中国东部季风区夏季四类雨型的水汽输送特征及差异

杨柳; 赵俊虎; 封国林

doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1706.16273

中国东部季风区夏季四类雨型的水汽输送特征及差异

doi: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1706.16273

杨柳^{1, 2,},
赵俊虎^2, ,,
封国林^{1, 2}

1.
扬州大学物理科学与技术学院, 江苏扬州 225002
2.
国家气候中心中国气象局气候研究开放实验室, 北京 100081

基金项目:

国家自然科学基金项目 41505061

国家自然科学基金项目 41530531

国家自然科学基金项目 41405092

公益性行业（气象）科研专项 GYHY201306021

公益性行业（气象）科硕专项（重大专项） GYHY201506001

详细信息

作者简介:
杨柳, 男, 硕士, 1991年出生, 主要从事短期气候预测研究。E-mail:917729440@qq.com

通讯作者:
赵俊虎, E-mail:zhaojh@cma.gov.cn

中图分类号: P462
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2016-11-26
- 网络出版日期: 2017-06-06
- 刊出日期: 2018-01-15

Characteristics and Differences of Summertime Moisture Transport Associated with Four Rainfall Patterns over Eastern China Monsoon Region

Liu YANG^{1, 2
,},
Junhu ZHAO^{2
, ,},
Guolin FENG^{1, 2}

1.
Department of Physical Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Jiangshu Province, Yangzhou 225002
2.
Laboratory for Climate Studies, National Climate Center, China Meteorological Administration(CMA), Beijing 100081

Funds:

National Natural Science Foundation of China 41505061

National Natural Science Foundation of China 41530531

National Natural Science Foundation of China 41405092

Special Scientific Research Fund of Meteorological Public Welfare Profession of China GYHY201306021

Key Special Scientific Research Fund of Meteorological Public Welfare Profession of China GYHY201506001

摘要

摘要: 利用1951~2015年NCEP/NCAR再分析逐日资料和中国160站月降水观测资料，及中国东部季风区夏季四类雨型（北方型、中间型、长江型和华南型）的划分结果，分析了东亚水汽输送与中国东部季风区夏季降水的关系，比较了四类雨型的水汽输送、收支特征及其差异，结果表明：（1）夏季影响中国东部季风区的水汽通道主要有以下6条：印度洋通道，表征印度季风区偏南的西风水汽输送；高原南侧通道，表征印度季风区偏北的西风水汽输送；太平洋通道，表征由西太平洋副热带高压（副高）带来的西太平洋的水汽；西风带通道，表征西风带的水汽输送；孟加拉湾通道，表征来自孟加拉湾向北的水汽输送；南海通道，表征来自印度洋和孟加拉湾在中南半岛转向及来自南海的水汽；与中国东部不同地区降水异常相联系的水汽通道存在明显的差异，且同一条水汽通道在夏季不同阶段与降水的关系也不尽相同。（2）四类雨型的水汽输送和收支特征有明显的差异，华北盛夏降水主要受亚洲季风水汽输送的影响，其次是西风带水汽输送，北方型年二者往往偏强，尤其是季风水汽输送增加一倍以上，贡献也明显增加，20世纪70年代中期之后，季风水汽输送显著减弱，西风带水汽输送的重要性相对增大；淮河流域夏季降水异常主要受太平洋通道水汽输送异常的主导，其次是高原南侧通道水汽输送，二者偏强并在淮河流域辐合时，淮河流域降水偏多形成中间型年；长江中下游地区夏季降水主要受太平洋通道水汽输送异常的主导，长江型年，副高西北侧的西南水汽输送异常加强，并与北方冷空气异常在长江中下游地区辐合，区域为正的水汽净收支；华南地区夏季降水则受印度洋通道、太平洋通道及南海通道的共同影响，当三条通道异常偏强，水汽与北方冷空气在华南地区辐合，形成华南型年。本研究所得结论加深了我们对四类雨型形成机理的认识，并为汛期主雨带的预测提供了参考。
- 中国东部季风区 /
- 夏季雨型 /
- 水汽输送
Abstract: Using the reanalysis data from National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) and the classification result of FRP (four summer rainfall patterns)(NCP:the northern China rainfall pattern; IRP:the intermediate rainfall pattern; YRP:the Yangtze River rainfall pattern; SCP:the southern China rainfall pattern) over eastern China monsoon region based on monthly rainfall data collected at 160 weather stations in China, climatological characteristics and differences of moisture transport over eastern China monsoon region and their relationships with summer precipitation of the FRP are investigated.The results are as follows.(1) There exist six MTC (Moisture Transport Channel) that affect the summer rainfall over eastern China.The first one is IOMTC (the Indian Ocean Moisture Transport Channel), which represents the northern moisture transport path from Indian monsoon region.The second one is TPMTC (the Tibetan Plateau Southern Side Moisture Transport Channel), which is the southern moisture transport path from Indian monsoon region.The third one is POMTC (the Pacific Ocean Moisture Transport Channel), which is the moisture transport path from the Western Pacific to eastern China under the influence of WPSH (the Western Pacific Subtropical High).The fourth one is WMTC (the Westerly Moisture Transport Channel), which indicates moisture transport from westerly circulations.The fifth one is BBMTC (the Bay of Bengal Moisture Transport Channel), which indicates the northerly moisture transport from the Bay of Bengal.The last one is SCSMTC (the South China Sea Moisture Transport Channel), which is the path of moisture that comes from the Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal and turns to the Indo-China Peninsula and the moisture that is originated from the South China Sea and merges into the crossing equator flow.The moisture transport paths associated with precipitation anomalies over different areas in eastern China are obviously different.Furthermore, the relationship between the same moisture transport path and precipitation in different summer stages is not entirely the same.(2) There are obvious differences in moisture transport and budget corresponding to the FRP.The midsummer (July and August) precipitation anomaly in the North China is most influenced by the Asian monsoon moisture transport, followed by that of the westerly moisture transport.In NCP years, the above two types of moisture transport both tend to be much stronger, especially the former whose strength can be more than doubled and its contribution to NCP also increases significantly.However, the moisture transport by Asian monsoon circulation underwent an abrupt weakening at the end of the 1970s, while the contribution of westerly moisture transport to NCP increased.The anomalous summer precipitation over Huaihe River Basin is significantly correlated primarily with the POMTC and secondarily with the TPMTC.The precipitation over the Huaihe River Basin increases when the moisture transport of the two types of MTC enhance and converge over Huaihe River Basin, leading to the formation of the IRP.The summer precipitation over MLYRB (the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River Basin) is dominated by anomalous moisture transport of POMTC.As for the YRP years, the moisture transport from the northwestern side of the WPSH strengthens and the warm moist air interacts with cold air from the north over the MLYRB.The summer precipitation over South China is affected by the IOMTC, POMTC and SCSMTC.When the moisture transported from the above three MTCs are stronger and converges with cold air from the north over South China, the SCP forms.The results of this study can enhance our understanding of the formation mechanisms of the FRP, and provide a reference for the prediction of the main rain belt during rainy season.
- East China monsoon region /
- Rainfall pattern in summer /
- Moisture transport

