uncertainties between three different datasets (HadCRUT5, NOAAGlobal-Temp5, and BEST).
Will the Globe Encounter the Warmest Winter after the Hottest Summer in 2023?
- Manuscript received: 2023-11-09
- Manuscript revised: 2023-11-14
- Manuscript accepted: 2023-11-17
Abstract: In the boreal summer and autumn of 2023, the globe experienced an extremely hot period across both oceans and continents. The consecutive record-breaking mean surface temperature has caused many to speculate upon how the global temperature will evolve in the coming 2023/24 boreal winter. In this report, as shown in the multi-model ensemble mean (MME) prediction released by the Institute of Atmospheric Physics at the Chinese Academy of Sciences, a medium-to-strong eastern Pacific El Niño event will reach its mature phase in the following 2−3 months, which tends to excite an anomalous anticyclone over the western North Pacific and the Pacific-North American teleconnection, thus serving to modulate the winter climate in East Asia and North America. Despite some uncertainty due to unpredictable internal atmospheric variability, the global mean surface temperature (GMST) in the 2023/24 winter will likely be the warmest in recorded history as a consequence of both the El Niño event and the long-term global warming trend. Specifically, the middle and low latitudes of Eurasia are expected to experience an anomalously warm winter, and the surface air temperature anomaly in China will likely exceed 2.4 standard deviations above climatology and subsequently be recorded as the warmest winter since 1991. Moreover, the necessary early warnings are still reliable in the timely updated medium-term numerical weather forecasts and sub-seasonal-to-seasonal prediction.
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Keywords:
- winter climate,
- El Niño,
- seasonal forecast,
- GMST
摘要: 在2023年的北半球夏秋季,全球遭遇了一次极端的高温时期,北半球的海洋和陆地普遍出现了异常持续升温。连续打破历史纪录的全球平均地表温度(GMST)引发了人们对即将来临的2023/24年冬季全球气温趋势的广泛关注。中科院大气物理研究所短期气候预测团队,利用多套自主研发的气候预测系统,对2023/24年冬季气候异常进行了多模式集合预测研究。研究结果显示,在接下来的23个月内,一个中等到强的东太平洋型厄尔尼诺现象即将进入成熟阶段。这一事件将在西北太平洋地区引发异常的反气旋活动,并激发“太平洋-北美型”大气遥相关波列,进而影响东亚和北美的冬季气候。虽然不可预测的大气内部噪音对预测结果带来了一定的不确定性,但由于厄尔尼诺事件与全球温度长期变暖趋势的共同作用,2023/24年冬季GMST有极大可能创下历史新高。具体来说,欧亚大陆中低纬度地区有望迎来一个异常温暖的冬季,而中国的地表气温异常可能将超过气候平均态2.4个标准差以上,有望创下自1991年以来的最高冬季温度纪录。