冰晶核化对雷暴云微物理过程和起电影响的数值模拟研究

谭涌波; 杨忆; 师正; 周博文; 张冬冬; 廖义慧

doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1405.13330

冰晶核化对雷暴云微物理过程和起电影响的数值模拟研究

doi: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1405.13330

南京信息工程大学气象灾害预报预警与评估协同创新中心, 南京210044;南京信息工程大学中国气象局气溶胶与云降水重点开放实验室, 南京210044

基金项目: 国家重点基础研究发展计划(973计划)项目2014CB441403, 国家自然科学基金项目41175003、41475006, 江苏高校优势学科建设工程资助项目PAPD, 江苏省普通高校研究生科研创新计划项目CXZZ13_0515

计量
- 文章访问数: 3315
- HTML全文浏览量: 33
- PDF下载量: 2807
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2013-12-10
- 修回日期: 2014-05-23

Numerical Simulation Research on the Effect of Ice Nucleation on Thundercloud Microphysical Process and Electrification

Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044;Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044

摘要

摘要: 本文在已有的二维对流云模式中采用了一种与气溶胶有关的冰晶核化方案替代原有的冰晶核化经验公式, 并选取个例, 分别就两种方案进行了模拟对比试验。模拟结果表明:(1)新方案所得冰晶比含水量主要分布在-0.1~-7.6℃温区之间, 高于原方案所得的-50.1~-24.2℃温区;在整个雷暴云的发展过程中新方案冰晶的分布高度、温度区间以及最大浓度值均大于原方案。(2)在新方案中, 温度相对较高的过冷区产生大量冰晶, 其争食云中水汽抑制了云滴、雨滴的增长。此外, 与原方案相比, 霰增长受雨滴大幅减小的影响进一步得到限制, 导致生成的霰小于原方案, 且空间分布具有较大区别。(3)两方案在雷暴云初期形成的电荷结构不同;在发展旺盛与消散阶段新方案中电荷空间分布区域和电荷量均大于原方案, 此外, 在不同时刻主正电荷区和主负电荷区的中心高度存在差异。本文对云微物理过程及起电的分析为后继探讨气溶胶与雷暴云起放电过程、电荷结构之间的相互关系提供了有利条件。
- 冰晶 /
- 核化方案 /
- 微物理过程 /
- 云模式
Abstract: Based on an existing two-dimensional convective cloud model, this work adopts a nucleation scheme associated with aerosols to replace the original ice crystal nucleation empirical formula, and conducts a simulation contrast test on the two schemes.Simulation results show that:(1) The mass of ice crystals in the new scheme is mainly distributed in the -50.1℃ to -7.6℃ temperature region, higher than the original scheme's temperature region of -50.1℃ to -24.2℃.Throughout the thundercloud development process in the new scheme, the distribution height, temperature region, and maximum concentration value of ice crystals are greater than in the original scheme.(2) The new scheme produces a large number of ice crystals at relatively high temperature that dodge the water vapor and inhibit the growth of cloud droplets and rain.In addition, compared with the original scheme, graupel growth is greatly affected by the impact of raindrops and is dramatically reduced.This leads to the graupel being smaller than in the original scheme and to differences in its spatial distribution.(3) For thunderclouds, the early charge structure of the two schemes is different.The charge distribution area and amount of charge in the new scheme are greater than in the original scheme.In addition, the center heights of the main positive and the main negative charges differ at different times.This analysis of cloud microphysical process reveals the conditions favorable for researching the relationship between the thundercloud electrification process and the aerosol charge structure.
- Ice crystals /
- Nucleation scheme /
- Microphysical process /
- Cloud model

HTML全文

参考文献(71)

