Advances in the observation and simulation of sea–land breeze circulations and their influence on ozone pollution.

Sea–land breeze is a typical mesoscale circulation system in coastal regions and exerts a substantial influence on regional climate regulation and air quality. This study reviews recent progress in sea–land breeze research from the perspectives of observation, numerical simulation, identification techniques, and its interactions with ozone pollution. Observational studies have advanced from early single-site, discontinuous empirical records to integrated, network-based three-dimensional monitoring systems that combine multi-source remote sensing and automatic meteorological station networks. Numerical modeling has evolved from linear analytical frameworks to high-resolution mesoscale models and multi-model coupling systems, enabling more refined representations of sea–land breeze structure, air–sea fluxes, and pollutant transport. Identification approaches have gradually developed into multi-source fusion systems centered on background wind fields, pressure patterns, and sea–land thermal contrasts.Recent studies have further revealed that the diurnal cycle of sea–land breeze markedly influences the formation and evolution of coastal ozone through a “transport–accumulation–recirculation” mechanism. Moreover, interactions between sea–land breeze and synoptic weather systems regulate both the development and persistence of ozone pollution, making it a key dynamical driver of high-ozone events. Future research should enhance multi-source observational–model integration, deepen mechanistic understanding, and advance intelligent identification and forecasting frameworks to support air quality improvement and climate resilience in coastal regions..