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图 1 中国东部季风区四类雨型典型年份降水距平百分率合成

Figure 1. Composite percentage summer precipitation anomalies in typical years of (a) NCP (the northern China rainfall pattern), (b) IRP (the intermediate rainfall pattern), (c) YRP (the Yangtze River rainfall pattern), and (d) SCP (the southern China rainfall pattern) in East China

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图 2 1951~2015年夏季平均水汽输送特征（单位：kg m^-1 s^-1）：（a）水汽通量矢量；（b）纬向水汽输送；（c）经向水汽输送。黑色区域表示青藏高原大地形

Figure 2. Climatological mean distribution of summer (June–July–August) moisture transport during 1951–2015 (units: kg m^-1 s^-1): (a) Zonal moisture transport, (b) meridional moisture transport, and (c) moisture transport flux vectors. Black area represents the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau

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图 3 北方型年盛夏（7~8月）整层积分的水汽输送通量合成（单位：kg m^-1 s^-1）：（a）原始水汽输送通量；（b）纬向水汽通量距平；（c）经向水汽通量距平；（d）经纬向水汽通量距平。矩形方框表示华北区域，阴影区域表示通过95%的信度检验

Figure 3. Composite July and August vertically integrated moisture fluxes in NCP years (units: kg m^-1 s^-1): (a) Moisture fluxes, (b) anomalies of zonal moisture fluxes, (c) anomalies of meridional moisture fluxes, (d) anomalies of zonal and meridional moisture fluxes. The rectangular box indicates North China, shadings indicate the 95% confidence level

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图 4 同图 3，但为夏季中间型年

Figure 4. Same as Fig. 3, but for IRP years in summer (June–July–August)

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图 5 同图 3，但为夏季长江型年

Figure 5. Same as Fig 3, but for YRP years in summer (June–July–August)

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图 6 同图 3，但为夏季华南型年

Figure 6. Same as Fig 3, but for SCP years in summer (June–July–August)

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表 1 1951~2015年中国东部季风区夏季四类雨型年份表

Table 1. Classification of four typical rainfall patterns in the summer over the East China monsoon region during 1951~2015