[1]	Barahona D, Nenes A.2009.Parameterizing the competition between homogeneous and heterogeneous freezing in ice cloud formation— Polydisperse ice nuclei[J].Atmos.Chem.Phys., 9 (16):5933-5948.
[2]	Blyth A M, Latham J.1993.Development of ice and precipitation in New Mexican summer time cumulus clouds[J].Quart.J.Roy.Meteor.Soc., 119 (509):91-120.
[3]	陈丽, 银燕, 杨军, 等.2007.沙尘气溶胶对云和降水影响的模拟研究[J].南京气象学院学报, 30 (5):590-600.Chen Li, Yin Yan, Yang Jun, et al.2007.Effects of sand dust particles on cloud and precipitation:A numerical study[J].Journal of Nanjing Institute of Meteorology (in Chinese), 30 (5):590-600.
[4]	Cooper W A.1980.A method of detecting contact ice nuclei using filter samples[C].Preprints, Eighth International Conf.on Cloud Physics, Clermont-Ferrand, France, 665-668.
[5]	Fan J, Zhang R, Li Guohui, et al.2007.Effects of aerosols and relative humidity on cumulus clouds[J].J.Geophys.Res., 112:D14204, doi: 10.1029/2006JD008136.
[6]	房文, 郑国光.2011.巨核对暖云降水影响的模拟研究[J].大气科学, 35 (5):938-944.Fang Wen, Zheng Guoguang.2011.The effect of giant cloud condensation nuclei on warm-cloud precipitation[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences (in Chinese), 35 (5):938-944.
[7]	Fletcher N H.1962.Physics of Rain Clouds[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 386pp.
[8]	Gonçalvesl F L T, Martins J A, Albrecht R I.2012.Effect of bacterial ice nuclei on the frequency and intensity of lightning activity inferred by the BRAMS model[J].Atmos.Chem.Phys., 12 (13):5677-5689.
[9]	Gultepe I, Isaac G A, Hudak D, et al.2000.Dynamical and microphysical characteristics of Arctic clouds during BASE[J].J.Climate, 13 (7):1225-1254.
[10]	Heymsfield A J, Sabin R M.1989.Cirrus crystal nucleation by homogenous freezing of solution droplets[J].J.Atmos.Sci., 46 (14):2252-2264.
[11]	Heymsfield A J, Milosovich L M.1993.Homogenous ice nucleation and supercooled liquid water in orographic wave clouds[J].J.Atmos.Sci., 50 (15):2335-2353.
[12]	胡志晋, 何观芳.1987.积雨云微物理过程的数值模拟(一)微物理模式[J].气象学报, 45 (4):467-484.Hu Zhijin, He Guanfang.1987.Numerical simulation of microprocesses in cumulonimbus cloud (I)—Microphysical model[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica (in Chinese), 45 (4):467-484.
[13]	黄美元, 徐华英.1999.云和降水物理[M].北京:科学出版社, 218-291.Huang Meiyuan, Xu Huaying.1999.Physics of Cloud and Precipitation[M].Beijing:Science Press (in Chinese), 218-291.
[14]	Huffman P.1973.Supersaturation dependence of ice nucleation by deposition for silver-iodide and natural aerosols[J].DAI., 34 (05):2224.
[15]	Kärcher B, Lohmann U.2002a.A parameterization of cirrus cloud formation:Homogeneous freezing of supercooled aerosols[J].J.Geophys.Res., 107 (D2):AAC 4-1-AAC 4-10, doi:10.1029/ 2001JD000470.
[16]	Kärcher B, Lohmann U.2002b.A parameterization of cirrus cloud formation:Homogeneous freezing including effects of aerosol size[J].J.Geophys.Res., 107 (D23):AAC 9-1-AAC 9-10, doi:10.1029/ 2001JD001429.
[17]	Kärcher B, Lohmann U.2003.A parameterization of cirrus cloud formation:Heterogeneous freezing[J].J.Geophys.Res., 108 (D14), doi:10.1029/ 2002JD003220.
[18]	Khain A P.2009.Notes on state-of-the-art investigations of aerosol effects on precipitation:A critical review[J].Environ.Res.Lett., 4 (1):15004, doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/4/1/015004.
