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周志敏, 郭学良. 强雷暴云中电荷多层分布与形成过程的三维数值模拟研究[J]. 大气科学, 2009, 33(3): 600-620. DOI: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2009.03.17
引用本文: 周志敏, 郭学良. 强雷暴云中电荷多层分布与形成过程的三维数值模拟研究[J]. 大气科学, 2009, 33(3): 600-620. DOI: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2009.03.17
ZHOU Zhimin, GUO Xueliang. A Three-Dimensional Modeling Study of Multi-Layer Distribution and Formation Processes of Electric Charges in a Severe Thunderstorm[J]. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 2009, 33(3): 600-620. DOI: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2009.03.17
Citation: ZHOU Zhimin, GUO Xueliang. A Three-Dimensional Modeling Study of Multi-Layer Distribution and Formation Processes of Electric Charges in a Severe Thunderstorm[J]. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 2009, 33(3): 600-620. DOI: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2009.03.17

强雷暴云中电荷多层分布与形成过程的三维数值模拟研究

A Three-Dimensional Modeling Study of Multi-Layer Distribution and Formation Processes of Electric Charges in a Severe Thunderstorm

  • 摘要: 通过建立云物理耦合电过程的冰粒子分档模式, 对北京一次强雷暴天气的云中空间电荷结构分布、 形成机制及放电过程进行了模拟分析研究。结果表明: (1) 云水含量主要通过感应起电来影响云水、 霰粒子之间的电荷转移, 然后再影响空间电荷分布。而包含了雨水后的液水含量主要通过非感应起电在不同含水量条件下的起电机制影响霰粒子同雪粒子 (或冰晶) 碰撞后转移电荷的极性与大小, 从而影响空间电荷结构。 (2) 微物理过程的不均匀性将导致水成物含水量源汇项的不均匀性。而这种不均匀性首先会使得水成物在不同垂直剖面上的分布也不均匀, 从而使得感应、 非感应起电变得更复杂。源汇项的不均匀性还会导致水成物之间因质量转移而产生的电荷转移也不均匀。 (3) 强的上升气流将冰相物携带到较高处, 从而使得水成物间发生电荷转移的高度也比较高。雪粒子在强上升气流上部及两侧区域出现多个含量中心, 霰粒子含量分布相对均匀, 而质量中心向背风侧倾斜。因此, 非感应起电过程主要发生在背风侧的辐散区域, 从而导致空间电荷也主要分布在该区域。强上升气流使得冰相水成物在不同区域出现含量中心, 使得同一冰相物在不同区域携带不同电荷 (尤其是在强风暴的成熟期), 从而使得空间电荷易于出现多层结构。 (4) 由于放电会改变空间电荷结构, 放电通道中的感应电荷会重新分配到各个水成物表面, 所以在微物理过程和动力过程等作用下, 在水成物质量转移过程中发生的电荷转移将会更加复杂, 从而使得空间电荷浓度分布更加复杂。但是该作用的重要性还需要进一步的研究。以上因子均是造成空间电荷多层分布的重要原因。

     

    Abstract: A three-dimensional cloud model with detailed hail-bin microphysics coupled with the electrification process is developed to simulate electric charges and discharging processes in a severe thunderstorm in Beijing. The results indicate that the charge transfer between cloud droplets and graupel, and the spatial distribution of charge density are primarily influenced by cloud water through inductive charging mechanism. However, influnces on the distribution of charge density from the liquid water content including rain water are mainly through influcencing the polarity and quantity of transfered charges between graupel and snow (or ice) crystals in the non-inductive charging processes for different liquid water contents. Different cloud microphysical processes may produce an inhomogeneous distribution of the source and sink of hydrometeors, which causes the inhomogeneous distribution of hydrometeors on different vertical cross sections and leads to the complicated charge separation due to both inductive and non-inductive charging processes. At the same time, the charge transfer due to mass transfer of hydrometeors is not homogeneous. Ice phase hydrometeors are carried to higher altitudes by strong updraft, and therefore, lead to charges transfer occurring at higher altitudes. There are several centers of snow particles at the top and flanks of strong updraft. The graupel particles distribution is relatively homogeneous, but the content centers incline towards the lee side of updraft. Therefore, non-inductive charging process mainly occurs on the leeward side of updraft where the divergent airflow occurs, which causes the total charges to distribute primarily in this area. Due to strong updraft, several content centers of ice phase hydrometeors form in different areas, and this lead to that one type of hydrometeor may carry different charge polarity (or quantity) in different areas, especially at the mature stage of the severe thunderstorm, so that the multi-layer charge structure develops easily. Due to the changes of electrical charge structure by the discharge process, the induced charges at lightning channels redistribute on the surface of each hydrometeor category, and this process may complicate the charge transfer induced by the mass transfer of hydrometeors during the interaction between microphysical and dynamical processes. Further research on the effect of lightning on electric charge structure is needed. In all, the factors mentioned above play important roles in producing the multi-layer distribution of electric charges.

     

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