雨型类型	年份	年数	频率
北方型（NCP）	1953, 1958, 1959, 1961, 1964, 1966, 1967, 1970, 1973, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1981, 1985, 1986, 1988, 1990, 1992, 1995, 2004, 2012, 2013	23	35.4%
中间型（IRP）	1951, 1956, 1957, 1960, 1962, 1963, 1965, 1971, 1972, 1974, 1982, 1984, 1989, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009	18	27.7%
长江型（YRP）	1954, 1969, 1980, 1983, 1987, 1991, 1993, 1996, 1998, 2010, 2011, 2015	12	18.5%
华南型（SCP）	1952, 1968, 1994, 1997, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2006, 2014	9	13.8%

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表 2 条水汽通道与各区域降水指数的相关系数

Table 2. Correlation coefficients between six moisture channels and regional precipitation indexes

区域降水指数	月份	印度洋通道	高原南侧通道	太平洋通道	西风带通道	孟加拉湾通道	南海通道	季风通道
华北	6	-0.14	0.08	0.22	0.08	0.22	0.16	0.04
	7	-0.10	0.10	-0.24	0.46^***	0.21	0.06	0.60^***
	8	-0.04	0.26^*	-0.05	0.21	0.16	0.18	0.54^***
	7~8	-0.08	0.24	-0.25^*	0.47^***	0.21	0.21	0.64^***
	6~8	-0.08	0.18	-0.14	0.48^***	0.21	0.18	0.54^***
淮河	6	-0.33^*	0.23	0.23	-0.04	0.35^**	0.13
	7	0.04	0.39^**	0.27	-0.05	0.01	0.11
	8	-0.11	0.29^**	0.22	-0.12	-0.20	0.06
	7~8	-0.04	0.34^**	0.23	-0.09	-0.16	0.08
	6~8	-0.13	0.25^*	0.16	-0.08	-0.06	0.07
长江	6	-0.26^*	0.20	0.65^***	-0.16	0.15	0.36^**
	7	-0.17	0.32^**	0.54^***	-0.30^**	0.18	0.25^**
	8	-0.28^*	0.04	0.54^***	-0.36^**	0.03	0.15
	6~7	-0.36^**	0.31^**	0.72^***	-0.28^*	0.09	0.28^*
	6~8	-0.42^***	0.21	0.66^***	-0.38^**	0.07	0.15
华南	6	-0.06	0.23	0.27^*	-0.18	-0.05	0.52^***
	7	0.50^***	-0.37^**	-0.29^*	-0.31^**	-0.04	0.38^**
	8	0.26^*	-0.41^***	0.30^*	-0.01	-0.09	0.41^***
	6~7	0.23	-0.04	-0.06	-0.19	-0.07	0.46^***
	6~8	0.19	-0.12	-0.13	-0.22	-0.11	0.36^**
注：水汽通道的月份与降水指数的月份选取一致。表示通过95%的信度检验。表示通过99%的信度检验。 **表示通过99.9%的信度检验。

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表 3 北方型年盛夏（7~8月）华北区域各边界和区域水汽收支

Table 3. Moisture budget over North China in July and August in NCP years

	水汽收支（×10⁶）/ kg s^-1
	西边界	南边界	东边界	北边界	区域净收支
1953年	116.70(+)	198.01(+)	195.77(+)	79.05(+)	39.89
1958年	87.63(+)	237.51(+)	155.81(+)	160.30(+)	9.03
1959年	115.14(+)	213.27(+)	186.23(+)	110.45(+)	31.73
1961年	96.05(+)	487.77(+)	283.73(+)	156.80(+)	143.29
1964年	63.94(+)	196.56(+)	256.65(+)	55.69(+)	68.34
1966年	77.50(+)	155.53(+)	183.21(+)	10.54(+)	39.28
1967年	77.59(+)	185.75(+)	160.57(+)	78.37(+)	24.40
1970年	30.89(+)	130.61(+)	86.74	45.93(+)	28.83
1973年	83.99(+)	204.86(+)	162.76(+)	108.18(+)	17.91
1976年	82.37(+)	130.04(+)	124.59(+)	68.26(+)	19.56
1977年	35.46	64.37(+)	84.82	14.00(+)	1.11
1978年	61.60(+)	108.35(+)	128.14(+)	19.08(+)	22.73
1979年	69.84(+)	65.38(+)	128.22(+)	-13.27	20.27
1981年	68.88(+)	85.03(+)	131.78(+)	8.73(+)	13.40
1985年	81.75(+)	69.73(+)	133.10(+)	0.24(+)	18.14
1986年	60.30(+)	18.31	99.85(+)	-42.32	21.08
1988年	49.54(+)	104.59(+)	96.23	56.58(+)	1.32
1990年	95.97(+)	76.09(+)	143.90(+)	7.09(+)	21.07
1992年	57.11(+)	66.72(+)	105.70(+)	3.506(+)	14.62
1995年	45.96(+)	79.30(+)	102.74(+)	8.05(+)	14.47
2004年	10.68	61.71	82.52	-18.52	8.01
2012年	41.62	64.14(+)	76.72	16.46(+)	12.59
2013年	79.93(+)	81.46(+)	158.79(+)	-10.46	13.06
平均	69.15(+)	136.75(+)	139.50(+)	40.23(+)	26.17
注：括号内“+”表示相对于气候态的距平符号。

