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Volume 15 Issue 3

Jul.  1998

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Article >  ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES  > 1998 >  15(3): 346-369

On the Forcing of the Radial-vertical Circulation within Cyclones-Part 1: Concepts and Equations

  • 1.

    Space Science and Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA,Space Science and Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA


doi: 10.1007/s00376-998-0006-8

  • Following the theoretical result of Eliassen, the Sawyer-Eliassen equation for frontal circulations and the equa-tion for forcing the meridional circulation within a circum polar vortex are extended in isentropic coordinates to des-cribe the forcing of the azimuthaHy averaged mass-weighted radial-vertical circulation within translating extratropical and tropical cyclones. Several physical processes which are not evident in studies employing isobaric coordinates are isolated in this isentropic study. These processes include the effects of pressure torque, inertia! torque and slorm translation that are associated with the asymmetric structure in isentropic coordinates. This isentropic study also includes the effects of eddy angular momentum transport, diabatie heating and fractional torque that are common in both isentropic and isobaric studies. All of the processes are modulated by static, inertial and baroclinic stabilities. Consistent with the theoretical result of Eliassen, the numerical solution from this isentropic study shows that the roles of torque, diabatic heating and hydrodynamic stability in forcing the radial-vertical circulation within stable vortices are that 1) positive (negative) torque which results in the counterclockwise (clockwise) rotation of vortices al?so forces the outflow (inflow) branch of the radial-vertical circulation, 2) diabatic heating (cooling) forces the ascent (descent) branch of the radial-vertical circulation and 3) for given forcing, the weaker hydrodynamic stability results in a stronger radial-vertical circulation. It is the net inflow or convergence (net outflow or divergence), vertical mo?tions and the associated redistribution of properties that favor the evolution of vortices with colorful weather events. Numerical solutions of this isentrcpic study ate given in companion articles. The relatively important contribu?tion of various physical processes to the forcing of the aamulhally-averaged mass-weighted radial-vertical circula?tion within different translating cyclones and in their different stages of development will be investigated.
  • [1] Donald R. Johnson, Zhuojian Yuan, 1999: The Role of Diabatic Heating, Torques and Stabilities in Forcing the Radial-Vertical Circulation within Cyclones Part III: Case Study of Lee-side Cyclones, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 16, 31-63.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-999-0003-6
    [2] Zhuojian Yuan, Donald R. Johnson, 1998: The Role of Diabatic Heating, Torques and Stabilities in Forcing the Radial-Vertical Circulation within Cyclones Part II: Case Study of Extratropical and Tropical Cyclones, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 15, 447-488.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-998-0026-4
    [3] QIAN Yu-Kun, LIANG Chang-Xia, LIANG Qiaoqian, LIN Liangxun, YUAN Zhuojian, 2011: On the Forced Tangentially-Averaged Radial-Vertical Circulation within Vortices. Part II: The Transformation of Tropical Storm Haima (2004), ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 28, 1143-1158.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-010-0060-x
    [4] Shen Rujin, Elmar R. Reiter, James F. Bresch, Zhang Shuhua, 1988: ON TEMPERATURE INITIALIZATION IN PRIMITIVE EQUA-TION FORECAST MODELS, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 5, 195-208.  doi: 10.1007/BF02656781
    [5] Yuan Zhuojian, Jian Maoqiu, 2002: On the Forced Tangentially-Averaged Radial- Vertical Circulation within Vortices Part Ⅰ: Concepts and Equations, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 19, 953-964.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-002-0058-0
    [6] Zhao Li, Zhao Sixiong, 1995: Numerical Experiments of Meiyu(Baiu) Rainfall by Quasi-Lagrangian Limited Area Model with Terrain, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 12, 57-66.  doi: 10.1007/BF02661287
    [7] Zhao Qiang, Liu Shikuo, 1999: Simplification of Potential Vorcticity and Mesoscale Quasi-balanced Dynamics Model, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 16, 304-313.  doi: 10.1007/BF02973090
    [8] Wu Guoxiong, Stefano Tibaldi, 1987: THE EFFECTS OF MECHANICAL FORCING ON THE MEAN MERIDIONAL CIRCULATION AND TRANSFER PROPERTIES OF THE ATMOSPHERE, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 4, 24-42.  doi: 10.1007/BF02656659
    [9] Zhengyu LIU, 2006: Glacial Thermohaline Circulation and Climate: Forcing from the North or South?, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 23, 199-206.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-006-0199-7
    [10] WANG Donghai, Xiaofan LI, Wei-Kuo TAO, 2010: Responses of Vertical Structures in Convective and Stratiform Regions to Large-Scale Forcing during the Landfall of Severe Tropical Storm Bilis (2006), ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 27, 33-46.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-009-8139-y
    [11] He Jinhai, Zhou Bing, Wen Min, Li Feng, 2001: Vertical Circulation Structure, lnterannual Variation Features and Variation Mechanism of Western Pacific Subtropical High, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 18, 497-510.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-001-0040-2
    [12] Ma Yimin, 1992: Preliminary Study on Vertical Velocity Caused by Katabatic Wind in Antarctica and Its Influence on Atmospheric Circulation, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 9, 247-250.  doi: 10.1007/BF02657515
    [13] ZHOU Libo, ZOU Han, MA Shupo, LI Peng, ZHU Jinhuan, HUO Cuiping, 2011: Vertical Air Mass Exchange Driven by the Local Circulation on the Northern Slope of Mount Everest, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 28, 217-222.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-010-9231-z
    [14] Yang WU, Zhaomin WANG, Chengyan LIU, Xia LIN, 2020: Impacts of High-Frequency Atmospheric Forcing on Southern Ocean Circulation and Antarctic Sea Ice, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 37, 515-531.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-020-9203-x
    [15] LI Jiandong, Zhian SUN, LIU Yimin, Jiangnan LI, Wei-Chyung WANG, WU Guoxiong, 2012: A Study on Sulfate Optical Properties and Direct Radiative Forcing Using LASG-IAP General Circulation Model, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 29, 1185-1199.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-012-1257-y
    [16] Yu ZHAO, Anmin DUAN, Guoxiong WU, 2018: Interannual Variability of Late-spring Circulation and Diabatic Heating over the Tibetan Plateau Associated with Indian Ocean Forcing, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 35, 927-941.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-018-7217-4
    [17] LI Guoqing, 2005: 27.3-day and 13.6-day Atmospheric Tide and Lunar Forcing on Atmospheric Circulation, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 22, 359-374.  doi: 10.1007/BF02918750
    [18] Feifan ZHOU, Wansuo DUAN, He ZHANG, Munehiko YAMAGUCHI, 2018: Possible Sources of Forecast Errors Generated by the Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction System for Landfalling Tropical Cyclones. Part II: Model Uncertainty, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 35, 1277-1290.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-018-7095-9
    [19] Feifan ZHOU, Munehiko YAMAGUCHI, Xiaohao QIN, 2016: Possible Sources of Forecast Errors Generated by the Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction System for Landfalling Tropical Cyclones. Part I: Initial Uncertainties, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 33, 841-851.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-016-5238-4
    [20] Jiawei YAO, Wansuo DUAN, Xiaohao QIN, 2021: Which Features of the SST Forcing Error Most Likely Disturb the Simulated Intensity of Tropical Cyclones?, ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, 38, 581-602.  doi: 10.1007/s00376-020-0073-z
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    • Manuscript History