[19]	Khain A, Rosenfeld D, Pokrovsky A.2005.Aerosol impact on the dynamics and microphysics of deep convective clouds[J].Quart.J.Roy.Meteor.Soc., 131 (611):2639-2663.
[20]	Knollenberg R G.1981.Techniques for probing cloud microstructure[M]// Cloud, Their Formation, Optical Properties and Effects, Hobbs P V, Deepak A, Eds.New York:Academic Press, 15-91.
[21]	孔凡铀, 黄美元, 徐华英.1991a.冰相过程在积云发展中的作用的三维数值模拟研究[J].中国科学:化学, 21 (9):1000-1008.Kong Fanyou, Huang Meiyuan, Xu Huaying.1991a.The 3D numerical simulation study on effect of ice phase processes in convective cloud in cumulus developing[J].Science China:Chemistry (in Chinese), 21 (9):1000-1008.
[22]	孔凡铀, 黄美元, 徐华英.1991b.对流云中冰相过程的三维数值模拟Ⅱ:繁生过程作用[J].大气科学, 15 (6):78-88.Kong Fanyou, Huang Meiyuan, Xu Huaying.1991b.Three-dimensional numerical simulation of ice phase microphysics in cumulus clouds.Part II:Effects of multiplication processes[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences (in Chinese), 15 (6):78-88.
[23]	Krämer M.2009.Ice supersaturations and cirrus cloud crystal numbers[J].Atmos.Chem.Phys., 9:3505-3522.
[24]	Levin Z, Teller A, Ganor E.2005.On the interactions of mineral dust, sea-salt particles, and clouds:A measurement and modeling study from the Mediterranean Israeli Dust Experiment campaign[J].J.Geophys.Res., 110:D20202, doi: 10.1029/2005JD005810.
[25]	李娟, 毛节泰.2006.冰晶性质对卷云辐射特征影响的模拟研究[J].气象, 32 (2):9-13.　Li Juan, Mao Jietai.2006.Simulation about influences of ice property changes on cirrus radiative properties[J].Meteorogical Monthly (in Chinese), 32 (2):9-13.
[26]	李磊.2007.沙尘气溶胶作为冰核影响区域降水的数值研究[D].南京信息工程大学硕士论文.Li Lei.2011.The Numerieal Study of the Effeets of Dust Aerosols as Atmospherie Ice Nueleion Regional Precipitation[D].M.S.thesis (in Chinese), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology.
[27]	刘校辰.2006.气溶胶对暖云影响的数值模拟[D].中国气象科学研究院硕士论文.Liu Xiaochen.2006.Numerical Modeling of Aerosols Effects on Warm Cloud[D].M.S.thesis (in Chinese), Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences.
[28]	Liu X H, Penner J E.2002.Effect of Mount Pinatubo H₂SO₄/H₂O aerosol on ice nucleation in the upper troposphere using a global chemistry and transport model[J].J.Geophys.Res., 107, doi: 10.1029/2001JD000455.
[29]	Liu X H, Penner J E.2005.Ice nucleation parameterization for global models[J].Meteorol.Z., 14 (4):499-514.
[30]	马明.2004.雷电与气候变化相互关系的一些研究[D].中国科学技术大学博士学位论文.Ma Ming.2004.A study of the relationship between lightning activity and climaticvariation[D].Ph.D.dissertation (in Chinese).University of Science and Technology of China.
[31]	毛节泰, 李成才.2005.气溶胶辐射特性的观测研究[J].气象学报, 63 (5):622-635.Mao Jietai, Li Chengcai.2005.Observation study of aerosol radiative properties over China[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica (in Chinese), 63 (5):623-635.
[32]	Meyers M P, DeMott P J, Cotton W R.1992.New primary ice-nucleation parameterizations in an explicit cloud model[J].J.App.Meteor., 31:708-721.
[33]	Meyers M P, Demott P J, Cotton W R.1994.Parameterization and impact of ice initiation processes relevant to numerical model simulations of cirrus clouds[J].J.Atmos.Sci., 51:77-90.
