Abstract: Upper-level aviation turbulence is triggered by turbulence in the free atmosphere. It is a major concern for aircraft operations. Under a warming climate, the turbulence over China shows a trend of increasing. To better understand the sources and characteristics of the upper-level aviation turbulence over China, two sets of Aircraft Meteorological Data Relay (AMDAR) are used to establish a one-year global turbulence observation dataset in the form of eddy dissipation rate (EDR) through quality controls and consistency processing. Based on the aviation, FY-4A satellite observations and the ERA5 reanalysis, the spatial distribution, as well as the seasonal and diurnal variations of three types of upper-level aviation turbulence, clear-air turbulence (CAT), near-cloud turbulence (NCT), and convective-induced turbulence (CIT) over China, are analyzed. It is found that the active zone of the clear-air turbulence is prone to occur in the upper troposphere near the tropopause in the vertical direction. Near-cloud turbulence over China has 4 active zones, which are located in eastern, northern China, and the South Sea, as well as over Japan. The northern to eastern slopes of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau are regions with a high probability of near-cloud turbulence in western China. The convective-induced turbulence concentrated more over southern China. All three types of turbulence exhibit typical seasonal and diurnal variations. Clear-air turbulence is more common in the afternoon during winter and spring seasons, while near-cloud and convective-induced turbulence are more likely to occur in the morning during summertime.