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表 4 中间型年夏季淮河流域各边界和区域水汽收支

Table 4. Moisture budget over Huaihe River Basin in summer in IRP years

	水汽收支（×10⁶）/ kg s^-1
	西边界	南边界	东边界	北边界	区域净收支
1951年	29.89(+)	65.50(+)	27.34(+)	59.69(+)	8.36
1956年	49.29(+)	109.91(+)	46.52(+)	95.43(+)	17.26
1957年	43.58(+)	68.01(+)	45.17(+)	53.90(+)	15.52
1960年	59.60(+)	100.24(+)	27.51(+)	126.60(+)	5.73
1962年	53.40(+)	82.97(+)	33.75(+)	90.79(+)	11.82
1963年	44.61(+)	87.57(+)	29.13(+)	98.68(+)	4.37
1965年	38.13(+)	49.54(+)	41.92(+)	34.5(+)	11.24
1971年	48.99(+)	79.45(+)	55.51(+)	63.61(+)	9.32
1972年	22.92(+)	40.94(+)	17.75	41.36(+)	4.75
1974年	29.21(+)	37.42	27.6(+)	34.44(+)	4.58
1982年	15.26	38.60	17.63	27.6	8.63
1984年	22.16(+)	37.97	21.28	31.66(+)	7.19
1989年	20.0(+)	19.19	18.92	16.25	4.02
2000年	6.42	36.03	10.28	26.94	5.23
2003年	39.86(+)	42.89(+)	49.79(+)	20.84	12.13
2005年	19.93(+)	58.81(+)	29.81(+)	40.65(+)	8.28
2007年	16.79	54.30(+)	27.16(+)	36.47(+)	7.46
2009年	21.01(+)	30.93	25.53	19.41	7.0
平均	32.28(+)	57.79(+)	30.70(+)	51.05(+)	8.33

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表 5 长江型年夏季长江中下游地区各边界和区域水汽收

Table 5. Moisture budget over the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Basin in summer in YRP years

	水汽收支（×10⁶）/ kg s^-1
	西边界	南边界	东边界	北边界	区域净收支
1954年	40.28(+)	273.48(+)	111.85(+)	151.83(+)	50.08
1969年	66.98(+)	191.00(+)	105.82(+)	110.62(+)	41.54
1980年	64.35(+)	183.29(+)	143.75(+)	52.92	50.97
1983年	71.03(+)	157.50(+)	117.89(+)	69.90(+)	40.75
1987年	59.59(+)	179.92(+)	122.15(+)	78.21(+)	39.14
1991年	57.31(+)	182.75(+)	118.66(+)	77.70(+)	43.69
1993年	49.22(+)	160.08(+)	133.51(+)	34.05	41.74
1996年	40.47(+)	186.85(+)	80.39(+)	88.47(+)	58.46
1998年	65.06(+)	222.29(+)	137.31(+)	79.54(+)	70.50
2010年	50.21(+)	133.58(+)	66.83(+)	71.97(+)	44.99
2011年	42.84(+)	133.26(+)	75.43(+)	59.85	40.82
2015年	43.12(+)	102.93	75.27(+)	34.53	36.25
平均	54.21(+)	175.58(+)	107.41(+)	75.80(+)	46.58

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表 6 华南型年夏季华南地区各边界和区域水汽收支

Table 6. Moisture budget over South China in summer in SCP years

	水汽收支（×10⁶）/ kg s^-1
	西边界	南边界	东边界	北边界	区域净收支
1952年	-19.35	229.21(+)	38.85	168.55(+)	2.47
1968年	69.96(+)	154.03(+)	87.10(+)	127.29(+)	9.59
1994年	-11.22	190.92(+)	21.22	133.78(+)	24.69
1997年	40.88(+)	186.19(+)	102.11(+)	101.37	23.58
1999年	52.27(+)	144.37	93.99(+)	90.6	12.06
2001年	-5.38	139.4	6.61	96.05	31.36
2002年	39.85(+)	152.49(+)	68.73(+)	85.99	37.62
2006年	21.63	169.96(+)	69.07(+)	110.28	12.24
2014年	26.63	147.13	67.93(+)	80.66	25.17
平均	23.92	168.19(+)	61.73(+)	110.51	19.86

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