    Manuscript received: 10 July 1998
    Manuscript revised: 10 July 1998
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    • 1. 

      沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院 沈阳 110142

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    On the Forcing of the Radial-vertical Circulation within Cyclones-Part 1: Concepts and Equations

    • 1. Space Science and Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA,Space Science and Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
    • Manuscript received: 1998-07-10
    • Manuscript revised: 1998-07-10

    Abstract: Following the theoretical result of Eliassen, the Sawyer-Eliassen equation for frontal circulations and the equa-tion for forcing the meridional circulation within a circum polar vortex are extended in isentropic coordinates to des-cribe the forcing of the azimuthaHy averaged mass-weighted radial-vertical circulation within translating extratropical and tropical cyclones. Several physical processes which are not evident in studies employing isobaric coordinates are isolated in this isentropic study. These processes include the effects of pressure torque, inertia! torque and slorm translation that are associated with the asymmetric structure in isentropic coordinates. This isentropic study also includes the effects of eddy angular momentum transport, diabatie heating and fractional torque that are common in both isentropic and isobaric studies. All of the processes are modulated by static, inertial and baroclinic stabilities. Consistent with the theoretical result of Eliassen, the numerical solution from this isentropic study shows that the roles of torque, diabatic heating and hydrodynamic stability in forcing the radial-vertical circulation within stable vortices are that 1) positive (negative) torque which results in the counterclockwise (clockwise) rotation of vortices al?so forces the outflow (inflow) branch of the radial-vertical circulation, 2) diabatic heating (cooling) forces the ascent (descent) branch of the radial-vertical circulation and 3) for given forcing, the weaker hydrodynamic stability results in a stronger radial-vertical circulation. It is the net inflow or convergence (net outflow or divergence), vertical mo?tions and the associated redistribution of properties that favor the evolution of vortices with colorful weather events. Numerical solutions of this isentrcpic study ate given in companion articles. The relatively important contribu?tion of various physical processes to the forcing of the aamulhally-averaged mass-weighted radial-vertical circula?tion within different translating cyclones and in their different stages of development will be investigated.

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