Abstract: In the summer of 2022, an extreme Compound Drought and High temperature Event (CDHE) occurred in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Basin (YRB), causing serious impacts on the social economy. To understand the mechanism of this extreme compound event, we analyzed its characteristics and abnormal circulation based on observation and re-analysis data. Additionally, combined with the land–atmosphere coupling index, we explored the impact and possible mechanism of the land surface feedback related to the soil moisture on this compound event. Results showed that in August 2022, the existence of the CDHE over the YRB reached 20 days, which was the highest since 1979. The westward extension of the West Pacific Subtropical High and eastward extension of the South Asian High led to an abnormally enhanced high over the YRB, which manifested strong convergence and sinking motion locally, and the adiabatic warming of subsidence was the direct cause of temperature changes near the surface. At the same time, the intensified and northward-shifted westerly jet blocked the southward motion of the northern cold air, which was not conducive to the convergence of water vapor over the YRB, resulting in abnormally low precipitation in the region and thus forming the extreme CDHE. During the same period, the local soil moisture was abnormally low, and land–atmosphere coupling index was abnormally high, indicating that the temperature anomaly was influenced by evaporation and sensible heating related to soil drought. The composite analysis indicated that dry soil over the YRB resulted in an increase in the sensible heat flux, which was conducive to the development of an anticyclonic circulation in the upper and middle troposphere. At the same time, a local sinking motion was formed, causing a decrease in the cloud cover and an increase in the incident shortwave radiation, which led to surface warming and was not conducive to precipitation. The results of a regression analysis further quantified that the contribution of the local soil moisture to temperature increase over the YRB was 65.6%. The land–atmosphere coupling and land surface feedback had an undeniable contribution to the increase in temperature and decrease in precipitation in the middle and lower reaches of the YRB.