[34]	Morris C E, Georgakapoulos D G, Sands D C.2004.Ice nucleation active bacteria and their potential role in precipitation[J].J.Phys.IV, 121:87-103.
[35]	Murray B J, Wilson T W, Dobbie S, et al.2010.Heterogeneous nucleation of ice particles on glassy aerosols under cirrus conditions[J].Nat.Geosci., 3 (4):233-237.
[36]	Pruppacher H R, James D K, Pao K W.1998.Microphysics of clouds and precipitation[J].Aerosol Sci.Tech., 28 (4):381-382, doi:10.1080/ 02786829808965531.
[37]	Rangno A L, Hobbs P V.1985.Ice particle concentrations in clouds[J].J.Atmos.Sci., 42 (23):2523-2549.
[38]	Rangno A L, Hobbs P V.1994.Ice particle concentrations and precipitation development in small continental cumuliform clouds[J].Quart.J.Roy.Meteor.Soc., 120 (517):573-601.
[39]	Rawlins F.1981.A numerical study of thunderstorm electrification using a 3D model incorporating the ice phase[J].Quart.J.Roy.Meteor.Soc., 108:779-800.
[40]	Ryan B F.2000.A bulk parameterization of the ice particle size distribution and the optical properties in ice clouds[J].J.Atmos.Sci., 57:1436-1451.
[41]	Saunders C P R, Al-Naimi R.1985.Measurements of natural deposition and condensation-freezing ice-nuclei with a continuous-flow chamber[J].Atmos.Environ., 19 (11):1871-1882.
[42]	Segal Y, Pinsky M, Khain A.2007.The role of competition effect in the raindrop formation[J].Atmos.Res., 83 (1):106-118.
[43]	孙安平, 言穆弘, 张义军, 等.2002.三维强风暴动力—电耦合数值模拟研究I:模式及其电过程参数化方案[J].气象学报, 60 (6):722-731.Sun Anping, Yan Muhong, Zhang Yijun, et al.2002.Numerical study of thunderstorm electrification with a three-dimensional dynamics and electrificati on coupled model.I:Model description and parameteriz ation of electrical process[J].Quarterly Journal of Meteorology (in Chinese), 60 (6):722-731.
[44]	孙安平, 张义军, 言穆弘.2004.雷暴电过程对动力发展的影响研究[J].高原气象, 23 (1):26-32.Sun Anping, Zhang Yijun, Yan Muhong.2004.Study on influence of electrical processes on dynamical development in thunderstorm[J].Plateau Meteorology (in Chinese), 23 (1):26-32.
[45]	谭涌波, 陶善昌, 祝宝友, 等.2006.雷暴云内闪电双层、分支结构的数值模拟[J].中国科学:地球科学, 36 (5):486-496.Tan Yongbo, Tao Shanchang, Zhu Baoyou.2006.The numerical simulation of thundercloud lightning double and branch structure[J].Science China:Earth Science (in Chinese), 36 (5):486-496.
[46]	谭涌波, 陶善昌, 祝宝友.2007.云闪放电对云内电荷和电位分布影响的数值模拟[J].地球物理学报, 50 (4):1053-1065.Tan Yongbo, Tao Shanchang, Zhu Baoyou.2007.A simulation of the effects of intra-cloud lightning discharges on the charges and electrostatic potential distributions in a thundercloud[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics (in Chinese), 50 (4):1053-1065.
[47]	谭涌波, 师正, 王宁宁, 等.2012.随机性与电环境特征对地闪击地点影响的数值模拟[J].地球物理学报, 55 (11):3534-3541, doi:10.6038/ j.issn.0001-5733.2012.11.003.Tan Yongbo, Shi Zheng, Wang Ningning, et al.2012.Numerical simulation of the effects of randomness and characteristics of electrical environment on ground strike sites of cloud-to-ground lightning[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics (in Chinese), 55 (11):3534-3541.
[48]	Tan Y B, Tao S C, Zhu B Y.2006.Fine-resolution simulation of the channel structures and structures and propagation features of intracloud lightning[J].Geophys.Res.Lett., 33:L09809, doi: 10.1029/2005GL025523.
