Abstract: This study used the ERA5 reanalysis data to investigate the atmospheric circulation configurations and their evolution processes for three types of extreme low-temperature events in the arid and semiarid regions of China (hereinafter referred to as “dryland”) during the winter half-year (November–March). The activity characteristics of transient eddies under different circulation configurations and their feedback forcing the abnormal circulation were examined. The results showed that the continuous amplification of the tilted ridge and trough systems over the Eurasian continent was the key factor causing extreme low-temperature events in the dryland. This ridge–trough pair was primarily maintained by the incoming low-frequency Rossby wave energy. Under its influence, transient eddies were abnormally active on the southern and northern sides of the tilted ridge and trough. The transient eddies to the south of the trough guided a part of the cold air masses southward, further intensifying the extreme low-temperature events. In addition, the convergence and divergence of transient vorticity fluxes favored the continuous maintenance of the tilted ridge and trough. This condition was conducive to the amplification and eastward expansion of the low-level Siberian cold high pressure, resulting in extreme low temperatures over the entire dryland. When the tilted ridge and trough were elongated longitudinally, the ridge over the Ural Mountains weakened and moved eastward as a Rossby wave, emitting energy downward. Correspondingly, the low-level Siberian cold high pressure also exhibited an eastward displacement, and the activity of the transient waves was suppressed. The extreme low temperatures were mainly confined to the eastern dryland.