[49]	Thompson G P, Field R, Rasmussen R M, et al.2008.Explicit forecasts of winter precipitation using an improved bulk microphysics scheme.Part II:Implementation of a new snow parameterization[J].Mon.Wea.Rev., 136 (12):5095-5115, doi: 10.1175/2008MWR2387.1.
[50]	Turner F M, Radke L F.1973.The design and evaluation of an airborne optical ice paritical counter[J].J.Appl.Meter., 12:1309-1318.
[51]	van den Heever S C, Carrió G G, Cotton W R, et al.2006.Impacts of nucleating aerosol on Florida storms.Part I:Mesoscale simulations[J].J.Atmos.Sci., 63:1752-1775.
[52]	王春明, 叶家东, 魏绍远.1997.气溶胶浓度影响暖雨过程的数值模拟试验[J].气象科学, 17 (4):316-324.Wang Chunming, Ye Jiadong, Wei Shaoyuan.1997.A numerical experiment of aerosol concentration affecting warm rain process[J].Scientia Meteorologica Sinica (in Chinese), 17 (4):316-324.
[53]	王宁宁, 谭涌波, 师正, 等.2013a.气溶胶对云中水成物粒子荷电情况的影响[J].南京信息工程大学学报, 5 (4):331-335.Wang Ningning, Tan Yongbo, Shi Zheng, et al.2013a.Effect of aerosol on electric charge of particle[J].Journal of Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (in Chinese), 5 (4):331-335.
[54]	王宁宁, 谭涌波, 师正, 等.2013b.耦合气溶胶模块的雷暴云起电模式[J].高原气象, 32 (2):541-548, doi:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2012.00051.Wang Ningning, Tan Yongbo, Shi Zheng, et al.2013b.Coupled aerosol cloud from the power module model of thunderstorm[J].Plateau Meteorology (in Chinese), 32 (2):541-548.
[55]	王谦, 胡志晋.1990.三维弹性大气模式和实测强风暴的模拟[J].气象学报, 48 (1):91-101.Wang Qian, Hu Zhijin.1990.Three-dimensional elastic atmospheric model and simulation of the observed strong storms[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica (in Chinese), 48 (1):91-101.
[56]	王亚玲, 杜睿, 梁宗敏, 等.2012.大气主要污染物与细菌气溶胶在冰核核化过程中的作用:对液滴冻结温度的影响[J].中国科学:地球科学, 42 (5):692-700.Wang Yaling, Du Rui, Liang Zongmin, et al.2012.The interaction between atmospheric typical pollutants and bacteria aerosols in ice heterogeneous nucleation:Effect of droplets freezing temperature[J].Science China:Earth Science (in Chinese), 42 (5):692- 700.
[57]	肖辉, 王孝波, 周非非, 等.2004.强降水云物理过程的三维数值模拟研究[J].大气科学, 28 (3):385-404.Xiao Hui, Wang Xiaobo, Zhou Feifei, et al.2004.A Three-dimensional numerical simulation on microphysical processes of torrential rainstorms[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences (in Chinese), 28 (3):385-404.
[58]	肖辉, 杨慧玲, 洪延超, 等.2012.大气冰核谱分布对对流风暴云人工催化影响的数值模拟研究[J].气候与环境研究, 17 (6):833-847, doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9585.2012.06.20.Xiao Hui, Yang Huiling, Hong Yanchao, et al.2012.Numerical simulation of the impacts of ice nucleus spectra on cloud seeding effects in convective storm clouds[J].Climatic and Environmental Research (in Chinese), 17 (6):833-847.
[59]	谢屹然, 郄秀书, 郭凤霞, 等.2005.液态水含量和冰晶浓度对闪电频数影响的数值模拟研究[J].高原气象, 24 (4):598-603.Xie Yiran, Qie Xiushu, Guo Fengxia, et al.2005.Numerical simulation of the effect of liquid water content and ice crystal concentration on lightning flash frequency[J].Plateau Meteorology (in Chinese), 4:598-603.
[60]	许焕斌, 段英, 刘海月.2004.雹云物理与防雹的原理和设计[M].北京:气象出版社, 123-125.Xu Huanbin, Duan Ying, Liu Haiyue.2004.Hail Physics and the Theory of Hail Suppression[M].Beijing:Meteorological Press (in Chinese), 123-125.
[61]	言穆弘, 刘欣生, 安学敏, 等.1996.雷暴非感应起电机制的模拟研究I.云内因子影响[J].高原气象, 15 (4):425-437.Yan Muhong, Liu Xinsheng, An Xuemin, et al.1996.A simulation study of non-inductive charging mechanism in thunderstorm.I:Affect of cloud factor[J].Plateau Meteorology (in Chinese), 15 (4):425-437.
[62]	杨慧玲, 肖辉, 洪延超.2011.气溶胶对云宏微观特性和降水影响的研究进展[J].气候与环境研究, 16 (4):525-542, doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9585.2011.04.13.Yang Huiling, Xiao Hui, Hong Yanchao.2011.Progress in impacts of aerosol on cloud properties and precipitation[J].Climatic and Environmental Research (in Chinese), 16 (4):525-542.
[63]	Yang H L, Xiao H, Hong Y C.2011.A numerical study of aerosol effects on cloud microphysical processes of hailstorm clouds[J].Atmos.Res., 102 (4):432-443.
[64]	杨洁帆, 雷恒池, 胡朝霞.2010.一次层状云降水过程微物理机制的数值模拟研究[J].大气科学, 34 (2):275-289.Yan Jiefan, Lei Hengchi, Hu Zhaoxia.Simulation of the stratiform cloud precipitation microphysical mechanism with the numerical model[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences (in Chinese), 34 (2):275-289.
[65]	杨磊, 银燕, 杨绍忠, 等.2013.南京地区大气冰核浓度的测量及分析[J].大气科学, 37 (3):579-594.Yang Lei, Yin Yan, Yang Shaozhong, et al.2013.Measurement and analysis of atmospheric ice nuclei in Nanjing[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences (in Chinese), 37 (3):579- 594.
[66]	杨素英, 马建中, 胡志晋, 等.2010.华北地区多化学组分气溶胶对暖云微物理特征的影响[J].中国科学:地球科学, 40 (11):1468-1478.Yang Suying, Ma Jianzhong, Hu Zhijin, et al.2010.Influence of multi-chemical-component aerosols on the microphysics of warm clouds in North China[J].Science China:Earth Science (in Chinese), 40 (11):1468-1478.
[67]	Yin Y, Levin Z, Reisin T G, et al.2000.The effect of giant cloud condensation nuclei on the development of precipitation in convective clouds—A numerical study[J].Atmos.Res., 53 (1-3):91-116.
[68]	Yin Y, Wurzler S, Levin Z, et al.2002.Interactions of mineral dust particles and clouds:Effects on precipitation and cloud optical properties[J].J.Geophys.Res., 107 (D23):AAC 19-1-AAC 19-14.
[69]	游来光, 石安英.1964.北京地区1963年春季冰核浓度变化特点的观测分析[J].气象学报, 34 (4):548-554.You Laiguang, Shi Anying.1964.The measurement and analysis of ice-nucleus concentration at Peking during the period from March 18th to April 30th in 1963[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica (in Chinese), 34 (4):548-554.
[70]	于达维, 何观芳, 周勇, 等.2001.三维对流云催化模式及其外场试用[J].应用气象学报, 12 (增刊):122-132.Yu Dawei, He Guanfang, Zhou Yong, et al.2001.Three-dimensional convective cloud seeding model and its field application[J].Quarterly Journal of Applied Meteorology (in Chinese), 12 (Suppl.):122-132.
[71]	赵春生, 彭大勇, 段英.2005.海盐气溶胶和硫酸盐气溶胶在云微物理过程中的作用[J].应用气象学报, 16 (4):417-425.Zhao Chunsheng, Peng Dayong, Duan Ying.2005.The impacts of sea-salt and nss-sulfate aerosols on cloud microproperties[J].Journal of Applied Meteorological Science (in Chinese), 16 (4):417-425.周志敏, 郭学良.2009.强雷暴个例云内闪电与上升气流及液水含量关系的三维数值模拟[J].气候与环境研究, 14 (1):31-44, doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9585.Zhou Zhimin, Guo Xueliang.2009.3D modeling on relationships among intracloud lightning, updraft and liquid water content in a severe thunderstorm case[J].Climatic and Environmental Research (in Chinese), 14 (1):31-44.